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Papers by Khaled Younes
The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 57: 9–17., 2020
Chronique d'Egypte 95: 156–167, 2020
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 98/1: 181–220, 2021
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 99/2: 434–460, 2022
Chronique d'Egypte 98: 334–336, 2023
Der Islam, 2023
This year, empires and the interlacing systems that were set up in order to keep them together pl... more This year, empires and the interlacing systems that were set up in order to keep them together play an important role in recent publications: legal systems and justice (30, 33, 38, 39), various offices and careers (20, 21, 26, 37), tax administration (5, 14), language policies (2, 31), and identities (7, 12) and communities (17, 40); all express distinct aspects coming together to form an image of how empires and their representatives put different policies into action (9) and how their repercussions were felt on the ground. Some publications go beyond Egypt, covering Syria (8, 23, 35), Morocco (22), Spanish documents (28), and conflict management between Pisa and Tunis (15) as well. Trade and other aspects of daily life within the mentioned empires are expressed via the voices of traders (3, 24) or citizens in distress (19) either in their own words or by records of their transactions (25) and their travels (16).
These communities, known to us mainly via their documentary output, also put some of their ideas and convictions down in writing, as we can see from recent publications on literary texts (6, 18, 27, 41). Contributions from the digital humanities form an integral and indispensable part of modern papyrology, and publications on tools, methods, and developments can answer important questions on documents. At the same time, they also encourage us to look at texts with new ideas and approaches toward material, script, and layout (11, 13, 29).
Authority and Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (6th-10th Century), 2018
Chronique d'Egypte 92/1, 2017
Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 63/1, 2017
New Frontiers of Arabic Papyrology: Arabic and Multilingual Texts from Early Islam, 2017
Annales islamologiques 50, 2016
Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 53, 2016
Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 62/1, 2016
Alexandrie la divine, 2014
Selon la tradition musulmane, le Coran contient la parole de Dieu telle qu’elle a été révélée au ... more Selon la tradition musulmane, le Coran contient la parole de Dieu telle qu’elle a été révélée au prophète Mohammed, entre 610 et 632, à la Mecque et à Médine. Il fut révélé oralement, mais fut aussi préservé sous la forme d’un texte est appelé al-muṣḥaf (Le Livre), fixé par écrit peu après la mort du prophète, durant le règne du 3e calife Uthman (23–25/644–656).
Documents et histoire: Islam, VIIe-XVIe siècl, 2013
Au début des années 1980, Yūsuf Rāġib publiait le premier volume des quatre volumes de son oeuvre... more Au début des années 1980, Yūsuf Rāġib publiait le premier volume des quatre volumes de son oeuvre admirable, les Marchands d’étoffes du Fayyoum. L’ensemble contient un nombre important de lettres commerciales, échangées entre l’oasis du Fayyoum et Fusṭāṭ. Les trois premiers volumes rassemble des documents exclusivement liés aux Banū ‘Abd al-Mu’min, des commerçants en textile qui vivaient au Fayyoum, au iiie/ixe siècle. Ce corpus nous donne des informations extrêmement détaillées et extensives sur les mécanismes journaliers du commerce textile entre ces deux localités importantes.
In the beginning of the eighties of the last century, Yūsuf Rāġib published
the first volume of his admirable work, Marchands d’étoffes du Fayyoum and
three volumes were added in sequence. These four volumes contain a countless
number of commercial letters between the Fayyūm oasis and al-Fusṭāṭ. The
first three volumes contain documents exclusively related to the Banū ‘Abd al-
Mu’min, textile merchants living in the Fayyūm in the IIIrd/IXth century. This
dossier gives us endlessly detailed and extensive information on the day-to-day
mechanics of the textile trade between these two main localities.
A part of CPR XXII 17, 1b was identified in the edition as pen trial. It is, however, written in ... more A part of CPR XXII 17, 1b was identified in the edition as pen trial. It is, however, written in Arabic. This note argues that the Arabic part was written by the same scribe as the Greek and the Coptic passages in the papyrus. This revelation throws light on how Greek, Coptic and Arabic were simultaneously used in early Islamic Egypt and suggests that there might have been scribes who were capable of handling all three languages very efficiently.
Reviews by Khaled Younes
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 98/2: 546-569, 2021
Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 49, 2012
Grob introduces and summarizes her work "Documentary Arabic private and business letters on papyr... more Grob introduces and summarizes her work "Documentary Arabic private and business letters on papyrus: Form and function" as follows: “This survey is the first monograph devoted to documentary Arabic letters, based on all available editions of Arabic private and business letters on papyrus. It contributes to the fields of Arabic papyrology and wider studies, compiling insights of the Arabic papyrology pioneers and presenting entirely new perspectives” (p. 207). Indeed, this technical volume is an important contribution to the study of Arabic papyri in general and non-official letters in particular. The volume does not produce new editions of Arabic papyrus letters, but greatly facilitates the task of deciphering and interpreting such texts. By grouping and analyzing the epistolary formulae attested in almost all private and business letters published so far and by quoting many examples, including entire texts, from the original letters in the main text and the footnotes, Grob provides a useful tool with which to tackle unedited texts.
The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 57: 9–17., 2020
Chronique d'Egypte 95: 156–167, 2020
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 98/1: 181–220, 2021
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 99/2: 434–460, 2022
Chronique d'Egypte 98: 334–336, 2023
Der Islam, 2023
This year, empires and the interlacing systems that were set up in order to keep them together pl... more This year, empires and the interlacing systems that were set up in order to keep them together play an important role in recent publications: legal systems and justice (30, 33, 38, 39), various offices and careers (20, 21, 26, 37), tax administration (5, 14), language policies (2, 31), and identities (7, 12) and communities (17, 40); all express distinct aspects coming together to form an image of how empires and their representatives put different policies into action (9) and how their repercussions were felt on the ground. Some publications go beyond Egypt, covering Syria (8, 23, 35), Morocco (22), Spanish documents (28), and conflict management between Pisa and Tunis (15) as well. Trade and other aspects of daily life within the mentioned empires are expressed via the voices of traders (3, 24) or citizens in distress (19) either in their own words or by records of their transactions (25) and their travels (16).
These communities, known to us mainly via their documentary output, also put some of their ideas and convictions down in writing, as we can see from recent publications on literary texts (6, 18, 27, 41). Contributions from the digital humanities form an integral and indispensable part of modern papyrology, and publications on tools, methods, and developments can answer important questions on documents. At the same time, they also encourage us to look at texts with new ideas and approaches toward material, script, and layout (11, 13, 29).
Authority and Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (6th-10th Century), 2018
Chronique d'Egypte 92/1, 2017
Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 63/1, 2017
New Frontiers of Arabic Papyrology: Arabic and Multilingual Texts from Early Islam, 2017
Annales islamologiques 50, 2016
Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 53, 2016
Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 62/1, 2016
Alexandrie la divine, 2014
Selon la tradition musulmane, le Coran contient la parole de Dieu telle qu’elle a été révélée au ... more Selon la tradition musulmane, le Coran contient la parole de Dieu telle qu’elle a été révélée au prophète Mohammed, entre 610 et 632, à la Mecque et à Médine. Il fut révélé oralement, mais fut aussi préservé sous la forme d’un texte est appelé al-muṣḥaf (Le Livre), fixé par écrit peu après la mort du prophète, durant le règne du 3e calife Uthman (23–25/644–656).
Documents et histoire: Islam, VIIe-XVIe siècl, 2013
Au début des années 1980, Yūsuf Rāġib publiait le premier volume des quatre volumes de son oeuvre... more Au début des années 1980, Yūsuf Rāġib publiait le premier volume des quatre volumes de son oeuvre admirable, les Marchands d’étoffes du Fayyoum. L’ensemble contient un nombre important de lettres commerciales, échangées entre l’oasis du Fayyoum et Fusṭāṭ. Les trois premiers volumes rassemble des documents exclusivement liés aux Banū ‘Abd al-Mu’min, des commerçants en textile qui vivaient au Fayyoum, au iiie/ixe siècle. Ce corpus nous donne des informations extrêmement détaillées et extensives sur les mécanismes journaliers du commerce textile entre ces deux localités importantes.
In the beginning of the eighties of the last century, Yūsuf Rāġib published
the first volume of his admirable work, Marchands d’étoffes du Fayyoum and
three volumes were added in sequence. These four volumes contain a countless
number of commercial letters between the Fayyūm oasis and al-Fusṭāṭ. The
first three volumes contain documents exclusively related to the Banū ‘Abd al-
Mu’min, textile merchants living in the Fayyūm in the IIIrd/IXth century. This
dossier gives us endlessly detailed and extensive information on the day-to-day
mechanics of the textile trade between these two main localities.
A part of CPR XXII 17, 1b was identified in the edition as pen trial. It is, however, written in ... more A part of CPR XXII 17, 1b was identified in the edition as pen trial. It is, however, written in Arabic. This note argues that the Arabic part was written by the same scribe as the Greek and the Coptic passages in the papyrus. This revelation throws light on how Greek, Coptic and Arabic were simultaneously used in early Islamic Egypt and suggests that there might have been scribes who were capable of handling all three languages very efficiently.
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 98/2: 546-569, 2021
Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 49, 2012
Grob introduces and summarizes her work "Documentary Arabic private and business letters on papyr... more Grob introduces and summarizes her work "Documentary Arabic private and business letters on papyrus: Form and function" as follows: “This survey is the first monograph devoted to documentary Arabic letters, based on all available editions of Arabic private and business letters on papyrus. It contributes to the fields of Arabic papyrology and wider studies, compiling insights of the Arabic papyrology pioneers and presenting entirely new perspectives” (p. 207). Indeed, this technical volume is an important contribution to the study of Arabic papyri in general and non-official letters in particular. The volume does not produce new editions of Arabic papyrus letters, but greatly facilitates the task of deciphering and interpreting such texts. By grouping and analyzing the epistolary formulae attested in almost all private and business letters published so far and by quoting many examples, including entire texts, from the original letters in the main text and the footnotes, Grob provides a useful tool with which to tackle unedited texts.
by Lajos Berkes, Andreas Kaplony, Sebastian Metz, Ursula Hammed, Daniel Potthast, Lucian Reinfandt, Khaled Younes, Oded Zinger, Eleonora Sonego, Eugenio Garosi, and Rocio Daga
by Andreas Kaplony, Lajos Berkes, Ursula Hammed, Rocio Daga, angelique kleiner, Sebastian Metz, Mari Sipl, Eleonora Sonego, Khaled Younes, Oded Zinger, and Ilkka Lindstedt
The overview Arabic documents of the first two Islamic centuries contains fully searchable descr... more The overview Arabic documents of the first two Islamic centuries contains fully searchable
descriptions of a large number of Arabic documents from Egypt, Syro-Palestine and Khurasan.
It is designed as an aid to navigate through the fast corpus of Arabic documentary material
published in various volumes and articles over more than 150 years.
The word ḥajj literally means to set out towards a certain place. In Islamic law, it signifies t... more The word ḥajj literally means to set out towards a certain place. In Islamic law, it
signifies the annual pilgrimage to Mecca to fulfill the last of the five pillars of the
Muslim faith. According to Islamic law, pilgrimage is obligatory, at least once in a
lifetime, on all Muslims, both men and women, as long as they are physically and
financially able to do so and as far as the roads are safe to undertake the journey (Q3:97). The pilgrimage season always takes place during the first two weeks of the last
month of the Muslim calendar, Dhū al-Ḥijja. The religious, political and social
meanings of the ritual of ḥajj have been widely discussed by both ancient and modern
historians and jurists. On the other hand, the emotional dimension of this ritual has
been hardly discussed. This paper stresses the emotional aspects of the journey and
rituals of the ḥajj on the basis of a number of published and unpublished papyri.
“Nobody is saved from death. For death is the fate of all people from the first to the last. We c... more “Nobody is saved from death. For death is the fate of all people from the first to the last. We cannot do anything against death. We must have patience, because in patience lies salvation. Indeed, we belong to God and indeed to Him we will return.” This is how people in early Islamic Egypt responded to the misfortune of someone’s death. Expressing one’s profound grief, anxiety and sympathy due to the death of someone is the main theme of a letter of condolence. This sort of letters is extremely rare in comparison to other types of document. Not even one single letter has been published so far and as a consequence a study on this important subject is still lacking in the papyrological research. In this paper, I will describe the unique formulaic traditions of such type of letters by presenting the editions of two letters of condolence and three models for a reply.
The aim of our project is to look into the first 200 years of Muslim rule in Egypt and to investi... more The aim of our project is to look into the first 200 years of Muslim rule in Egypt and to investigate the documents that were produced in this period in Arabic, Greek and Coptic. The first part of our project is to acquire a detailed knowledge of this corpus in the three languages, with the production of a database concerning Arabic papyri from this period (work in progress by Khaled Younes) and the edition of new material in the three languages (in Arabic: Jelle Bruning, Marie Legendre, Petra Sijpesteijn and Khaled Younis, Greek: Janneke de Jong, Coptic: Gesa Schenke). The second part of the project is to include this documentation in the variety of source material used for writing the history of the early Islamic period. We have divided this part into three main topics: State, economy and culture.
كان الفتح العربي لمصر وتأسيس مدينة الفسطاط (العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى لمصر) سنة 20-21/42-641 إيذان... more كان الفتح العربي لمصر وتأسيس مدينة الفسطاط (العاصمة الإسلامية الأولى لمصر) سنة 20-21/42-641 إيذانا بتحول كبير في تاريخ البلاد السياسي والإجتماعي والثقافي والديني, ففي حين شهدت إدارة البلاد تغييرات سريعة وجذرية في القرنين الأوليين بعد الفتح، كان التقدم المحرز على الصعيدين اللغوي والديني بطيئا نسبيا. ولقد كشفت لنا البرديات العربية المنشورة والغير منشورة صورا شتى للقاء الأول بين العرب الفاتحين وأهل مصر على المستويين الإداري والشعبي. وسوف نلقي الضوء في هذه المحاضرة على نصوص تلك الوثائق المعاصرة لزمن الفتح وما تلاه إلى جانب بعض النصوص التاريخية هادفين إلى إظهارطبيعة وحقيقة هذا اللقاء!
First Seminar in Arabic and Greek Papyrology for Young Egyptian Academics
البردي عبر العصور: مدخل إلى علم البردي
تعد البردبات العربية أحد أهم مصادر التاريخ الإسلامي المبكر, فقد استخدم العرب البردي كمادة للكتابة... more تعد البردبات العربية أحد أهم مصادر التاريخ الإسلامي المبكر, فقد استخدم العرب البردي كمادة للكتابة منذ فجر الإسلام, حيث بدأ استعماله في نطاق محدود في عهد الخليفة الأول أبي بكر الصديق, ثم أدخل في عمل الدواوين في عهد الخليفة الثاني عمر بن الخطاب وخاصة بعد فتح مصر عام 21/642. ومنذ ذلك الحين أصبح البردي يتصدر سائر مواد الكتابة الأخرى, وإن شئنا قلنا بأنه كان المادة الأساسية للكتابة طوال العصر الأموي وخلال الفترة الأولى من عصر الدولة العباسية وحتى ظهور الكاغد. ونظرا لما تحتويه البرديات العربية بين طياتها من معلومات وموضوعات على درجة كبيرة من الأهمية, منها ما هو صادر من دواوين الدولة ويشمل المكاتبات بين الولاة والعمال وإيصالات الجزية والخراج والعشور وكشوف العمال والجند والعقود بشتى أنواعها, هذا بالإضافة إلى المراسلات الخاصة والوصفات الطبية والوثائق الأدبية ووثائق الوقف والهبة وعتق الرقاب وغيرها من الموضوعات, فقد أصبحت البرديات العربية أحد أهم مصادر التاريخ السياسي والإجتماعي والإقتصادي خلال القرون الثلاثة الأولى في الدولة الإسلامية (خاصة في مصر) ليس فقط في الكتابات والأبحاث التاريخية الحديثة والمعاصرة ولكن أيضا في كتابات المؤرخين العرب الأولين. فقد اعتمد المؤرخ أبو عمر الكندي (283-350/896-961), صاحب كتابي الولاة والقضاة وأحد أقدم المؤرخين للتاريخ السياسي في مصر الإسلامية, في تأريخه على أرشيف وثائق البردي في ديوان بني أمية وقد أورد نص أحد البرديات كما هو في كتابه تاريخ القضاة.
منهجية البحث وإعداد العمل العلمي في الدراسات القبطية والاسلامية
This summer school, organized by the Austrian National Library, provided an introduction to Ara... more This summer school, organized by the Austrian National Library,
provided an introduction to Arabic papyrology within its larger context
of Arabic and Islamic Studies, also including aspects of Greek and
Coptic Studies.
The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute... more The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute, University of Zurich, (Switzerland). In this webclass, students from allover the world meet to read unpublished Arabic documents. This webclass is equal to a one semester (fourteen weeks) two hours/week course with 1-2 hours /week homework.
The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute... more The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute, University of Zurich, (Switzerland). In this webclass, students from allover the world meet to read unpublished Arabic documents. This webclass is equal to a one semester (fourteen weeks) two hours/week course with 1-2 hours /week homework.
The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute... more The Arabic Papyrology Webclass is an internet-based online-webclass run by the Oriental institute, University of Zurich, (Switzerland). In this webclass, students from allover the world meet to read unpublished Arabic documents. This webclass is equal to a one semester (fourteen weeks) two hours/week course with 1-2 hours /week homework.