Mohammed Hassan | Universiti Technology Of Malaysia (original) (raw)

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The available huge amount of solar radiation in Iraq allover the year can be regarded as a useful... more The available huge amount of solar radiation in Iraq allover the year can be regarded as a useful energy source. It can be utilized to generate electrical energy using PV panel’s power plants. Therefore, it is important to recognize the behavior of these PV Panels through the year with changing in amount of the solar radiation and weather temperature. The monthly average (daily and hourly) of extraterrestrial, global, diffused, and beam radiation, with PV panel’s temperature and electrical efficiency of different tilt angle is studied in three Iraqi’s cities. The results indicated that the total radiation ranges are greater in Karbala than Samarra and Basra cities; despite of the extraterrestrial radiation in Basra higher value than Samarra and Karbala cities. The higher magnitude in the monthly average solar radiation in any city is not necessarily best location for construction PV power plant, because the electrical performance of PV panels is affected by its temperature. Rising in temperature led to drop in the PV panel’s efficiency.

Vegetable oil has been investigated to replace petroleum-based products due to its environment-fr... more Vegetable oil has been investigated to replace petroleum-based products due to its environment-friendly characteristics and has become a vital source of bio-lubricants. The usefulness of vegetable oil is its availability as one of the renewable sources. Additionally, the vegetable oils based lubricant has indicated the potentials for reducing carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emission while operating in internal combustion engines and in industrial process. There are two ways for using vegetable oils as bio-lubricants, either by directly using the neat vegetable oils without blending or using certain blending ratio of the vegetable oils along with the commercial lubricants. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mineral oil with one type of vegetable oil was investigated on the tribological characteristics and compared with commercial lubricant oil using the four ball tribotester. Refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein was blended at volumetric ratio ranging from 20 to 80 % with commercial mineral oil. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibit that some blends of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil have lower the wear scar diameter compared to mineral oil. Blends exhibit lower the wear scar diameter and coefficient of friction compared to commercial lubricant oil. As conclusion, the blends of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil has better tribological performance compared to commercial mineral oil or neat RBD palm olein. Keywords: Refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein, blending ratio, wear scar diameter, coefficient of friction

JOURNAL OF OIL PALM RESEARCH, 2016

Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum lubricants due to their environmental-... more Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum lubricants due to their environmental-friendly characteristics and have become a vital source of bio-lubricants. In the investigation of the tribological characteristics of palm oil as the vegetable oil, using in its neat form or as partial bio-lubricants, a reciprocating machine was employed. Initially, refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm olein with mineral oil blends were optimised using the design of experiments procedure from the outcomes of the four ball tribotester. The optimised blend was found to have characteristics that were better or at par with mineral oil. Then, a reciprocating machine was used for verifying the blend. In the investigation of the optimised blend, the sample was tested for a total of 60 hr in intermittent operation. Other than having similar viscosity for the ISO requirements, the optimised blend demonstrates decreased in the values of material weight loss and cylinder temperatures as compared with mineral oil. Finally, it is concluded that the RBD palm olein blend (E53.11/RB46.89) could be a potential partial bio-lubricant due to having no negative impact on wear and decent performance as a bio-lubricator.

Malaysia, in the early years, was known as the main producers of natural rubber that involved lar... more Malaysia, in the early years, was known as the main producers of natural rubber that involved large cultivation of rubber trees. The milky latex produces many types of rubber products such as tyres, balloons, boots, gloves and others, its seeds contain oil that can be used in making paints and soaps. In this study, the rubber seed oil was investigated to study its lubricant characteristics. There are two ways for using plant oils as bio-lubricants, either use directly as neat plant oils or using certain blending ratio of the plant oils along with the commercial lubricants. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mineral oil with rubber seeds oil were investigated on the tribological characteristics and compared with commercial lubricant using the four ball tribotester. Rubber seeds oil was blended at volumetric ratio ranging from 20 to 80% with commercial mineral oil SAE 30. All experimental works conformed to ASTM D4172-B. The results show that the some blends of rubber seeds oil with commercial mineral oil have lower coefficient of friction and friction torque compared to commercial mineral oil. In conclusion, the rubber seeds oil blends show a better anti-friction performance compared to mineral oil. Therefore, rubber seeds oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating components.

Vegetable oils are bio-fluids that could replace petroleum-based products due to its environment ... more Vegetable oils are bio-fluids that could replace petroleum-based products due to its
environment friendly characteristics and becoming an important source of bio-lubricants. The great
advantage of vegetable oils is that they are widely available, renewable source of bio-lubricants.
Moreover, vegetable oil based lubricant have shown the potential to reduce carbon dioxide and
hydrocarbon emissions when operated in engines. There are two ways to use vegetable oil as a biolubricant,
either use directly the neat vegetable oil without any additives or use with certain
blending ratio of the vegetable oil with mineral lubricant. In this paper, the influences of the normal
load on the tribological characteristics for the blending of two types of vegetable oils were
investigated and compared with commercial lubricant oil by the use of the four ball tribotester. The
vegetable blends are RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil ratio of RBD40/J60. All experimental works
were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibited that the both blending of RBD palm olein
and Jatropha oil has lower the wear scar of ball bearings and coefficient of friction compared to
commercial lubricant oil. As a conclusion, the blending of RBD palm olein and Jatropha oil has
better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or neat RBD palm olein.

The oil derived from vegetables has been seen as an alternative to mineral oils for lubricants be... more The oil derived from vegetables has been seen as an alternative to mineral oils for lubricants because of certain inherent technical properties, renewable source and their abilities to biodegrade. Vegetable oil is known to have a high viscosity index with a higher lubricity value compared to mineral oil. Despite its potentiality as a candidate alternative, vegetable oil has several limitations. It has a low wear resistance, and it is highly sensitive to temperatures with tribological characteristics. The majority of technical solutions, including additivation, chemical alterations, and blending, are being proposed as means of overcoming the listed limitations. This study seeks to investigate the characteristics of cactus oil with respect to its use as a bio-lubricant as well as the characteristics of environmentally friendly vegetable oil when they are mixed with mineral oils as alternative oil for petroleum, using the four-ball tribotester. The volumetric blending ratio was varied (20% to 80%) and these blends were performed at 1200 rpm, for one hour, with 40 kg of load at a temperature of 75ºC (ASTM D4172-B) standard. According to the results, it was found that the lowest wear scar diameter was 431.23µm, which was identified in the blend of 20% cactus oil with 80% mineral oil which symbolized by (CC20%), compared to that of neat cactus oil at 669.16 µm and mineral oil at 546.46 µm.In addition, the result also indicates that a 80% addition of cactus oil, the coefficient of friction tends to decrease compared to the values of neat cactus oil. Finally, it is concluded, the blends of cactus oil with commercial lubricant oil have better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or neat cactus oil.

Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum-based lubricants due to its environmen... more Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum-based lubricants due to its environment-friendly characteristics and these oils have become an important source of biolubricants. For the purpose of ensuring the ability of the vegetable oils as a neat or partially biolubricant, an image processing techniques were employed for exploring the tribological characteristics of the vegetable oil with the mineral oil blend. The refined, bleached and deodorized, palm olein blended with the mineral oils was investigated using both four ball
tribotester and the design of experiments from volumetric blending ratio of 20 to 80 %. An optimized value E53.11/RB46.89 was obtained from the investigation, all which were in compliant according to the ASTM D4172 standard. From the results, the E53.11/RB46.89 blend
reduces the friction coefficient, wear scar diameter as well as the material lost in comparison with neat mineral oil. It is concluded that the E53.11/RB46.89 blend could be a potential partial bio-lubricant
due to its negligible negative impact on wear and give satisfactory performance as a lubricant.

Graphical abstract Abstract Vegetable oils are sustainable fluids which have been promoted to rep... more Graphical abstract Abstract Vegetable oils are sustainable fluids which have been promoted to replace petroleum-based oils due to its environment friendly characteristics; it is being a very important supply of biolubricant. The excellent advantage of vegetable oil is the fact it is really which can be used environment friendly supplier. In addition, vegetable oil based lubricant clearly show the possibility to minimize carbon monoxide also hydrocarbon emissions when used in IC engines. There are basically two different ways to using vegetable oil to be a bio-lubricant, either one by directly use the pure vegetable oil with additives or use certain blending ratio of vegetable oil with mineral lubricant. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mineral oil with RBD palm olein on the tribological characteristics were investigated and compared with commercial lubricant oil by using the four ball tribotester. The blending ratio was varied from neat with interval of 20% by volume. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibited that the blend of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil has lower the wear scar of ball bearings and coefficient of friction compared to commercial lubricant oil. As a conclusion, the blending of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil has better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or pure RBD palm olein. Keywords: RBD palm olein; blending ratio; wear scar diameter; coefficient of friction; flash temperature parameter

A progressive increase in the desire for environmentally friendly lubricants by users and strict ... more A progressive increase in the desire for environmentally friendly lubricants by users and strict government regulations for the use of these lubricants has provided an opportunity to use plant oils as biodegradable lubricants, therefore vegetable oils have been investigated to replace oil lubricants because of their maintains the conditions of nature (environment) properties. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mustard seeds oil with commercial mineral oil(SAE40) on the tribological characteristics was investigated and compared with mineral oil using the four ball tribotester. Mustard seeds oil was blended with mineral oil at volumetric ratio ranging from 22.5 to 90%. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172-B standard. The results exhibit that the some blends of mustard seeds oil with mineral oil have lower wear scar diameter, friction torque, Friction coefficient and higher parameter of flash temperature value compared to mineral oil and neat mustard seed oil. In conclusion, the mustardseed oil blend (MU22.5) shows a better anti-wear and anti-friction performance compared to oil samples. Therefore, mustard seeds oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating surfaces.

JOURNAL OF OIL PALM RESEARCH, 2016