Muhammad Younas | Soochow University, China (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Younas

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 2020

This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling’s short story ‘On the City Wall’ (1888) from the tra... more This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling’s short story ‘On the City Wall’ (1888) from the trans-cultural perspective by analyzing the tropes of wall and sexuality. Kipling’s attachment to Indian culture and love for it is reflected in his fiction when he gives a detailed description of exotic locations and ethnographic peculiarities. The image wall is quite significant to express different expressions as connector, shelter, veil, and boundary while sexuality is mentioned to unite the different mindsets together at one spot. This article, further, traces that by using the tropes of connector, shelter, veil, and boundary, Kipling depicts the inevitability of the confrontation between the colonizer and the colonized and a sense of unity among the natives. The analysis of the discussion results in Kipling’s admission of the failure of racial, cultural, social, and religious hindrance among the different inhabitants of the city-[walled] of an unnamed city [Lahore] before the partitio...

English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional trainin... more English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional training, curriculum design development, and English language learning. The book explores preservice English teacher education, their professional experience, and the pursuit of becoming a better teacher. Also, this book provides comprehensive knowledge of English teaching in connection with personal and interrelated contextual issues such as the cultural linguistic background of teachers, beliefs, prior educational experiences, expectations, and previous teaching experiences. These issues are investigated contextually through university-school partnerships, policies, mentoring relations, and curricula. The author, Minh Hui Nguyen, critically analyzed the case studies of pre-service English Language teachers and professional learning experiences in the neoliberal world. In turn, the book addresses professional learning issues, including pedagogical learning, emotional practices, and professional identity development in detail. This book is comprised of nine chapters, and each chapter explores one issue of English language teaching (ELT) from a broader perspective. The keywords and key phrases that best describe this book are: second language teacher education, professional experiences, language teacher cognition, English language teacher education curriculum, school-based teaching, sociocultural theory, developing a knowledge base for English language teaching and activity theory. This volume investigates the socio-cultural experiences of ELT professionals as well as provides a conceptual contribution through a socialist analysis of the ELT learning experiences of

Intercultural communication is aided by the use of a common language. Being a language teacher, r... more Intercultural communication is aided by the use of a common language. Being a language teacher, researcher and human being, I always remain perplexed about my identity and role. Language teachers' identity is an issue which is highlighted by Barkhuizen in his book entitled "Language Teacher Educator Identity". It is inspiring and interesting because it investigates language teachers' identities, professional learning, and teaching, and the writer's approach is more practical, empirical, and he presents research-based solutions. Yazan & Lindahl (2020) provides insight into teacher educators' experiences in global TESOL settings. Varghese (2016) discusses the nature of a language teacher's identity, future possibilities in applied linguistics and bilingual education topics. Gary Barkhuizen, in Language Teacher Educator Identity, continual professional development focuses on building the base of knowledge in the teaching and learning of languages. This study describes the many sorts of language instructors and educators working in a variety of professional and institutional settings. The book also examined the comments of a group of experienced English teachers working in Colombia who are enrolled in a PhD program to carry on their professional growth. This book also serves as a showcase for the work that language instructors and educators accomplish, notably in the areas of teaching, research, service, and leadership (institutional & community). To understand the language teacher and educator identities that they negotiate and are assigned to in their working environments. The author makes the point that instructors and educators should use research to better serve the needs of students and learners, and proposes forty research questions as a guide for prospective future investigations. At the beginning of the book, Barkhuizen asks some questions focusing on three domains: 1) learning to teach and professional development, 2) pedagogical content of language teacher education (LTE), 3) teacher 'educators' significant components to address identity issues of experienced educators. In personal narratives of teachers and educators, he pointed out that it is very problematic to differentiate educators due to different variables such as educational systems, socio-cultural practices and language policies in the world. He describes fourteen different categories of language teachers and educators, ranging from academic leaders to English for particular purposes instructors. He also distinguishes between intervention-based teacher training and continual professional development, which focuses on building a knowledge basis. A single observational remark from an experienced teacher's trainer may lead to suitable adjustments in the teaching approach. Of course, many instructors ultimately find out many things independently, but good teacher training may help speed up the process significantly. The book's primary focus is on research conducted by seven teacher educators enrolled in a PhD program at a Colombian university. The purpose of the study was to examine how they developed their teacher and educator identities within the institutional frameworks of the PhD program and, more broadly, throughout their professional experience in Colombia's education system. In his second personal tale, he depicts a tentative start to becoming a language instructor, emphasizing that the journey is unpredictable. Colombian teacher educators are enrolled in an inter-institutional program with a concentration in English language teaching education, and they are all experienced school and university instructors. Barkhuizen conducted two interviews with them, and the book contains biographical information and notable quotes from the interviews. In the first interview, the teaching educators respond to a direct question by reflecting on their identities as language teachers and briefly explaining their comments to highlight some aspects of published definitions relating to their personal experiences. Language Teacher Educator Identity is concerned with the identity of teachers, what they do, and how they feel about their roles as teachers and educators. Former language teachers' identities collide with their new, evolving identities, resulting in new pedagogical approaches. It is crucial to keep the teacher identity alive because many starting teacher educators regard teacher educator professional credibility with pre-service teachers and mentor teachers in schools. Because teaching students is not the same as training teachers, Barkhuizen points out that transitioning from being a language teacher to working as a teacher's educator might produce identity conflicts. The true identity of language educators appears due to conflict of interest among language teachers and the language teaching institutions that arise building a teacher educator identity seriously. Identities that are negotiated and formed through social interaction with others, as well as their primary interactional emphasis.

This study discusses the role of motivation in enhancing the speaking skill of students at a high... more This study discusses the role of motivation in enhancing the speaking skill of students at a higher level in Pakistan. It further focuses on speaking and learning problems faced by students at a higher level and how motivational expressions prove meaningful to improve and enhance the speaking skills. Learning and motivation are closely related to each other and cannot be separated from each other. Motivation is a driving force in learning and plays an important role at the primary level. This study delineates the role of motivation and attitudes on students' L2 learning and speaking at a higher level. This study not only highlights the problems that a child has to face but also gives awareness to teachers at the primary level that how they can motivate their students in classes in order to develop their interest in English learning and speaking. According to the results of this research, some major factors are responsible for this deficiency like incompetent teachers, old teaching methods, background, the influence of mother tongue, lack of students' interest, tough syllabus, lack of motivations, unavailability of resources and proper guidance and appropriate environment for speaking.

Competing utterance discusses the relevant utterance constructed by competitors in order to attai... more Competing utterance discusses the relevant utterance constructed by competitors in order to attain competing intentions in specific context. In doing so, competitors ordinarily implement voluminous pragmatic strategies in order to accomplish the goal of competition, among which impoliteness strategy is one of them. The study follows theoretical framework based on impoliteness, impoliteness response model and rapport management theory. Data comprises the selected three U.S. presidential election campaigns in 2016 as the corpus. Analysis of this study uses the qualitative and quantitative approaches while analyzing the impoliteness strategies and response strategies used by Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton to quantify the differences of pragmatic strategies in their utterances to explore contextual effect of impoliteness strategy and the reasons for the use of impoliteness strategy. Then it verifies the explanatory power of impoliteness theory combined with rapport management theory in competing utterance and reveals the rapport-challenge pragmatic orientation in it.

Code-switching (CS) is a communicative strategy used by ESL bilingual teachers to teach English a... more Code-switching (CS) is a communicative strategy used by ESL bilingual teachers to teach English as a second language to non-native English speakers. Based on quantitative analysis of transcribed data from thirty ESL teachers at Pakistani universities, the present study examined the influence of code switching (CS) on ESL learners in Pakistan, exploring in particular the impact of CS on and teacher attitude towards CS in ESL instruction. The findings of the study indicate significant use of code-mixing and frequency of mixing words, phrase and the smallest unit of one language into another language. Furthermore, the findings suggest that CS is frequently used by the ESL teachers. The study also highlights that common nouns are followed by proper nouns, adjectives, verbs and abbreviations, with the most significant words used during instantiation of CS in the data comprising lexical items, phrases, compound words, and encouraging words. Thus, this study suggests that CS is used to facilitate the comprehension and participation of the bilingual learners.

This research paper discusses the priorities of language choices of Pakistani youth at the domest... more This research paper discusses the priorities of language choices of Pakistani youth at the domestic level and tries to find out the effect of gender, age, language ethnicities, and education level on language choices of Pakistani youth. The quantitative method was used for this purpose and data was collected through a questionnaire. Data was analyzed by basic descriptive analysis and cross tabs. Results indicate that mother language (Punjabi and Siraiki) is the most preferred language of Pakistani youth in the family domain and gender, age, language ethnicities, and education level has a direct effect on language choice. The limitations and suggestions for further researchers are also mentioned at the end of the research paper.

This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling's short story 'On the City Wall' (1888) from the tra... more This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling's short story 'On the City Wall' (1888) from the trans-cultural perspective by analyzing the tropes of wall and sexuality. Kipling's attachment to Indian culture and love for it is reflected in his fiction when he gives a detailed description of exotic locations and ethnographic peculiarities. The image wall is quite significant to express different expressions as connector, shelter, veil, and boundary while sexuality is mentioned to unite the different mindsets together at one spot. This article, further, traces that by using the tropes of connector, shelter, veil, and boundary, Kipling depicts the inevitability of the confrontation between the colonizer and the colonized and a sense of unity among the natives. The analysis of the discussion results in Kipling's admission of the failure of racial, cultural, social, and religious hindrance among the different inhabitants of the city-[walled] of an unnamed city [Lahore] before the partition of the subcontinent for being united.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2020

This study is based on the ICT utilization in English language teaching and targets classroom act... more This study is based on the ICT utilization in English language teaching and targets classroom activities
particularly in the teaching of English as a second language in Pakistan. For this purpose, the literature
reviewed is based in the previous twenty years working and implementations of ICTs are widely utilized
and considered a pivotal instrument in language teaching around the globe. This paper deals with the
development and implementation of the ICTs in classrooms to enhance the impact of teaching and
learning among learners and the trainers as elementary school level. This study has been conducted in six
elementary schools and their selected twenty-six English teachers and students. A mixed method of
qualitative and quantitative has been adopted along interviews and questionnaire techniques for data
collection. However, the major focus of this research as on elementary school teachers and their
performance with and without ICTs are measured and the figures 1, 2, 3 shows that the teachers are
delighted and enjoyed the classroom lessons while using the ICT tools and without the use of these tools
they feel not fully satisfied with their teaching and proper delivering of lessons.

Hamdard Islamicus, 2020

The present study aims at finding the lexical differences between Punjabi language and Saraiki di... more The present study aims at finding the lexical differences between Punjabi language and Saraiki dialect. The study also determines at supporting those students who want to learn Punjabi language and Saraiki dialect as a second language. It has been noted that there are a variety of studies that estimate the similarity level between two different languages and two dialects of the same language, but the similarity level between Siraiki and Punjabi has not been explored yet. One thousand high-frequency words (the latest corpus compiled by the researcher) in Punjabi and Siraiki are collected and analyzedby using the Levenshtein’s (1966) algorithm to explore the difference between them. The hypothesis is that the lexical difference between both will be inferior to 75% due to the genetic relationship between both linguistic systems.

Al-Qalam, 2019

This paper focuses on the pedagogical techniques being used by English Language Teachers to devel... more This paper focuses on the pedagogical techniques being used by English Language Teachers to develop reading skills at the secondary school level in Lahore, Pakistan. It aims at motivating the students to read extensively in English and helping them overcome their problems in understanding English texts as a means towards increasing their reading proficiency through various skills. The paper discusses the rationale for extensive reading for students in rural and urban secondary schools, the aims and features of the reading programs, the materials used, as well as the perceptions of students undergoing these programs. Through a case study method conducted in five urban and five rural secondary schools, questionnaires are used to collect data and analyzed it quantitatively. The problems faced by the students in understanding texts written in English are particularly highlighted, and implications drawn for the successful implementation of extensive reading programs in rural and urban schools. The indication from the data reveals that the English Language teachers from public sector secondary institutions in Lahore are well educated, have facilities of training and their students are motivated to apply pedagogical techniques for developing reading skills.

Período: 1ro de enero al 30 de abril del 2020. TÍTULO: El papel efectivo de la técnica CALL en la... more Período: 1ro de enero al 30 de abril del 2020. TÍTULO: El papel efectivo de la técnica CALL en la enseñanza del inglés a nivel de posgrado: un estudio de caso de la Universidad del Punjab, Pakistán. AUTORES: 1. Master. Younas Muhammad. 2. Master. Uzma Noor. 3. Master. Samina Khalid. 4. Master. Muhammad Imran. RESUMEN: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo observar el papel de CALL en la enseñanza del inglés. Mediante la integración de esta tecnología avanzada en la enseñanza de idiomas en forma de texto, sonidos, gráficos visuales, animaciones y medios, los maestros obtienen resultados más fructíferos y amplios bajo el mismo techo de sus alumnos. El método de encuesta fue utilizado para la recopilación de datos para investigar la efectividad de CALL en la enseñanza de inglés a nivel de posgrado en la Universidad de Punjab. Concluye con recomendaciones sobre la enseñanza del idioma inglés a través de la técnica CALL También permite a los estudiantes aprender un conocimiento apropiado del idioma inglés. PALABRAS CLAVES: técnica CALL, efectividad, integración de tecnología, Pakistán, enseñanza del inglés.

Educational Research International, 2019

In this study I made a survey of all those factors which are liable for enhancement of Science Ed... more In this study I made a survey of all those factors which are liable for enhancement of Science Education learning. The nature of this study was descriptive. The data was collected in district Peshawar from the selected 100, BS students of different colleges randomly. The study were consisted of the following questions: what are the key factors which affects Science Education? Whether Science Education practices are applicable at BS level? For the improvement of science education what related contents, methods and themes are mentioned? What recommendation will be made for the improvement of Science Education learning? Results of the study showed that among all the key factors that had greatest effect on Science Education learning use were qualified instructors, experienced teachers, experiments, collectively study, mutual interaction and cooperation between student and teachers, audiovisual aid, motivation, class size, and constant practices, monthly test and exams, the use of effective and modern teaching strategies, family supports Babyee's model, and text book. From the results of the study it was suggested that, teachers' motivation, involvement, participation and encouragement to the students for adopting the most useful and effective Science education approaches would definitely effect on students' learning performance.

Language in India, 2019

Using a learning cycle approach namely 5E's Instructional Model in the classroom or laboratory he... more Using a learning cycle approach namely 5E's Instructional Model in the classroom or laboratory helps to improve science subject learning at each level because learning cycles work on the constructivist approach. Although there are many kinds of learning cycles, here we use the inquiry-based teaching and learning of the 5E Instructional Model (Bybee & Landes, 1990). The study explores the effects of 5E Instructional Model on the students' understanding of concepts related to magnetic hysteresis curve or loop. A sample 120 students participating in answering questions on the concept of magnetic hysteresis curve were selected from two higher secondary schools of district Mardan. The nature of the study was experimental in which concept formation method of teaching was compared with traditional method of teaching. An achievement test was arranged. Pretest and posttest were used for the collection of data. Each of the experimental and controlled group was taught with concept formation and traditional method of teaching for six weeks. Pre-test was arranged in the beginning of the experiments. After six weeks post-test is taken in order to know the effectiveness of concept formation method and traditional method. After analyzing the response of the students, most of the students had the alternative conception on the concepts related to magnetic hysteresis curve as given in part first before the treatment. But in part second after the treatment, maximum number of students achieved the scientific understanding of the magnetic hysteresis curve or loop while some of the students still had their previous or traditional conceptions. Hence the results of the study indicated that concept formation methodology of teaching was more effective as compared to traditional method.

Book Reviews by Muhammad Younas

Journal of Teaching and Learning, 2020

English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional trainin... more English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional training, curriculum design development, and English language learning. The book explores pre-service English teacher education, their professional experience, and the pursuit of becoming a better teacher. Also, this book provides comprehensive knowledge of English teaching in connection with personal and interrelated contextual issues such as the cultural linguistic background of teachers, beliefs, prior educational experiences, expectations, and previous teaching experiences. These issues are investigated contextually through university-school partnerships, policies, mentoring relations, and curricula. The author, Minh Hui Nguyen, critically analyzed the case studies of pre-service English Language teachers and professional learning experiences in the neoliberal world. In turn, the book addresses professional learning issues, including pedagogical learning, emotional practices, and professional identity development in detail. This book is comprised of nine chapters, and each chapter explores one issue of English language teaching (ELT) from a broader perspective. The keywords and key phrases that best describe this book are: second language teacher education, professional experiences, language teacher cognition, English language teacher education curriculum, school-based teaching, sociocultural theory, developing a knowledge base for English language teaching and activity theory. This volume investigates the socio-cultural experiences of ELT professionals as well as provides a conceptual contribution through a socialist analysis of the ELT learning experiences of

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 2020

This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling’s short story ‘On the City Wall’ (1888) from the tra... more This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling’s short story ‘On the City Wall’ (1888) from the trans-cultural perspective by analyzing the tropes of wall and sexuality. Kipling’s attachment to Indian culture and love for it is reflected in his fiction when he gives a detailed description of exotic locations and ethnographic peculiarities. The image wall is quite significant to express different expressions as connector, shelter, veil, and boundary while sexuality is mentioned to unite the different mindsets together at one spot. This article, further, traces that by using the tropes of connector, shelter, veil, and boundary, Kipling depicts the inevitability of the confrontation between the colonizer and the colonized and a sense of unity among the natives. The analysis of the discussion results in Kipling’s admission of the failure of racial, cultural, social, and religious hindrance among the different inhabitants of the city-[walled] of an unnamed city [Lahore] before the partitio...

English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional trainin... more English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional training, curriculum design development, and English language learning. The book explores preservice English teacher education, their professional experience, and the pursuit of becoming a better teacher. Also, this book provides comprehensive knowledge of English teaching in connection with personal and interrelated contextual issues such as the cultural linguistic background of teachers, beliefs, prior educational experiences, expectations, and previous teaching experiences. These issues are investigated contextually through university-school partnerships, policies, mentoring relations, and curricula. The author, Minh Hui Nguyen, critically analyzed the case studies of pre-service English Language teachers and professional learning experiences in the neoliberal world. In turn, the book addresses professional learning issues, including pedagogical learning, emotional practices, and professional identity development in detail. This book is comprised of nine chapters, and each chapter explores one issue of English language teaching (ELT) from a broader perspective. The keywords and key phrases that best describe this book are: second language teacher education, professional experiences, language teacher cognition, English language teacher education curriculum, school-based teaching, sociocultural theory, developing a knowledge base for English language teaching and activity theory. This volume investigates the socio-cultural experiences of ELT professionals as well as provides a conceptual contribution through a socialist analysis of the ELT learning experiences of

Intercultural communication is aided by the use of a common language. Being a language teacher, r... more Intercultural communication is aided by the use of a common language. Being a language teacher, researcher and human being, I always remain perplexed about my identity and role. Language teachers' identity is an issue which is highlighted by Barkhuizen in his book entitled "Language Teacher Educator Identity". It is inspiring and interesting because it investigates language teachers' identities, professional learning, and teaching, and the writer's approach is more practical, empirical, and he presents research-based solutions. Yazan & Lindahl (2020) provides insight into teacher educators' experiences in global TESOL settings. Varghese (2016) discusses the nature of a language teacher's identity, future possibilities in applied linguistics and bilingual education topics. Gary Barkhuizen, in Language Teacher Educator Identity, continual professional development focuses on building the base of knowledge in the teaching and learning of languages. This study describes the many sorts of language instructors and educators working in a variety of professional and institutional settings. The book also examined the comments of a group of experienced English teachers working in Colombia who are enrolled in a PhD program to carry on their professional growth. This book also serves as a showcase for the work that language instructors and educators accomplish, notably in the areas of teaching, research, service, and leadership (institutional & community). To understand the language teacher and educator identities that they negotiate and are assigned to in their working environments. The author makes the point that instructors and educators should use research to better serve the needs of students and learners, and proposes forty research questions as a guide for prospective future investigations. At the beginning of the book, Barkhuizen asks some questions focusing on three domains: 1) learning to teach and professional development, 2) pedagogical content of language teacher education (LTE), 3) teacher 'educators' significant components to address identity issues of experienced educators. In personal narratives of teachers and educators, he pointed out that it is very problematic to differentiate educators due to different variables such as educational systems, socio-cultural practices and language policies in the world. He describes fourteen different categories of language teachers and educators, ranging from academic leaders to English for particular purposes instructors. He also distinguishes between intervention-based teacher training and continual professional development, which focuses on building a knowledge basis. A single observational remark from an experienced teacher's trainer may lead to suitable adjustments in the teaching approach. Of course, many instructors ultimately find out many things independently, but good teacher training may help speed up the process significantly. The book's primary focus is on research conducted by seven teacher educators enrolled in a PhD program at a Colombian university. The purpose of the study was to examine how they developed their teacher and educator identities within the institutional frameworks of the PhD program and, more broadly, throughout their professional experience in Colombia's education system. In his second personal tale, he depicts a tentative start to becoming a language instructor, emphasizing that the journey is unpredictable. Colombian teacher educators are enrolled in an inter-institutional program with a concentration in English language teaching education, and they are all experienced school and university instructors. Barkhuizen conducted two interviews with them, and the book contains biographical information and notable quotes from the interviews. In the first interview, the teaching educators respond to a direct question by reflecting on their identities as language teachers and briefly explaining their comments to highlight some aspects of published definitions relating to their personal experiences. Language Teacher Educator Identity is concerned with the identity of teachers, what they do, and how they feel about their roles as teachers and educators. Former language teachers' identities collide with their new, evolving identities, resulting in new pedagogical approaches. It is crucial to keep the teacher identity alive because many starting teacher educators regard teacher educator professional credibility with pre-service teachers and mentor teachers in schools. Because teaching students is not the same as training teachers, Barkhuizen points out that transitioning from being a language teacher to working as a teacher's educator might produce identity conflicts. The true identity of language educators appears due to conflict of interest among language teachers and the language teaching institutions that arise building a teacher educator identity seriously. Identities that are negotiated and formed through social interaction with others, as well as their primary interactional emphasis.

This study discusses the role of motivation in enhancing the speaking skill of students at a high... more This study discusses the role of motivation in enhancing the speaking skill of students at a higher level in Pakistan. It further focuses on speaking and learning problems faced by students at a higher level and how motivational expressions prove meaningful to improve and enhance the speaking skills. Learning and motivation are closely related to each other and cannot be separated from each other. Motivation is a driving force in learning and plays an important role at the primary level. This study delineates the role of motivation and attitudes on students' L2 learning and speaking at a higher level. This study not only highlights the problems that a child has to face but also gives awareness to teachers at the primary level that how they can motivate their students in classes in order to develop their interest in English learning and speaking. According to the results of this research, some major factors are responsible for this deficiency like incompetent teachers, old teaching methods, background, the influence of mother tongue, lack of students' interest, tough syllabus, lack of motivations, unavailability of resources and proper guidance and appropriate environment for speaking.

Competing utterance discusses the relevant utterance constructed by competitors in order to attai... more Competing utterance discusses the relevant utterance constructed by competitors in order to attain competing intentions in specific context. In doing so, competitors ordinarily implement voluminous pragmatic strategies in order to accomplish the goal of competition, among which impoliteness strategy is one of them. The study follows theoretical framework based on impoliteness, impoliteness response model and rapport management theory. Data comprises the selected three U.S. presidential election campaigns in 2016 as the corpus. Analysis of this study uses the qualitative and quantitative approaches while analyzing the impoliteness strategies and response strategies used by Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton to quantify the differences of pragmatic strategies in their utterances to explore contextual effect of impoliteness strategy and the reasons for the use of impoliteness strategy. Then it verifies the explanatory power of impoliteness theory combined with rapport management theory in competing utterance and reveals the rapport-challenge pragmatic orientation in it.

Code-switching (CS) is a communicative strategy used by ESL bilingual teachers to teach English a... more Code-switching (CS) is a communicative strategy used by ESL bilingual teachers to teach English as a second language to non-native English speakers. Based on quantitative analysis of transcribed data from thirty ESL teachers at Pakistani universities, the present study examined the influence of code switching (CS) on ESL learners in Pakistan, exploring in particular the impact of CS on and teacher attitude towards CS in ESL instruction. The findings of the study indicate significant use of code-mixing and frequency of mixing words, phrase and the smallest unit of one language into another language. Furthermore, the findings suggest that CS is frequently used by the ESL teachers. The study also highlights that common nouns are followed by proper nouns, adjectives, verbs and abbreviations, with the most significant words used during instantiation of CS in the data comprising lexical items, phrases, compound words, and encouraging words. Thus, this study suggests that CS is used to facilitate the comprehension and participation of the bilingual learners.

This research paper discusses the priorities of language choices of Pakistani youth at the domest... more This research paper discusses the priorities of language choices of Pakistani youth at the domestic level and tries to find out the effect of gender, age, language ethnicities, and education level on language choices of Pakistani youth. The quantitative method was used for this purpose and data was collected through a questionnaire. Data was analyzed by basic descriptive analysis and cross tabs. Results indicate that mother language (Punjabi and Siraiki) is the most preferred language of Pakistani youth in the family domain and gender, age, language ethnicities, and education level has a direct effect on language choice. The limitations and suggestions for further researchers are also mentioned at the end of the research paper.

This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling's short story 'On the City Wall' (1888) from the tra... more This article aims to discuss Rudyard Kipling's short story 'On the City Wall' (1888) from the trans-cultural perspective by analyzing the tropes of wall and sexuality. Kipling's attachment to Indian culture and love for it is reflected in his fiction when he gives a detailed description of exotic locations and ethnographic peculiarities. The image wall is quite significant to express different expressions as connector, shelter, veil, and boundary while sexuality is mentioned to unite the different mindsets together at one spot. This article, further, traces that by using the tropes of connector, shelter, veil, and boundary, Kipling depicts the inevitability of the confrontation between the colonizer and the colonized and a sense of unity among the natives. The analysis of the discussion results in Kipling's admission of the failure of racial, cultural, social, and religious hindrance among the different inhabitants of the city-[walled] of an unnamed city [Lahore] before the partition of the subcontinent for being united.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2020

This study is based on the ICT utilization in English language teaching and targets classroom act... more This study is based on the ICT utilization in English language teaching and targets classroom activities
particularly in the teaching of English as a second language in Pakistan. For this purpose, the literature
reviewed is based in the previous twenty years working and implementations of ICTs are widely utilized
and considered a pivotal instrument in language teaching around the globe. This paper deals with the
development and implementation of the ICTs in classrooms to enhance the impact of teaching and
learning among learners and the trainers as elementary school level. This study has been conducted in six
elementary schools and their selected twenty-six English teachers and students. A mixed method of
qualitative and quantitative has been adopted along interviews and questionnaire techniques for data
collection. However, the major focus of this research as on elementary school teachers and their
performance with and without ICTs are measured and the figures 1, 2, 3 shows that the teachers are
delighted and enjoyed the classroom lessons while using the ICT tools and without the use of these tools
they feel not fully satisfied with their teaching and proper delivering of lessons.

Hamdard Islamicus, 2020

The present study aims at finding the lexical differences between Punjabi language and Saraiki di... more The present study aims at finding the lexical differences between Punjabi language and Saraiki dialect. The study also determines at supporting those students who want to learn Punjabi language and Saraiki dialect as a second language. It has been noted that there are a variety of studies that estimate the similarity level between two different languages and two dialects of the same language, but the similarity level between Siraiki and Punjabi has not been explored yet. One thousand high-frequency words (the latest corpus compiled by the researcher) in Punjabi and Siraiki are collected and analyzedby using the Levenshtein’s (1966) algorithm to explore the difference between them. The hypothesis is that the lexical difference between both will be inferior to 75% due to the genetic relationship between both linguistic systems.

Al-Qalam, 2019

This paper focuses on the pedagogical techniques being used by English Language Teachers to devel... more This paper focuses on the pedagogical techniques being used by English Language Teachers to develop reading skills at the secondary school level in Lahore, Pakistan. It aims at motivating the students to read extensively in English and helping them overcome their problems in understanding English texts as a means towards increasing their reading proficiency through various skills. The paper discusses the rationale for extensive reading for students in rural and urban secondary schools, the aims and features of the reading programs, the materials used, as well as the perceptions of students undergoing these programs. Through a case study method conducted in five urban and five rural secondary schools, questionnaires are used to collect data and analyzed it quantitatively. The problems faced by the students in understanding texts written in English are particularly highlighted, and implications drawn for the successful implementation of extensive reading programs in rural and urban schools. The indication from the data reveals that the English Language teachers from public sector secondary institutions in Lahore are well educated, have facilities of training and their students are motivated to apply pedagogical techniques for developing reading skills.

Período: 1ro de enero al 30 de abril del 2020. TÍTULO: El papel efectivo de la técnica CALL en la... more Período: 1ro de enero al 30 de abril del 2020. TÍTULO: El papel efectivo de la técnica CALL en la enseñanza del inglés a nivel de posgrado: un estudio de caso de la Universidad del Punjab, Pakistán. AUTORES: 1. Master. Younas Muhammad. 2. Master. Uzma Noor. 3. Master. Samina Khalid. 4. Master. Muhammad Imran. RESUMEN: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo observar el papel de CALL en la enseñanza del inglés. Mediante la integración de esta tecnología avanzada en la enseñanza de idiomas en forma de texto, sonidos, gráficos visuales, animaciones y medios, los maestros obtienen resultados más fructíferos y amplios bajo el mismo techo de sus alumnos. El método de encuesta fue utilizado para la recopilación de datos para investigar la efectividad de CALL en la enseñanza de inglés a nivel de posgrado en la Universidad de Punjab. Concluye con recomendaciones sobre la enseñanza del idioma inglés a través de la técnica CALL También permite a los estudiantes aprender un conocimiento apropiado del idioma inglés. PALABRAS CLAVES: técnica CALL, efectividad, integración de tecnología, Pakistán, enseñanza del inglés.

Educational Research International, 2019

In this study I made a survey of all those factors which are liable for enhancement of Science Ed... more In this study I made a survey of all those factors which are liable for enhancement of Science Education learning. The nature of this study was descriptive. The data was collected in district Peshawar from the selected 100, BS students of different colleges randomly. The study were consisted of the following questions: what are the key factors which affects Science Education? Whether Science Education practices are applicable at BS level? For the improvement of science education what related contents, methods and themes are mentioned? What recommendation will be made for the improvement of Science Education learning? Results of the study showed that among all the key factors that had greatest effect on Science Education learning use were qualified instructors, experienced teachers, experiments, collectively study, mutual interaction and cooperation between student and teachers, audiovisual aid, motivation, class size, and constant practices, monthly test and exams, the use of effective and modern teaching strategies, family supports Babyee's model, and text book. From the results of the study it was suggested that, teachers' motivation, involvement, participation and encouragement to the students for adopting the most useful and effective Science education approaches would definitely effect on students' learning performance.

Language in India, 2019

Using a learning cycle approach namely 5E's Instructional Model in the classroom or laboratory he... more Using a learning cycle approach namely 5E's Instructional Model in the classroom or laboratory helps to improve science subject learning at each level because learning cycles work on the constructivist approach. Although there are many kinds of learning cycles, here we use the inquiry-based teaching and learning of the 5E Instructional Model (Bybee & Landes, 1990). The study explores the effects of 5E Instructional Model on the students' understanding of concepts related to magnetic hysteresis curve or loop. A sample 120 students participating in answering questions on the concept of magnetic hysteresis curve were selected from two higher secondary schools of district Mardan. The nature of the study was experimental in which concept formation method of teaching was compared with traditional method of teaching. An achievement test was arranged. Pretest and posttest were used for the collection of data. Each of the experimental and controlled group was taught with concept formation and traditional method of teaching for six weeks. Pre-test was arranged in the beginning of the experiments. After six weeks post-test is taken in order to know the effectiveness of concept formation method and traditional method. After analyzing the response of the students, most of the students had the alternative conception on the concepts related to magnetic hysteresis curve as given in part first before the treatment. But in part second after the treatment, maximum number of students achieved the scientific understanding of the magnetic hysteresis curve or loop while some of the students still had their previous or traditional conceptions. Hence the results of the study indicated that concept formation methodology of teaching was more effective as compared to traditional method.

Journal of Teaching and Learning, 2020

English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional trainin... more English language teacher education examines a range of challenges concerning professional training, curriculum design development, and English language learning. The book explores pre-service English teacher education, their professional experience, and the pursuit of becoming a better teacher. Also, this book provides comprehensive knowledge of English teaching in connection with personal and interrelated contextual issues such as the cultural linguistic background of teachers, beliefs, prior educational experiences, expectations, and previous teaching experiences. These issues are investigated contextually through university-school partnerships, policies, mentoring relations, and curricula. The author, Minh Hui Nguyen, critically analyzed the case studies of pre-service English Language teachers and professional learning experiences in the neoliberal world. In turn, the book addresses professional learning issues, including pedagogical learning, emotional practices, and professional identity development in detail. This book is comprised of nine chapters, and each chapter explores one issue of English language teaching (ELT) from a broader perspective. The keywords and key phrases that best describe this book are: second language teacher education, professional experiences, language teacher cognition, English language teacher education curriculum, school-based teaching, sociocultural theory, developing a knowledge base for English language teaching and activity theory. This volume investigates the socio-cultural experiences of ELT professionals as well as provides a conceptual contribution through a socialist analysis of the ELT learning experiences of