Jokastah Kalungu | Southern Eastern University Of Kenys (original) (raw)
Papers by Jokastah Kalungu
Sustainability
The past years were marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downfall, the 5th anniversary of th... more The past years were marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downfall, the 5th anniversary of the Paris Climate Agreement, and the end of the African Women’s Decade. According to the latest projections, African countries will continue to face increasing inequalities, as well as risks to human health, water and food security, due to climate change. African countries are also struggling to reduce gender-related power imbalances in adaptation and mitigation that magnify existing vulnerabilities, particularly those of women. Therefore, any advances made in this narrative are significant. This paper investigates the needs and potential for gender-balanced leadership/empowerment in adaptation and mitigation based on climate change experts’ views on the advances made in Africa. This is complemented by a bibliometric analysis of the literature published on the topic between the years 2015 and 2022. The study suggests that although women’s influence on climate change related decisions is gr...
Climate and Development, 2016
The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the e... more The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the effects of climate change and variability, especially in Africa, a continent characterised by a great vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This study investigates the levels of awareness and adoption of some appropriate technologies suitable for the changing climatic conditions at two pairs of sites matched for rainfall, but differing in temperature, in semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Kenya. The pairs were also subsequently matched to form cool and warm regions. The study was conducted using participatory methods consisting of 20 focus-group discussions and data from 722 randomly sampled households from the two regions. The descriptive and inferential results show that there was a high level of awareness of appropriate technologies but low rates of adoption in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions, as well as in the cool and warm regions. The study has identified the fact that even though gender did not influence awareness of the technologies, it has a positive correlation with adoption of the technologies. There was a difference in adoption of appropriate technologies between male-headed households and female-headed households at a 1% level of significance. Technology knowledge and use were higher in the semi-arid and warm regions than in the sub-humid and cool regions with farmer-to-farmer learning being the most prominent source of information. There was a difference in the use of technologies which have a positive impact in regions with high temperatures at a 1% level of significance. A higher percentage of farmers used water harvesting, reduced tillage, crop rotation, green manure and used mulches in the warm regions compared to cool regions. The trend in awareness and adoption assumed a gender and an ecological dimension in favour of males, in both semi-arid regions and warm regions.
Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando... more Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando e ajudando a realizar este sonho. Aos meus pais, Agnes, Stephen, Meus Sogros Reba e William pelo apoio, incentivo e por compreender e perdoar a nossa ausência
Biochemical Society Transactions, 1991
Enzyme Engineering, 1982
Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure dev... more Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure developed in this laboratory (1, 2). Surface binding is obtained on both faces, allowing for asymmetric coupling with bienzyme systems, each enzyme being bound on only one face of the membrane (3). In our electrodes these membranes are associated with a platinum anode for the amperometric detection of H2O2, leading to very reliable enzyme electrodes for the detection of various species with selected mono or multienzyme systems that lead to hydrogen peroxide (4, 5). At present, the storage conditions of the enzyme electrodes need to be simplified for more practical use. Previously, the sensors were kept in buffer at 4°C, and later at room temperature. Under these conditions the sensors were still usable after more than two years, provided a calibration was made for each set of measurements.
INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Overview of global climate change 1.2 Clima... more INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Overview of global climate change 1.2 Climate change , vulnerability and adaptation concepts 1.3 Climate change and agriculture 1.4 Climate change in Africa 1.5 Gender issues in climate change 2. CHAPTER TWO: CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA 2.1 Impacts of climate change in Kenya 2.1.1 Impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security 2.1.2 Impacts of climate change and agricultural practices 2.2 Climate change and adaptations in Kenya 2.2.1 Agro-ecological zones and climate change adaptations 2.2.2 Social economic activities and climate change adaptations 2.2.3 Gender and climate change adaptations 2.3 Climate change and the agricultural sector in Kenya 2.4 Existing gender policies in Kenya 2.5 Existing climate change policies related to agriculture 3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION 3.1 Problem diagnosis 3.2 Research rationale and justification 3.3 Objectives of the study 4 3.4 Hypothesis and research questions 4. CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODS 4.1 Research strategy 4.2 Research design 4.3 Selection of the study sites 4.3.1 KARI-Katumani in Machakos Sub-county 4.3.2 KARI-Kambi ya Mawe in Makueni Sub-county 4.3.4 KARI-Muguga in Limuru Sub-county 4.3.5 Target population 4.3.6 Sample size determination and sampling procedure 4.4 Data collection 4.4.1 Pre-preparation of data collection 4.5 Inspection 4.6 Collection of secondary data 4.7 Instruments used for the study 4.8 Piloting and validity 4.9 Data analysis 4.10 Description of key methodologies 4.11 Analytical framework 4.12 Research ethics and positionality 4.13 Limitations and challenges of the methodology 5. CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS 5.1 5 5.5 Coping/adaptation strategies to climate change and variability 5.5.1 Adaptation strategies using agricultural practices in the study sites 5.5.2 Adaptation and coping strategies for food security 5.5.3 Smallholder farmers' desired measures that can improve crop production 5.6 Gender and adaptation/ coping options to climate change and variability 5.6.1 Gender and perceived changes in agricultural practices 5.6.2 Gender and use of agricultural practices as adaptation strategies 5.6.3 Gender and desired adaptation strategies 5.6.4 Gender, food security and livelihoods 5.6.5 Decision making on the use of crop management by marital status 5.6.6 The role of gender in management of climate risks 5.6.7 Determinants of farmers' choice on use of agricultural practices 5.7 Summary of findings 6. CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Smallholder farmers' level of awareness of climate change and variability 6.3 Perceptions of the causes of changes in agricultural practices 6.4 Impacts of climate change and variability on the agricultural practices 6.4.1 Impacts of climate change and variability on land preparation 6.4.2 Impacts of climate change and variability on planting practices 6.4.3 Impacts of climate change and variability on crop management 6.4.4 Impacts of climate change and variability on weed, pest and disease control191 6.4.5 Climate change and household food security and livelihoods 6.5 Coping/adaptation strategies to climate change and variability 6.5.1 Current adaptation strategies in farming systems 6.5.2 Coping/adaptation strategy for food insecurity 6.5.3 Desired adaptation strategies 6.6 Gender and adaptation/ coping options to climate change and variability 6.6.1 Gender and perceived changes in agricultural practices 6.6.2 Gender and current adaptation strategies 6.6.3 Gender and food security and livelihood 6.6.4 Gender and desired adaptation strategies 7.
Climate change and variability is a major threat to sustainable development across the globe. Par... more Climate change and variability is a major threat to sustainable development across the globe. Paradoxically, smallholder farmers to a great extend contribute to the spread and also hold the key to effective management of climate change and variability. Despite their centrality in climate change and variability, not much is known about smallholder farmers and climate change adaptation. As a contribution towards addressing this need, the present study analysed the role played by gender in climate change adaptation among smallholder farmers in semi-arid and sub-humid agro-ecological zones in Kenya. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones (analogue sites) – one in the semi-arid region, and the other in the sub-humid region, each comprising a pair of cooler and warmer sites. Data for the study were collected at different intervals between June 2011 and June 2013, using multiple approaches including household interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and personal observation...
Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando... more Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando e ajudando a realizar este sonho. Aos meus pais, Agnes, Stephen, Meus Sogros Reba e William pelo apoio, incentivo e por compreender e perdoar a nossa ausência
Biochemical Society Transactions, 1991
Enzyme Engineering, 1982
Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure dev... more Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure developed in this laboratory (1, 2). Surface binding is obtained on both faces, allowing for asymmetric coupling with bienzyme systems, each enzyme being bound on only one face of the membrane (3). In our electrodes these membranes are associated with a platinum anode for the amperometric detection of H2O2, leading to very reliable enzyme electrodes for the detection of various species with selected mono or multienzyme systems that lead to hydrogen peroxide (4, 5). At present, the storage conditions of the enzyme electrodes need to be simplified for more practical use. Previously, the sensors were kept in buffer at 4°C, and later at room temperature. Under these conditions the sensors were still usable after more than two years, provided a calibration was made for each set of measurements.
Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 1965
Ein Problem der europäischen Geschichte / Un problème de l'histoire européenne
Ciência Rural, 2010
This paper reviews various irrigation technologies in both South Africa and Kenya that enable imp... more This paper reviews various irrigation technologies in both South Africa and Kenya that enable improvements in their socio-economic conditions. The two countries are located in semi-arid areas that experience extreme fluctuations in the availability of rain water for plant growth. Population growth exceeds the ability to produce food in numerous countries around the world and the two countries are not an exception. This experiment examined the constraints that farmers face and the role of government and nongovernmental organization in the uptake of modern technologies for irrigation. Detailed mechanisms and options to secure sustainable irrigation which are economically viable are considered. Despite the higher production of cereals and grains, fruits, and flowers also thrive in the two countries. Total irrigated area, crops grown and irrigation systems used in the two countries are discussed.
This paper presents findings from 16 focus group discussions (FGDs) which took place in June 2012... more This paper presents findings from 16 focus group discussions (FGDs) which took place in June 2012 at Makueni and Machakos Counties with a view to understanding farmers’ perception on gender role in regard to climate change in their farming systems. A total of 192 farmers from ten villages were randomly selected to participate in the FGDs. During the discussion, men were found to have noticed increased use of manure and fertilizer for fertility replenishment where as their female colleagues from both Counties noticed increased use of hybrid seeds as a remedy for dealing with impacts of climate change and variability. The farmers suggested that policy interventions aimed at cushioning them against food insecurity and harsh climatical changes taking into account gender sensitive integration measures were necessary.
Climate and Development, 2016
The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the e... more The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the effects of climate change and variability, especially in Africa, a continent characterised by a great vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This study investigates the levels of awareness and adoption of some appropriate technologies suitable for the changing climatic conditions at two pairs of sites matched for rainfall, but differing in temperature, in semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Kenya. The pairs were also subsequently matched to form cool and warm regions. The study was conducted using participatory methods consisting of 20 focus-group discussions and data from 722 randomly sampled households from the two regions. The descriptive and inferential results show that there was a high level of awareness of appropriate technologies but low rates of adoption in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions, as well as in the cool and warm regions. The study has identified the fact that even though gender did not influence awareness of the technologies, it has a positive correlation with adoption of the technologies. There was a difference in adoption of appropriate technologies between male-headed households and female-headed households at a 1% level of significance. Technology knowledge and use were higher in the semi-arid and warm regions than in the sub-humid and cool regions with farmer-to-farmer learning being the most prominent source of information. There was a difference in the use of technologies which have a positive impact in regions with high temperatures at a 1% level of significance. A higher percentage of farmers used water harvesting, reduced tillage, crop rotation, green manure and used mulches in the warm regions compared to cool regions. The trend in awareness and adoption assumed a gender and an ecological dimension in favour of males, in both semi-arid regions and warm regions.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2013
The research was financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germa... more The research was financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany (BMZ) as part of the CALESA project (adapting agriculture to climate change).
Sustainability
The past years were marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downfall, the 5th anniversary of th... more The past years were marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic downfall, the 5th anniversary of the Paris Climate Agreement, and the end of the African Women’s Decade. According to the latest projections, African countries will continue to face increasing inequalities, as well as risks to human health, water and food security, due to climate change. African countries are also struggling to reduce gender-related power imbalances in adaptation and mitigation that magnify existing vulnerabilities, particularly those of women. Therefore, any advances made in this narrative are significant. This paper investigates the needs and potential for gender-balanced leadership/empowerment in adaptation and mitigation based on climate change experts’ views on the advances made in Africa. This is complemented by a bibliometric analysis of the literature published on the topic between the years 2015 and 2022. The study suggests that although women’s influence on climate change related decisions is gr...
Climate and Development, 2016
The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the e... more The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the effects of climate change and variability, especially in Africa, a continent characterised by a great vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This study investigates the levels of awareness and adoption of some appropriate technologies suitable for the changing climatic conditions at two pairs of sites matched for rainfall, but differing in temperature, in semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Kenya. The pairs were also subsequently matched to form cool and warm regions. The study was conducted using participatory methods consisting of 20 focus-group discussions and data from 722 randomly sampled households from the two regions. The descriptive and inferential results show that there was a high level of awareness of appropriate technologies but low rates of adoption in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions, as well as in the cool and warm regions. The study has identified the fact that even though gender did not influence awareness of the technologies, it has a positive correlation with adoption of the technologies. There was a difference in adoption of appropriate technologies between male-headed households and female-headed households at a 1% level of significance. Technology knowledge and use were higher in the semi-arid and warm regions than in the sub-humid and cool regions with farmer-to-farmer learning being the most prominent source of information. There was a difference in the use of technologies which have a positive impact in regions with high temperatures at a 1% level of significance. A higher percentage of farmers used water harvesting, reduced tillage, crop rotation, green manure and used mulches in the warm regions compared to cool regions. The trend in awareness and adoption assumed a gender and an ecological dimension in favour of males, in both semi-arid regions and warm regions.
Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando... more Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando e ajudando a realizar este sonho. Aos meus pais, Agnes, Stephen, Meus Sogros Reba e William pelo apoio, incentivo e por compreender e perdoar a nossa ausência
Biochemical Society Transactions, 1991
Enzyme Engineering, 1982
Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure dev... more Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure developed in this laboratory (1, 2). Surface binding is obtained on both faces, allowing for asymmetric coupling with bienzyme systems, each enzyme being bound on only one face of the membrane (3). In our electrodes these membranes are associated with a platinum anode for the amperometric detection of H2O2, leading to very reliable enzyme electrodes for the detection of various species with selected mono or multienzyme systems that lead to hydrogen peroxide (4, 5). At present, the storage conditions of the enzyme electrodes need to be simplified for more practical use. Previously, the sensors were kept in buffer at 4°C, and later at room temperature. Under these conditions the sensors were still usable after more than two years, provided a calibration was made for each set of measurements.
INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Overview of global climate change 1.2 Clima... more INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 1.1 Overview of global climate change 1.2 Climate change , vulnerability and adaptation concepts 1.3 Climate change and agriculture 1.4 Climate change in Africa 1.5 Gender issues in climate change 2. CHAPTER TWO: CLIMATE CHANGE IN KENYA 2.1 Impacts of climate change in Kenya 2.1.1 Impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security 2.1.2 Impacts of climate change and agricultural practices 2.2 Climate change and adaptations in Kenya 2.2.1 Agro-ecological zones and climate change adaptations 2.2.2 Social economic activities and climate change adaptations 2.2.3 Gender and climate change adaptations 2.3 Climate change and the agricultural sector in Kenya 2.4 Existing gender policies in Kenya 2.5 Existing climate change policies related to agriculture 3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION 3.1 Problem diagnosis 3.2 Research rationale and justification 3.3 Objectives of the study 4 3.4 Hypothesis and research questions 4. CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODS 4.1 Research strategy 4.2 Research design 4.3 Selection of the study sites 4.3.1 KARI-Katumani in Machakos Sub-county 4.3.2 KARI-Kambi ya Mawe in Makueni Sub-county 4.3.4 KARI-Muguga in Limuru Sub-county 4.3.5 Target population 4.3.6 Sample size determination and sampling procedure 4.4 Data collection 4.4.1 Pre-preparation of data collection 4.5 Inspection 4.6 Collection of secondary data 4.7 Instruments used for the study 4.8 Piloting and validity 4.9 Data analysis 4.10 Description of key methodologies 4.11 Analytical framework 4.12 Research ethics and positionality 4.13 Limitations and challenges of the methodology 5. CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS 5.1 5 5.5 Coping/adaptation strategies to climate change and variability 5.5.1 Adaptation strategies using agricultural practices in the study sites 5.5.2 Adaptation and coping strategies for food security 5.5.3 Smallholder farmers' desired measures that can improve crop production 5.6 Gender and adaptation/ coping options to climate change and variability 5.6.1 Gender and perceived changes in agricultural practices 5.6.2 Gender and use of agricultural practices as adaptation strategies 5.6.3 Gender and desired adaptation strategies 5.6.4 Gender, food security and livelihoods 5.6.5 Decision making on the use of crop management by marital status 5.6.6 The role of gender in management of climate risks 5.6.7 Determinants of farmers' choice on use of agricultural practices 5.7 Summary of findings 6. CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Smallholder farmers' level of awareness of climate change and variability 6.3 Perceptions of the causes of changes in agricultural practices 6.4 Impacts of climate change and variability on the agricultural practices 6.4.1 Impacts of climate change and variability on land preparation 6.4.2 Impacts of climate change and variability on planting practices 6.4.3 Impacts of climate change and variability on crop management 6.4.4 Impacts of climate change and variability on weed, pest and disease control191 6.4.5 Climate change and household food security and livelihoods 6.5 Coping/adaptation strategies to climate change and variability 6.5.1 Current adaptation strategies in farming systems 6.5.2 Coping/adaptation strategy for food insecurity 6.5.3 Desired adaptation strategies 6.6 Gender and adaptation/ coping options to climate change and variability 6.6.1 Gender and perceived changes in agricultural practices 6.6.2 Gender and current adaptation strategies 6.6.3 Gender and food security and livelihood 6.6.4 Gender and desired adaptation strategies 7.
Climate change and variability is a major threat to sustainable development across the globe. Par... more Climate change and variability is a major threat to sustainable development across the globe. Paradoxically, smallholder farmers to a great extend contribute to the spread and also hold the key to effective management of climate change and variability. Despite their centrality in climate change and variability, not much is known about smallholder farmers and climate change adaptation. As a contribution towards addressing this need, the present study analysed the role played by gender in climate change adaptation among smallholder farmers in semi-arid and sub-humid agro-ecological zones in Kenya. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones (analogue sites) – one in the semi-arid region, and the other in the sub-humid region, each comprising a pair of cooler and warmer sites. Data for the study were collected at different intervals between June 2011 and June 2013, using multiple approaches including household interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and personal observation...
Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando... more Meu marido Vitalis, meu filho Fabian, que em todos estes anos estivaram ao meu lado, incentivando e ajudando a realizar este sonho. Aos meus pais, Agnes, Stephen, Meus Sogros Reba e William pelo apoio, incentivo e por compreender e perdoar a nossa ausência
Biochemical Society Transactions, 1991
Enzyme Engineering, 1982
Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure dev... more Enzyme collagen membranes have been prepared with the previously described coupling procedure developed in this laboratory (1, 2). Surface binding is obtained on both faces, allowing for asymmetric coupling with bienzyme systems, each enzyme being bound on only one face of the membrane (3). In our electrodes these membranes are associated with a platinum anode for the amperometric detection of H2O2, leading to very reliable enzyme electrodes for the detection of various species with selected mono or multienzyme systems that lead to hydrogen peroxide (4, 5). At present, the storage conditions of the enzyme electrodes need to be simplified for more practical use. Previously, the sensors were kept in buffer at 4°C, and later at room temperature. Under these conditions the sensors were still usable after more than two years, provided a calibration was made for each set of measurements.
Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 1965
Ein Problem der europäischen Geschichte / Un problème de l'histoire européenne
Ciência Rural, 2010
This paper reviews various irrigation technologies in both South Africa and Kenya that enable imp... more This paper reviews various irrigation technologies in both South Africa and Kenya that enable improvements in their socio-economic conditions. The two countries are located in semi-arid areas that experience extreme fluctuations in the availability of rain water for plant growth. Population growth exceeds the ability to produce food in numerous countries around the world and the two countries are not an exception. This experiment examined the constraints that farmers face and the role of government and nongovernmental organization in the uptake of modern technologies for irrigation. Detailed mechanisms and options to secure sustainable irrigation which are economically viable are considered. Despite the higher production of cereals and grains, fruits, and flowers also thrive in the two countries. Total irrigated area, crops grown and irrigation systems used in the two countries are discussed.
This paper presents findings from 16 focus group discussions (FGDs) which took place in June 2012... more This paper presents findings from 16 focus group discussions (FGDs) which took place in June 2012 at Makueni and Machakos Counties with a view to understanding farmers’ perception on gender role in regard to climate change in their farming systems. A total of 192 farmers from ten villages were randomly selected to participate in the FGDs. During the discussion, men were found to have noticed increased use of manure and fertilizer for fertility replenishment where as their female colleagues from both Counties noticed increased use of hybrid seeds as a remedy for dealing with impacts of climate change and variability. The farmers suggested that policy interventions aimed at cushioning them against food insecurity and harsh climatical changes taking into account gender sensitive integration measures were necessary.
Climate and Development, 2016
The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the e... more The adoption of appropriate technologies in small-scale farming is an important response to the effects of climate change and variability, especially in Africa, a continent characterised by a great vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This study investigates the levels of awareness and adoption of some appropriate technologies suitable for the changing climatic conditions at two pairs of sites matched for rainfall, but differing in temperature, in semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Kenya. The pairs were also subsequently matched to form cool and warm regions. The study was conducted using participatory methods consisting of 20 focus-group discussions and data from 722 randomly sampled households from the two regions. The descriptive and inferential results show that there was a high level of awareness of appropriate technologies but low rates of adoption in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions, as well as in the cool and warm regions. The study has identified the fact that even though gender did not influence awareness of the technologies, it has a positive correlation with adoption of the technologies. There was a difference in adoption of appropriate technologies between male-headed households and female-headed households at a 1% level of significance. Technology knowledge and use were higher in the semi-arid and warm regions than in the sub-humid and cool regions with farmer-to-farmer learning being the most prominent source of information. There was a difference in the use of technologies which have a positive impact in regions with high temperatures at a 1% level of significance. A higher percentage of farmers used water harvesting, reduced tillage, crop rotation, green manure and used mulches in the warm regions compared to cool regions. The trend in awareness and adoption assumed a gender and an ecological dimension in favour of males, in both semi-arid regions and warm regions.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2013
The research was financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germa... more The research was financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany (BMZ) as part of the CALESA project (adapting agriculture to climate change).