mohammad askari | Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (original) (raw)

Papers by mohammad askari

For measuring the draft forces exerted by implements into tractor, we use the dynamometers that a... more For measuring the draft forces exerted by implements into tractor, we use the dynamometers that are divided into pull type or three-point hitch type. For measuring the forces between the tractor and the mounted implements, three-point hitch dynamometers are used. In this research, an adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer with a draft capacity of 25 kN was designed and built which is made up from two frames that one of them placed inside the other. The force sensing elements were comprised of a loadcell that was installed between the frames. All mounted tillage implements were able to be tested by this measuring device excluding mounted implements which are powered by PTO and by using this dynamometer, the variations of implements draft force in the different tillage conditions consist of the various work depths and different forward speeds would be studied. After design and construction steps, dynamometer was calibrated, tested and evaluated. Field tests were done by using of fou...

Journal of Terramechanics

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2021

This study was devoted to verifying the performance of various configurations of a winged chisel ... more This study was devoted to verifying the performance of various configurations of a winged chisel plough (WCP) in a soil bin. The performance of the new tool was assessed at three wing depths (5, 10 and 15 cm), three bend angles (10, 20 and 30 °), and three rake angles (7.5, 15 and 22.5 °) with three replications using a completely randomised design at a constant depth and speed of 30 cm and 1 m·s–1, respectively. The draught and vertical forces, soil disturbed and upheaved areas plus the efficiency of the soil loosening were measured during the tests. The results revealed that the draught and vertical forces were significantly increased by increasing the wing depth, bend and rake angles. The soil disturbance area increased with an increase in the wing depth, bend and rake angles. While the soil upheaving was decreased by increasing the wing depth and bend angle, the effect of the rake angle on the soil upheaving area was not significant. The maximum efficiency of the soil loosening ...

: The research was divided into three main sections. In first part, the effect of tine type, forw... more : The research was divided into three main sections. In first part, the effect of tine type, forward speed and wing type were investigated on the draft, vertical and lateral forces, disturbance area, specific draft, tractor fuel consumption, furrow compactness, soil fragmentation and buried residue with conventional subsoiler, Paraplow and bentleg. Moreover, due to more vast application of conventional subsoiler when compared to the Paraplow and bentleg in Iran and in the Middle East, the effect of conventional tine depth and its forward speed were investigated on draft, disturbance area, specific draft, tractor fuel consumption, wheel slippage, drawbar power, traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency. In the third stage, the imposed forces on dual bentleg tines were investigated at different speeds in comparison with the single tine. For conducting trials, factorial statistical design based on randomized complete blocks design was applied at four replications. In first part, the tine in three tine types (subsoiler, Paraplow and bentleg), forward speed in four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h) and different wings in six types (no wing, conventional wing, forward and backward wing with 10 and 20 degree tilt angle) were investigated. In the second stage, the conventional subsoiler at four forward speeds of 1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h and two depths of 40 and 50 cm was evaluated. In the third stage, dual shanks of bentleg at mentioned forward speeds were examined. The results of first trial showed that bentleg and conventional subsoiler had the best and worst performance, respectively in terms of measured performance parameters. Lower speeds showed better subsoiling results; furthermore, wing application in specific condition and in accordance with the tillage goals is advised. Evaluation of different wings showed that 10 degrees forward bent wing had the best performance and is a suitable alternative instead of conventional wing. The second trials results showed that the optimal tillage depth and speed for conventional subsoiler were 40 cm and 2.9 km/h, respectively. Energy saving was obtained with suitable combination of tractor and implements and operation conditions. The results of the third trial approved that use of dual tine implement was more suitable than single shank implement especially for the balance of implements like Paraplow and bentleg.

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2011

An adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer with a draft capacity of 50 kN was developed to measu... more An adjustable three-point hitch dynamometer with a draft capacity of 50 kN was developed to measure forces on the tractor and mounted implements. The design concept of the dynamometer was based on two linkage frames mounted between tractor links and the implement. The force sensing elements were comprised of a loadcell that was installed between the frames. The system provides variable width and height of the dynamometer links to satisfy a wide range of implement dimensions. All mounted tillage implements at categories II and III such as plows, cultivators and harrows were able to be tested by this dynamometer excluding mounted implements powered by power take-off (PTO). The dynamometer was calibrated and several field tests were conducted to measure the force required to pull a moldboard plow in a clay loam soil. The calibration showed a high degree of linearity between the draft requirements and the dynamometer outputs. Field tests showed that it was able to function effectively a...

Soil and Tillage Research, 2019

In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface ... more In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches for predicting the draft force of subsoiling tines was assessed. Results of ANFIS and RSM approaches were compared with the results of regression models, too. The draft force was evaluated as affected by the tines at three levels (subsoiler, paraplow, and bentleg), forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), depth at three levels (30, 40 and 50 cm) and wing width at two levels (with wing = 30 cm and nowing = 0 cm) at four replications. Test results show that tine types, speed, depth, and wing width were significant on the draft force but quadruplet interaction effect of them. Moreover, the increment of forwarding speed, tillage depth and adding wing increased the draft force of all tine types. Field data were applied for the development of the regression, ANFIS and RSM models. The results of ANFIS part showed that Gaussian membership function (gaussmf) configuration was found to denote MSE of 0.0156 and R 2 of 0.998, consequently, it was the best ANFIS model. The RSM and best regression models had a high correlation (R 2 = 0.9927 and 0.9968, respectively), too while ANFIS model was the better than them to predict the draft force of subsoiling tines with higher accuracy. The RSM graphs showed the changes of the output variable (draft force) caused by changes of input variables (tine type, speed, depth and wing width) better than ANFIS graphs for their surfaces with higher pixels. Moreover, the optimization process for prediction of the draft force was obtained 4.22 kN for depth of 35.19 cm, the forward speed of 1.9 km/h and wing width of 26.97 cm using the RSM approach.

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2017

In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the dra... more In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the draft requirement of subsoil tillage tines was investigated in clay loam soil. Three subsoil tillage tines (subsoiler, bentleg and paraplow), four levels of forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), three levels of depth (30, 40 and 50 cm) and winged and no-wing tines were examined with the exception of bentleg as it would not be winged. It was revealed that draft of the tines is less affected by forward speed but is much affected by tine type, depth and wing. It was observed that an increase of speed and depth plus adding wing results in an increase of draft in all tines. Additionally, it was found that in all depths and speeds, subsoiler required more draft than paraplow and paraplow required more draft than bentleg. Multiple regression models including the studied parameters were developed to predict the draft requirements for each tine with high accuracy.

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2018

In this research, the effect of forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), tillag... more In this research, the effect of forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), tillage depth at three levels (30, 40 and 50 cm) and wing at two levels (winged and no-winged tines) were investigated on the draft requirement, soil disturbance area and specific draft of Paraplow. The results revealed that the effect of depth and wing was more than forward speed on the studied parameters, significantly. Increasing forward speed increased draft requirement and specific draft but decreased disturbance area. Increasing depth and adding wing led to increase draft requirement, disturbance area and specific draft. Transfering winged paraplow to under the hardpan decreased specific draft, significantly. The results recommended that using lower speed, minimum depth for hardpan breakage and wing will be better. A regression model included the speed, depth and wing width was developed to predict the draft requirement.

Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2016

In this study, new backward and forward bent wings with bend angles of 10° and 20° were developed... more In this study, new backward and forward bent wings with bend angles of 10° and 20° were developed and attached to the subsoiler foot. Effects of new wings on the subsoiler performance were compared with subsoilers with conventional wings and non-wings. Rake angle of all wings was 15°. The effects of new wings on the imposed horizontal and vertical forces, soil loosening and upheaving area, specific draft, bulk density and after-till penetration resistance were investigated using randomized complete block design. The subsoilers were operated at a depth of 40 cm in a clay loam soil. Results showed that the effect of wings on all parameters was significant (p<0.01). By adding wings to the subsoiler foot, horizontal and vertical forces, soil loosened and upheaved area increased but specific draft, soil bulk density, and penetration resistance decreased. Among all wings, 10° forward bent wing showed the best performance and is suggested as a suitable attachment for deep soil loosening.

MAPAN, 2017

A new triaxial dynamometer was designed, constructed and tested to measure and locate the positio... more A new triaxial dynamometer was designed, constructed and tested to measure and locate the position of all forces and moments on tillage implements, up to a maximum force of 10 kN and a maximum moment of 10 kN 9 m. The design concept of the facility was based on four frames attached to each other by load cells and tillage tool were attached on the inner frame. Calibration of the system showed the reliable and precise performance of the dynamometer in tracking the forces and moments. Additionally, the designed setup operated desirably under field conditions. Draft measurement was compared to those predicted by ASABE Standard D497.7 and was found to be in standard range. By using the new facility, it would be possible to study the relationship between forces and moments at the varying practical cases and design of tines, toolbars and tillage equipments in regard to the soil type and available tractor power will be facilitated.

Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 2017

A mobile instrumentation system was developed and mounted on an MF 285 tractor to measure the per... more A mobile instrumentation system was developed and mounted on an MF 285 tractor to measure the performance parameters of the tractor and attached implements. The system measures implement draft, fuel consumption, real forward velocity, tillage depth and engine speed. Other parameters such as wheel slippage, drawbar power and traction efficiency would be calculated by ASABE standard. Overall energy efficiency for the tractor-implement system was calculated, too. Three implements included of moldboard plow, disk plow and chisel plow at four forward velocities (1.5, 2.3, 3 and 4 km/h) in 23 cm depth and 1500 rpm engine speed was examined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of resulted data revealed that increase of forward velocity results in increase of implement draft, wheel slippage, drawbar power and overall energy efficiency but results in decrease of traction efficiency. Furthermore, fuel consumption decreased by increase of velocity from 1.5 km/h to 3 km/h but increased by increase of velocity from 3 km/h to 4 km/h. Moreover, it was observed that draft requirement for implements in tests ranged from 8.2 kN for the disk plow to 13 kN for the chisel plow and fuel consumption ranged from 10.72 L/ha for the chisel plow to 26.5 L/ha for the moldboard plow. The ranges in mentioned parameters indicate that energy saving can be readily done by selecting energy-efficient implements and by proper matching of the tractor size and operating parameters to the implements.

Agriculture, 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the response surface methodology (RSM) approach to pr... more This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the response surface methodology (RSM) approach to predict the tractive performance of an agricultural tractor during semi-deep tillage operations. The studied parameters of tractor performance, including slippage (S), drawbar power (DP) and traction efficiency (TE), were affected by two different types of tillage tool (paraplow and subsoiler), three different levels of operating depth (30, 40 and 50 cm), and four different levels of forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km h−1). Tractors drove a vertical load at two levels (225 kg and no weight) in four replications, forming a total of 192 datapoints. Field test results showed that all variables except vertical load, and different combinations of this and other variables, were effective for the S, DP and TE. Increments in speed and depth resulted in an increase and decrease in S and TE, respectively. Additionally, the RSM approach displayed changes in slippage, drawbar power and traction e...

MAPAN- Journal of Metrology Society of India, 2017

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH, 2015

Beginning of life on the earth came off with energy and every human development has a non-breakin... more Beginning of life on the earth came off with energy and every human development has a non-breaking
relationship with each of the energy resources.To obtain more welfare, human requires energy and to
achieve the energy uses fossil fuels more and more.Though fossil fuels are finite but very large share of the
world's total energy consumption is related to demand their importance is increasing every day,so that the
prospect of energy shows the dependency of world’s energy on fossil fuels.This dependency is significant
for several reasons; first, fossil fuels reserves have been made due to change of the geological structure,
so the amount of them is fixed, however, consumption of them is increasing. Secondly, fossil fuels reserves
are a critical factor in production of goods and the economic system and over shadow economic activities, So
fossil fuel conversion technologies in various and useful forms is extremely important in the
economy.Third, the increasing use of fossil fuels and environmental problems caused the change in the
balance of the planet's ecosystems.Issues related to energy and environment as two interlocking rings are
raised globally.Energy is essential to economic development while the energy cycle's impacts on the
environment.In recent years, extensive researches in the field of conservation of exhaustible reserves of
fossil fuels and on the other hand control of environmental problems have been done.In the present study,
the economic and ecological effects of using energy resources and needed strategies are explored.

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2017

In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the dra... more In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the draft requirement of subsoil tillage tines was investigated in clay loam soil. Three subsoil tillage tines (subsoiler, bentleg and paraplow), four levels of forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), three levels of depth (30, 40 and 50 cm) and winged and no-wing tines were examined with the exception of bentleg as it would not be winged. It was revealed that draft of the tines is less affected by forward speed but is much affected by tine type, depth and wing. It was observed that an increase of speed and depth plus adding wing results in an increase of draft in all tines. Additionally, it was found that in all depths and speeds, sub-soiler required more draft than paraplow and paraplow required more draft than bentleg. Multiple regression models including the studied parameters were developed to predict the draft requirements for each tine with high accuracy.

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2018

Equipping tines with the wings increases draft and soil loosening. Wing angles affect tine perfor... more Equipping tines with the wings increases draft and soil loosening. Wing
angles affect tine performance, soil aggregation and remained residue. In this research, conventional wing with no bent plus backward and forward bent wings with bend angles of 10 and 20° were attached to both a subsoiler and paraplow tine. The rake angle of all wings was 15°. The effects of tine and wing on draft, soil disturbance area, specific draft,
remained residue, and mean weight diameter (MWD) were investigated
in a clay loam soil at depth of 40 cm and speed of 1.6 km h−1. The effect of tine and wing plus interaction of them on all parameters was significant (p < 0.01) with the exception of remained residue. The bent winged tines required higher draft and caused higher disturbance area,
lower specific draft, and lower MWD than the conventional tines and
those without wing. The highest draft, disturbed area and remained
residue plus the lowest specific draft and MWD were obtained when
applying the 10° forward bent-winged tines. In present work, the paraplow equipped with forward bent wings with a bend angle of 10° was suggested as a suitable tool for deep soil loosening under a conservation tillage system.

soil and tillage research, 2019

In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface ... more In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches for predicting the draft force of subsoiling tines was assessed. Results of ANFIS and RSM approaches were compared with the results of regression models, too. The draft force was evaluated as affected by the tines at three levels (subsoiler, paraplow, and bentleg), forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), depth at three levels (30, 40 and 50 cm) and wing width at two levels (with wing = 30 cm and no-wing = 0 cm) at four replications. Test results show that tine types, speed, depth, and wing width were significant on the draft force but quadruplet interaction effect of them. Moreover, the increment of forwarding speed, tillage depth and adding wing increased the draft force of all tine types. Field data were applied for the development of the regression, ANFIS and RSM models. The results of ANFIS part showed that Gaussian membership function (gaussmf) configuration was found to denote MSE of 0.0156 and R 2 of 0.998, consequently , it was the best ANFIS model. The RSM and best regression models had a high correlation (R 2 = 0.9927 and 0.9968, respectively), too while ANFIS model was the better than them to predict the draft force of sub-soiling tines with higher accuracy. The RSM graphs showed the changes of the output variable (draft force) caused by changes of input variables (tine type, speed, depth and wing width) better than ANFIS graphs for their surfaces with higher pixels. Moreover, the optimization process for prediction of the draft force was obtained 4.22 kN for depth of 35.19 cm, the forward speed of 1.9 km/h and wing width of 26.97 cm using the RSM approach.

International Journal of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 2012

An intelligent walnut recognition system combining acoustic emissions analysis, decision tree and... more An intelligent walnut recognition system combining acoustic emissions analysis, decision tree and fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed and tested. In data acquisition part, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of impact signals was measured. Feature was extracted in two ways: using time domain and FFT of impact signal. The 66% of samples were used for training and the remains were used for testing. In selection feature part, the most important feature selected was: average and the second frequency amplitude of FFT. The method is based on the feature generation by FFT and time domain, produce decision tree with J 48 algorithm and classification by fuzzy rules. The output of J 48 algorithm was employed to produce the crisp if-then rule and membership function (MF) sets. The structure of FIS classifier was then defined based on the crisp sets. The results showed that the total classification accuracy was 94.7%,and the proposed FFT-J48-FIS model can be used in separation of filled walnuts from empty walnuts.

World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013

Tillage is the base operation in agriculture and its energy represents a considerable portion of ... more Tillage is the base operation in agriculture and its energy represents a considerable portion of the energy utilized in crop production. To measure the implement force requirements, are used dynamometers that are pull or three-point hitch types. In this research, an 82 kW research tractor equipped with an instrumentation system was used to determine the draft force inputs for four common tillage Implements applied to a clay loam soil in west Azarbaijan, Iran. Implements included moldboard plow plus chisel plow as primary and disk harrow plus field cultivator as secondary implements. Operating depth for the primary and secondary implements was about 250 and 100 mm, respectively. Draft measurements were compared to those predicted by ASABE Standard D497.5 (ASABE Standards, 2006) and were found to vary. It was declared that draft force of moldboard plow and field cultivator was about 2.14 and 1.8 times as much as the chisel plow and disk harrow, respectively. The large difference in implement draft indicates that substantial energy savings can be readily obtained by selecting energy-efficient tillage implements. INTRODUCTION hitch dynamometers [4]. Many research studies have

Journal of Terramechanics

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2021

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2011

Soil and Tillage Research, 2019

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2017

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2018

Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2016

MAPAN, 2017

Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 2017

Agriculture, 2021

MAPAN- Journal of Metrology Society of India, 2017

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH, 2015

Research in Agricultural Engineering, 2017

In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the dra... more In this study, the effect of tine type, adding wing, operating depth and forward speed on the draft requirement of subsoil tillage tines was investigated in clay loam soil. Three subsoil tillage tines (subsoiler, bentleg and paraplow), four levels of forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), three levels of depth (30, 40 and 50 cm) and winged and no-wing tines were examined with the exception of bentleg as it would not be winged. It was revealed that draft of the tines is less affected by forward speed but is much affected by tine type, depth and wing. It was observed that an increase of speed and depth plus adding wing results in an increase of draft in all tines. Additionally, it was found that in all depths and speeds, sub-soiler required more draft than paraplow and paraplow required more draft than bentleg. Multiple regression models including the studied parameters were developed to predict the draft requirements for each tine with high accuracy.

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2018

soil and tillage research, 2019

In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface ... more In this study, the ability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches for predicting the draft force of subsoiling tines was assessed. Results of ANFIS and RSM approaches were compared with the results of regression models, too. The draft force was evaluated as affected by the tines at three levels (subsoiler, paraplow, and bentleg), forward speed at four levels (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h), depth at three levels (30, 40 and 50 cm) and wing width at two levels (with wing = 30 cm and no-wing = 0 cm) at four replications. Test results show that tine types, speed, depth, and wing width were significant on the draft force but quadruplet interaction effect of them. Moreover, the increment of forwarding speed, tillage depth and adding wing increased the draft force of all tine types. Field data were applied for the development of the regression, ANFIS and RSM models. The results of ANFIS part showed that Gaussian membership function (gaussmf) configuration was found to denote MSE of 0.0156 and R 2 of 0.998, consequently , it was the best ANFIS model. The RSM and best regression models had a high correlation (R 2 = 0.9927 and 0.9968, respectively), too while ANFIS model was the better than them to predict the draft force of sub-soiling tines with higher accuracy. The RSM graphs showed the changes of the output variable (draft force) caused by changes of input variables (tine type, speed, depth and wing width) better than ANFIS graphs for their surfaces with higher pixels. Moreover, the optimization process for prediction of the draft force was obtained 4.22 kN for depth of 35.19 cm, the forward speed of 1.9 km/h and wing width of 26.97 cm using the RSM approach.

International Journal of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 2012

World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013