Krzysztof Karpowicz | Eugeniusz Piasecki University of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland (original) (raw)
Papers by Krzysztof Karpowicz
PLOS ONE
Objective To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the l... more Objective To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the level of body composition asymmetry with postural stability among canoeists and a control group. Methods The sample consisted of 43 males (21 canoeists 21.8±3.29 years and 22 university students 21.7±1.32 years). Measurements included body height and weight. Segmental body composition analysis was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance by determining: fat mass (FM, kg, %), fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and predicted muscle mass (PMM, kg). Postural stability was tested using the BIODEX Balance System. Anterior–posterior stability index (APSI), medial–lateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability index (OSI) were calculated. Results Our findings suggest that the canoeists had statistically lower level of fatty tissue compared to controls. There was a statistically important difference between groups in lower limb FM (% and kg). In both groups morphological asymmetry was observed, but i...
The purpose of this paper was to analyse the level of motor abilities in terms of strength abilit... more The purpose of this paper was to analyse the level of motor abilities in terms of strength abilities among the players of premier league for rugby union in Poland as well as defining the relationship between the level of the strength abilities and the sports level of the team. Research material covered 79 players from three teams representing differential sports level which were selected from the Polish rugby premier league. The research included performing antropometric measurements, barbell squat maximal force and power output measurements, having been conducted with the use of Tendo Weightlifting Analyser. It was indicated that the teams placed higher in the premier league were the ones with higher mean body mass of the players, which could have contributed to their scoring higher also in strength ability tests. Moreover, it was confirmed that the forwards have significantly higher body mass than the backs. It appears that the most significant element in training rugby players is...
Medicina dello Sport, 2019
Archives of Budo, 2019
Background and Study Aim: Since visual perception plays an important role in fencing, it might di... more Background and Study Aim: Since visual perception plays an important role in fencing, it might differ between leftand right-handed performers, and perhaps giving the former some advantage over the latter. The purpose of this work is hypothesis that leftand right-handed foil fencers differ in terms of their perception strategies. Material and Methods: We base our verification of this hypothesis on to compare the strategies the two groups of foil fencers (left-handed and right-handed) they use to evaluate actions taken by their opponents. Perception strategies of 18 leftand 21 right-handed professional foil fencers were compared using an eye-tracker to analyse their eye movements during preliminary actions by the participants. The actions were performed over a minute in two variants: during a fight with a rightand left-handed opponent. We used an eye-tracker to monitor eye movements during duels. We also recorded and analysed visual fixations, that is, the maintaining of the gaze at p...
Biospołeczne uwarunkowania uczestnictwa w kulturze fizycznej i zdrowotnej osób w różnym wieku, 2017
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing.... more This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing. Fencers from the experimental group underwent six-week transfer training while those from the control group underwent regular fencing training. The fencers’ performance was analyzed thrice: before the experimental training (pretest), immediately after it (posttest), and four weeks after it (retention test). Using a device that simulates fencing moves and analyzes the accuracy of such performance, participants completed, with both hands, three tests related to straight thrust accuracy. While no differences in hand grip strength was observed between the two groups across the three tests, significant differences occurred in terms of their performance on the device. The groups did not differ in the pretests and the retention tests. However, the fencers from the experimental group generally performed better in postests than prestests. These results show that bilateral transfer can be effecti...
The goal of the present study was to determine the structure of motor preparation of young athlet... more The goal of the present study was to determine the structure of motor preparation of young athletes of selected sports in the context of their sport-specific training. The research material comprised results of investigations carried out among members of the Wielkopolska Province junior sport teams (canoeing, cycling, basketball, athletics, handball, volleyball, triathlon, rugby, rowing). The study encompassed 300 boys aged 15-16. The International Physical Fitness Tests and trials determining selected components of general physical preparation were used as the basic research tools. The study revealed that the structure of motor ability and its level often indicate premature effects of sport specialization, at the expense of comprehensive, well-balanced motor preparation.
Biblioteka Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu, 2017
Introduction. Based on the kinetic chain model, in which the body is a linked system of interdepe... more Introduction. Based on the kinetic chain model, in which the body is a linked system of interdependent and working in a proximal to distal order segments, the main task of the core is to stabilize the kinetic chain during functional movements. Poor core stability and muscle imbalance are factors that may contribute to injuries. By detecting imbalances, deficits and asymmetries in basic movement patterns, there is a tool which can provide the basis for the implementation of preventive strategies. Aim of Study. The main purpose of the present study is to verify the effectiveness of the corrective and stability exercises program on the quality of basic movement patterns among dance students. Material and Methods. The study was perform on 18 female students of first year of the Dance in physical culture from University of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland, who were divided into 2 groups: intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 9). In both groups, were carried out pre-and post-test. The quality of basic movement patterns was evaluated by the Functional Movement Screen, consisted of seven tests: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability. In the intervention group was introduced the program of corrective exercises based on the obtained results enriched with core stability exercises. After 12-week training program, the quality of basic movement patterns were assessed again in both groups. Results. The research found out that at the pretest there was no significant differences between both groups. However, the groups differed significantly (p < 0.05) at post-test in terms of the overall result of the FMS and 2 tests: deep squat and in-line lunge. Significant posttraining changes were noted for the intervention group in the overall FMS scores and 4 tests: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, trunk stability push-up. Significant changes were also found in the control group in the overall FMS results and in the deep squat test. Conclusions. The identification of the "weakest links" of kinetic chain, integrated with properly planned and conducted corrective exercises, enriched with core stability exercises may positively impact on the quality of basic movement patterns, which seems to be the starting point for determining the possibility of used tool to prevent injuries.
These changes, which lead to the competitors attaining competition norms, will be accompanied by ... more These changes, which lead to the competitors attaining competition norms, will be accompanied by a suitable (stable or lowered) level of lactic acid. It has also been assumed that the changes, resulting from this structured training during the pre-Olympic training cycle (1999), will form the basis for possible changes in the 2000 Olympic training cycle.
PLOS ONE, 2020
The aim of the present study was to determine the level of morphological asymmetry among the gene... more The aim of the present study was to determine the level of morphological asymmetry among the general population of Polish youth as it correlates to sex and body type. The anthropometric characteristics of a group of 618 Polish youths (354 males aged 19.5 ± 1.2 years and 264 females aged 19.2 ± 1.2 years) were evaluated to assess their somatotypes using the Heath-Carter method. Body composition was calculated using the bioelectrical impedance method, and the absolute asymmetry index was used for comparisons between the right and left sides of the body. Significant differentiation was observed between all morphological characteristics (� 0.0001) and two body types (� 0.0001) among sexes. Females and males largely exhibited endomorphic and mesomorphic somatotypes, respectively. The findings demonstrated that dominant somatotype and sex both affect the level of fat mass asymmetry in the arms and legs. Furthermore, significant variations in the levels of asymmetry between sexes were observed in fat mass in both the arms and legs, with greater variation observed in the arms. In the case of muscle mass, no great differences were observed between men, women, or body types. This study provides new data on the morphological asymmetry of given body composition according to somatotype and sex. This study has potential medical implications, given that a large degree of inter-limb imbalance could be shown to have a negative effect on health; the findings of the present study would therefore be important for arriving at an understanding of how to prevent such imbalances, or to mitigate their negative effects.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2018
Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of h... more Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of highly skilled field hockey players during the training macrocycle. It was assumed that the changes in the parameters examined in the study would correspond with the hypothesised variation related to the adaptive changes that were expected to take place. Material and methods. The study involved eleven field hockey players from the KS AZS-AWF Poznań club (age = 22.3 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.0 cm; weight = 75.2 ± 6.3 kg; %FM = 12.2 ± 3.9%; VO2max = 55.4 ± 4.85 ml/kg/min). The dates of the measurements were agreed on with the trainers, who played an active role in the study, and were consistent with the cycle of planned measurements that were aimed at assessing the implementation of training/competition loads (two measurements during the preparatory period and one during the competition period). We examined the fundamental elements of motor preparation that are considered important in...
Acta Biochimica Polonica, 2018
The map of candidate genes that can potentially affect physical fitness becomes large... more The map of candidate genes that can potentially affect physical fitness becomes larger every year, and that are associated with such aspects as respiratory and cardiovascular stability; body build and composition – especially muscle mass and strength; carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; response to training; and exercise intolerance. The aim of this study was the analysis of the determination by CA repeat polymorphism of the P1 promoter of the IGF1 gene the structure of motor skills in the two groups of polish young athletes in 2011-2013. In this study, 350 young sportsmen representing different sports disciplines were examined (age = 15.5 ± 0.5 years), by genotyping the IGF1 gene and determining the structure of motor skills using the International Physical Fitness Test (IPFT) battery. Analysis of the multiple stepwise regression, used to determine the impact of the investigated motor skills on the indicator of the overall physical fitness, measured by the tot...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
The aim of this study was to identify trends of changes in the structure and levels of motor effe... more The aim of this study was to identify trends of changes in the structure and levels of motor effects among young women basketball players in 2006-2013. These changes were examined in the context of comprehensive development of functional, fitness-related, and technical fundamentals with respect to requirements of specific training adopted as typical for targeted sports training stage. The research material was collected in 2006-2013 among young basketball players from the Greater Poland region. The study evaluated 169 girls (mean 6 SD: age = 15.5 6 0.5 years; height = 173.5 6 5.8 cm; weight = 60.2 6 7.9 kg). The measurements focused on the structure of motor effects in the athletes studied. For this purpose, the study used the International Physical Fitness Test. The study found that overall physical fitness of young women basketball players has been declining year by year. On the one hand, this might have been caused by the tendency for regression in motor modifications across generations that have been observed among populations. On the other hand, changes in weight-height ratio toward increasing obesity have also been observed. The results may serve as a kind of expertise about the structure of motor development of successive age groups of sports talented young women in light of training objectives at the targeted sports training stage as compared with trends typical for the general population. By describing the results of long-term research, this article offers a way of detecting possible positive or negative tendencies at a relatively early stage.
Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 2007
In past decades we May observe in Poland the secular trend of somatic features as Wall as the phe... more In past decades we May observe in Poland the secular trend of somatic features as Wall as the phenomenon of maturity processes acceleration. On the other side physical fitness research results are diversified and are the results of multiple factors influence. From population of children, among which appear the effects of secular trend in somatic parameters we may mark the group of children diversified with body build from, as called "evolutionary norm" which may be described as short children. The aim of this work is determining physical fitness characteristics of short children in rural area of Wielkopolska region, in which we conducted wide population research in 2007. For the analyze were used data of 145 females and 140 males at age 7-9, pupils of five basic schools from rural area of Wielkopolska region. For the estimation of physical fitness of children were used test which describe basic motor abilities. For the estimation of speed was used a 5m run. For the estimat...
Human Movement, 2013
Purpose. The main objective of the study was to discern what trends are present in the structure ... more Purpose. The main objective of the study was to discern what trends are present in the structure of motor skills in young athletes by analyzing a group of basketball players within a context of their sports-specific training. Methods. Data were collected over a five-year period between 2006-2010 from 82 young Polish basketball players aged 15-16 years. In order to determine their motor skill level, the International Physical Fitness Test (IPFT) was administered. basic somatic parameters, such as height, weight, and body mass index, were also recorded. Results. Analysis of the significant differences between the mean IPFT scores for each year found relatively few statistically significant changes. No statistically significant changes were noted for somatic build. For motor skill level, an upward trend was found for speed, lower limb strength, arm strength, hand strength, abdominal endurance, and agility. Total IPFT scores for each subsequent year indicated a systematic improvement of the participants' general physical fitness levels. Conclusions. Despite only few of the results being statistically significant, the general trend of the changes in physical fitness levels is easily observed. Apart from the issue around the selection of surrounding selecting individuals to play in competitive sports, and in particular in which specific sports discipline, it was found that the training loads (such as the one used in boys basketball) have in most cases a positive impact on general physical fitness.
Journal of Motor Behavior, 2019
PLOS ONE
Objective To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the l... more Objective To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the level of body composition asymmetry with postural stability among canoeists and a control group. Methods The sample consisted of 43 males (21 canoeists 21.8±3.29 years and 22 university students 21.7±1.32 years). Measurements included body height and weight. Segmental body composition analysis was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance by determining: fat mass (FM, kg, %), fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and predicted muscle mass (PMM, kg). Postural stability was tested using the BIODEX Balance System. Anterior–posterior stability index (APSI), medial–lateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability index (OSI) were calculated. Results Our findings suggest that the canoeists had statistically lower level of fatty tissue compared to controls. There was a statistically important difference between groups in lower limb FM (% and kg). In both groups morphological asymmetry was observed, but i...
The purpose of this paper was to analyse the level of motor abilities in terms of strength abilit... more The purpose of this paper was to analyse the level of motor abilities in terms of strength abilities among the players of premier league for rugby union in Poland as well as defining the relationship between the level of the strength abilities and the sports level of the team. Research material covered 79 players from three teams representing differential sports level which were selected from the Polish rugby premier league. The research included performing antropometric measurements, barbell squat maximal force and power output measurements, having been conducted with the use of Tendo Weightlifting Analyser. It was indicated that the teams placed higher in the premier league were the ones with higher mean body mass of the players, which could have contributed to their scoring higher also in strength ability tests. Moreover, it was confirmed that the forwards have significantly higher body mass than the backs. It appears that the most significant element in training rugby players is...
Medicina dello Sport, 2019
Archives of Budo, 2019
Background and Study Aim: Since visual perception plays an important role in fencing, it might di... more Background and Study Aim: Since visual perception plays an important role in fencing, it might differ between leftand right-handed performers, and perhaps giving the former some advantage over the latter. The purpose of this work is hypothesis that leftand right-handed foil fencers differ in terms of their perception strategies. Material and Methods: We base our verification of this hypothesis on to compare the strategies the two groups of foil fencers (left-handed and right-handed) they use to evaluate actions taken by their opponents. Perception strategies of 18 leftand 21 right-handed professional foil fencers were compared using an eye-tracker to analyse their eye movements during preliminary actions by the participants. The actions were performed over a minute in two variants: during a fight with a rightand left-handed opponent. We used an eye-tracker to monitor eye movements during duels. We also recorded and analysed visual fixations, that is, the maintaining of the gaze at p...
Biospołeczne uwarunkowania uczestnictwa w kulturze fizycznej i zdrowotnej osób w różnym wieku, 2017
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing.... more This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing. Fencers from the experimental group underwent six-week transfer training while those from the control group underwent regular fencing training. The fencers’ performance was analyzed thrice: before the experimental training (pretest), immediately after it (posttest), and four weeks after it (retention test). Using a device that simulates fencing moves and analyzes the accuracy of such performance, participants completed, with both hands, three tests related to straight thrust accuracy. While no differences in hand grip strength was observed between the two groups across the three tests, significant differences occurred in terms of their performance on the device. The groups did not differ in the pretests and the retention tests. However, the fencers from the experimental group generally performed better in postests than prestests. These results show that bilateral transfer can be effecti...
The goal of the present study was to determine the structure of motor preparation of young athlet... more The goal of the present study was to determine the structure of motor preparation of young athletes of selected sports in the context of their sport-specific training. The research material comprised results of investigations carried out among members of the Wielkopolska Province junior sport teams (canoeing, cycling, basketball, athletics, handball, volleyball, triathlon, rugby, rowing). The study encompassed 300 boys aged 15-16. The International Physical Fitness Tests and trials determining selected components of general physical preparation were used as the basic research tools. The study revealed that the structure of motor ability and its level often indicate premature effects of sport specialization, at the expense of comprehensive, well-balanced motor preparation.
Biblioteka Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu, 2017
Introduction. Based on the kinetic chain model, in which the body is a linked system of interdepe... more Introduction. Based on the kinetic chain model, in which the body is a linked system of interdependent and working in a proximal to distal order segments, the main task of the core is to stabilize the kinetic chain during functional movements. Poor core stability and muscle imbalance are factors that may contribute to injuries. By detecting imbalances, deficits and asymmetries in basic movement patterns, there is a tool which can provide the basis for the implementation of preventive strategies. Aim of Study. The main purpose of the present study is to verify the effectiveness of the corrective and stability exercises program on the quality of basic movement patterns among dance students. Material and Methods. The study was perform on 18 female students of first year of the Dance in physical culture from University of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland, who were divided into 2 groups: intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 9). In both groups, were carried out pre-and post-test. The quality of basic movement patterns was evaluated by the Functional Movement Screen, consisted of seven tests: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability. In the intervention group was introduced the program of corrective exercises based on the obtained results enriched with core stability exercises. After 12-week training program, the quality of basic movement patterns were assessed again in both groups. Results. The research found out that at the pretest there was no significant differences between both groups. However, the groups differed significantly (p < 0.05) at post-test in terms of the overall result of the FMS and 2 tests: deep squat and in-line lunge. Significant posttraining changes were noted for the intervention group in the overall FMS scores and 4 tests: deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, trunk stability push-up. Significant changes were also found in the control group in the overall FMS results and in the deep squat test. Conclusions. The identification of the "weakest links" of kinetic chain, integrated with properly planned and conducted corrective exercises, enriched with core stability exercises may positively impact on the quality of basic movement patterns, which seems to be the starting point for determining the possibility of used tool to prevent injuries.
These changes, which lead to the competitors attaining competition norms, will be accompanied by ... more These changes, which lead to the competitors attaining competition norms, will be accompanied by a suitable (stable or lowered) level of lactic acid. It has also been assumed that the changes, resulting from this structured training during the pre-Olympic training cycle (1999), will form the basis for possible changes in the 2000 Olympic training cycle.
PLOS ONE, 2020
The aim of the present study was to determine the level of morphological asymmetry among the gene... more The aim of the present study was to determine the level of morphological asymmetry among the general population of Polish youth as it correlates to sex and body type. The anthropometric characteristics of a group of 618 Polish youths (354 males aged 19.5 ± 1.2 years and 264 females aged 19.2 ± 1.2 years) were evaluated to assess their somatotypes using the Heath-Carter method. Body composition was calculated using the bioelectrical impedance method, and the absolute asymmetry index was used for comparisons between the right and left sides of the body. Significant differentiation was observed between all morphological characteristics (� 0.0001) and two body types (� 0.0001) among sexes. Females and males largely exhibited endomorphic and mesomorphic somatotypes, respectively. The findings demonstrated that dominant somatotype and sex both affect the level of fat mass asymmetry in the arms and legs. Furthermore, significant variations in the levels of asymmetry between sexes were observed in fat mass in both the arms and legs, with greater variation observed in the arms. In the case of muscle mass, no great differences were observed between men, women, or body types. This study provides new data on the morphological asymmetry of given body composition according to somatotype and sex. This study has potential medical implications, given that a large degree of inter-limb imbalance could be shown to have a negative effect on health; the findings of the present study would therefore be important for arriving at an understanding of how to prevent such imbalances, or to mitigate their negative effects.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2018
Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of h... more Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of highly skilled field hockey players during the training macrocycle. It was assumed that the changes in the parameters examined in the study would correspond with the hypothesised variation related to the adaptive changes that were expected to take place. Material and methods. The study involved eleven field hockey players from the KS AZS-AWF Poznań club (age = 22.3 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.0 cm; weight = 75.2 ± 6.3 kg; %FM = 12.2 ± 3.9%; VO2max = 55.4 ± 4.85 ml/kg/min). The dates of the measurements were agreed on with the trainers, who played an active role in the study, and were consistent with the cycle of planned measurements that were aimed at assessing the implementation of training/competition loads (two measurements during the preparatory period and one during the competition period). We examined the fundamental elements of motor preparation that are considered important in...
Acta Biochimica Polonica, 2018
The map of candidate genes that can potentially affect physical fitness becomes large... more The map of candidate genes that can potentially affect physical fitness becomes larger every year, and that are associated with such aspects as respiratory and cardiovascular stability; body build and composition – especially muscle mass and strength; carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; response to training; and exercise intolerance. The aim of this study was the analysis of the determination by CA repeat polymorphism of the P1 promoter of the IGF1 gene the structure of motor skills in the two groups of polish young athletes in 2011-2013. In this study, 350 young sportsmen representing different sports disciplines were examined (age = 15.5 ± 0.5 years), by genotyping the IGF1 gene and determining the structure of motor skills using the International Physical Fitness Test (IPFT) battery. Analysis of the multiple stepwise regression, used to determine the impact of the investigated motor skills on the indicator of the overall physical fitness, measured by the tot...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
The aim of this study was to identify trends of changes in the structure and levels of motor effe... more The aim of this study was to identify trends of changes in the structure and levels of motor effects among young women basketball players in 2006-2013. These changes were examined in the context of comprehensive development of functional, fitness-related, and technical fundamentals with respect to requirements of specific training adopted as typical for targeted sports training stage. The research material was collected in 2006-2013 among young basketball players from the Greater Poland region. The study evaluated 169 girls (mean 6 SD: age = 15.5 6 0.5 years; height = 173.5 6 5.8 cm; weight = 60.2 6 7.9 kg). The measurements focused on the structure of motor effects in the athletes studied. For this purpose, the study used the International Physical Fitness Test. The study found that overall physical fitness of young women basketball players has been declining year by year. On the one hand, this might have been caused by the tendency for regression in motor modifications across generations that have been observed among populations. On the other hand, changes in weight-height ratio toward increasing obesity have also been observed. The results may serve as a kind of expertise about the structure of motor development of successive age groups of sports talented young women in light of training objectives at the targeted sports training stage as compared with trends typical for the general population. By describing the results of long-term research, this article offers a way of detecting possible positive or negative tendencies at a relatively early stage.
Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 2007
In past decades we May observe in Poland the secular trend of somatic features as Wall as the phe... more In past decades we May observe in Poland the secular trend of somatic features as Wall as the phenomenon of maturity processes acceleration. On the other side physical fitness research results are diversified and are the results of multiple factors influence. From population of children, among which appear the effects of secular trend in somatic parameters we may mark the group of children diversified with body build from, as called "evolutionary norm" which may be described as short children. The aim of this work is determining physical fitness characteristics of short children in rural area of Wielkopolska region, in which we conducted wide population research in 2007. For the analyze were used data of 145 females and 140 males at age 7-9, pupils of five basic schools from rural area of Wielkopolska region. For the estimation of physical fitness of children were used test which describe basic motor abilities. For the estimation of speed was used a 5m run. For the estimat...
Human Movement, 2013
Purpose. The main objective of the study was to discern what trends are present in the structure ... more Purpose. The main objective of the study was to discern what trends are present in the structure of motor skills in young athletes by analyzing a group of basketball players within a context of their sports-specific training. Methods. Data were collected over a five-year period between 2006-2010 from 82 young Polish basketball players aged 15-16 years. In order to determine their motor skill level, the International Physical Fitness Test (IPFT) was administered. basic somatic parameters, such as height, weight, and body mass index, were also recorded. Results. Analysis of the significant differences between the mean IPFT scores for each year found relatively few statistically significant changes. No statistically significant changes were noted for somatic build. For motor skill level, an upward trend was found for speed, lower limb strength, arm strength, hand strength, abdominal endurance, and agility. Total IPFT scores for each subsequent year indicated a systematic improvement of the participants' general physical fitness levels. Conclusions. Despite only few of the results being statistically significant, the general trend of the changes in physical fitness levels is easily observed. Apart from the issue around the selection of surrounding selecting individuals to play in competitive sports, and in particular in which specific sports discipline, it was found that the training loads (such as the one used in boys basketball) have in most cases a positive impact on general physical fitness.
Journal of Motor Behavior, 2019