Emrah Bese | Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi (original) (raw)

Papers by Emrah Bese

Australian Journal of Business and Management Research

In this study, the relationship between income and environmental degradation is discussed. In thi... more In this study, the relationship between income and environmental degradation is discussed. In this study, the Kyoto Protocol is investigated by using Pooled Mean Group Estimator based on Error Correction Model by Pesaran, Shin and Smith, Cross-Sectional Augmented Distributed Lag estimator by Chudik et al. (2016), Cross-Sectional ARDL estimator based on ARDL model by Chudik et al. (2016) and Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Estimator model by Chudik and Pesaran (2015) to cover the gaps in the Environmental Kuznets Curve literature. Kyoto Protocol’s effects for developing countries and developed countries are analyzed for the period between 1980 and 2014, and 1971 and 2014, respectively. Since no significant relationship between GDP and CO2 is found for developed and developing countries in the analysis, it is concluded that Kyoto Protocol did not have a significant effect on CO2 emissions for the relevant countries in the study. This study contributes to the current literature by ve...

Journal of Academy of Business and Economics

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

In this study, New Zealand and Finland are examined by Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) mode... more In this study, New Zealand and Finland are examined by Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth. For coal consumption and economic growth relationship, coal Kuznets curve is investigated for New Zealand for the period between 1980 and 2015 and is examined for Finland for the period between 1980 and 2013. Results of this study show that coal Kuznets curve is confirmed for New Zealand and Finland. Hao et al. (2016) confirmed coal Kuznets curve as this study confirmed in New Zealand and Finland. This study contributes to the current literature by verifying coal Kuznets curve for New Zealand and Finland. Coal Kuznets curve is also not investigated for these countries before. This study recommends further investigation of coal consumption-growth nexus carries importance since the only study in the literature for coal consumption-growth nexus belongs to this study for New Zealand and Finland.

Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 2021

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and emissions from coal consumption per c... more In this study, the relationship between economic growth and emissions from coal consumption per capita is analyzed in India for the period 1960 to 2019. Although coal constitutes 70% of energy needs of India currently, India has been investing significantly in renewable energy to make clean energy meet half of its needs in the near future. This study does not confirm relationship between emissions and economic growth in the long-run in per capita terms. Total consumption terms may be analyzed in the future studies since this study does not analyze the total consumption terms because the model does not satisfy the stability requirements. For per capita analysis, the result is inverted N relationship between emissions and economic growth. Although the coefficients are insignificant, inverted N relationship between economic growth and emissions shows that there may be unsustainability in economic activities due to economic policies in India. Future studies may analyze different periods with different methodologies in India for the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth.

Empirical Economics Letters, 2021

This study analyzed the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in China for the ... more This study analyzed the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in China for the period 1981 to 2012. This is the first study in the literature that examined the effect of external debt on nitrous oxide emissions, total greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption and emissions from solid fuel consumption in China. The results confirm there is inverted U relationship between total greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth, solid fuel consumption and economic growth, and methane emissions and economic growth. Similar relationship is not confirmed between nitrous oxide emissions and economic growth, and liquid fuel consumption and economic growth. This study recommends further policies to be taken to control the use of external debt for creating environmental pollution.

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of external debt on different types of emissi... more The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in India as carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. India has a fast growing in external debt especially after 2008 world financial crisis. India has a similar situation to China and Turkey which also started to increase external debt significantly after 2008 world crisis. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by analyzing the effect of external debt on emissions. This study is the first study in the literature for India. The second aim of the study is to investigate whether inverted U relationship exists between economic development, and carbon oxide emissions, methane emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. This study confirmed inverted-U relationship between methane gas emissions and economic development, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and economic development. The positive and significant effect of external debt on carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and emissions from solid fuel consumption is confirmed by this study. The analysis is important since after 2008 crisis many countries such as China and Turkey besides India started to borrow external debt heavily to create government investments to boost employment market which collapsed due to global economic crisis. This study carries importance since global greenhouse gas emissions may be financed through external debt in India. Since sustainability is the main issue in current world and reduction of emissions is one of the highest priorities of humanity, necessary measures should be taken into account to reduce financing of emissions through external debt in India. This study recommends further analysis to be done with updated intervals.

International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues

Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze the literature of EKC for the selected studies for the period... more The aim of this study is to analyze the literature of EKC for the selected studies for the period 2002 to 2020 for income-energy-emissions nexus and provide research directions for the current literature. The result of this study shows that the general tendency in the literature is to examine the symmetric relationships between income and emissions, and the analysis of non-linear relationship between income and emissions should be increased. Although many variables are added to income-energy-emissions nexus to analyze the EKC relationship, the effect of external debt on the EKC relationships is not analyzed in the literature in detail. The effect of external debt on the EKC relationship should be analyzed for developed and developing countries. The analysis should be carried out more for developing countries than developed countries since developing countries may be financing their emission intense industries through external debt. For further research directions, this study recommends coal consumption should be analyzed instead of carbon emissions for the EKC relationship for developed and developing countries.

Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 2020

In this study, coal consumption (CS) for EKC is analyzed for two countries which are China and Au... more In this study, coal consumption (CS) for EKC is analyzed for two countries which are China and Australia by ARDL model (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model). China and Australia are among the countries which are heavily dependent on coal for energy demands. China is the current leader in the world for coal consumption. In this study, we aim to analyze the effect of economic growth on CS for China and Australia. The importance of the study is that it is the first study for time series studies in the literature of single country studies that analyze CS EKC. Analysis of CS EKC is important since the world is still heavily depended on coal for energy demands. CS EKC is verified for Australia between GDP (gross domestic product per capita), CS and square of GDP (GP) for the period between 1980 and 2016. CS EKC is verified for China between GDP, CS, GP and energy consumption (ENEC) for the period between 1980 and 2014.

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

In this study, the effect of external debt (EXD-current US$) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2-me... more In this study, the effect of external debt (EXD-current US$) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2-metric tons per capita) is examined by taking the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis as a basis for China. The relationships between CO 2 , gross domestic product per capita (GDP-constant 2010 US$), square of GDP (GD), energy consumption (EM-kg of oil equivalent per capita) and EXD is examined. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and nonlinear ARDL model are used to examine symmetric and asymmetric relationships between the variables respectively for the period of 1978-2014 by including a structural break. China has had a growing EXD to support economic growth especially after the 2008 financial crisis. The results show that EXD and EM significantly and positively affect emissions (EMS). The asymmetric relationship between growth (GW) and EMS is confirmed. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for China. The results of the study are in line with the current economic structure of the Chinese economy. The Chinese economy is still over reliant on construction, heavy industries and real estate. Although China's current EXD is 13% of GDP, EXD is growing because private companies and local governments continue to invest heavily in construction and real estate, and have increased borrowing from abroad to cover operational costs since the central government's deleveraging policies have made borrowing from domestic markets more difficult.

Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 2021

This is the first study in the single country studies that analyze the relationship between life ... more This is the first study in the single country studies that analyze the relationship between life expectancy, foreign direct investment and trade openness for Turkey for the period 1974 to 2017. The long run relationship between variables is analyzed by ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model. Short run and long run causal relationships between variables are analyzed by VECM (Vector Error Correction) model. Nonlinear ARDL model is also used to analyze the non-linear relationships between the variables. Hypotheses, that are examined in this study, are impact of FINV net inflow and TOPEN on LEXP, unidi-rectional causality running from FINV net inflow and TOPEN to LEXP, asymmetric relationship between LEXP, FINV net inflow and TOPEN and asymmetric relationship between FINV net inflow and TOPEN in Turkey. According to the results in this study, long run relationship is found between the variables, and foreign direct investment affects significantly and positively life expectancy in the long run. No causal relationship from foreign direct investment and trade openness to life expectancy is found in the long run and in the short run. Trade openness does not significantly affect life expectancy in the long run. Non-linear relationship between the variables is also not confirmed. Asymmetric relationship between trade openness and foreign direct investment is confirmed. While decrease in trade does not have a significant impact on foreign direct investment, increase in trade has a significant positive impact on foreign direct investment. JEL classification: I18, F10, F40, F20

In this study, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developing coun... more In this study, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developing countries which are Egypt, Kenya and Turkey for the period between 1971 and 2014. The EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey, and the growth hypothesis is confirmed for Egypt and Kenya. The neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Turkey. Unidirectional causality running from CO 2 to energy consumption is found for Turkey and no causal relationship is found between CO 2 and GDP for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey. Authorities in Turkey, Egypt and Kenya should continue to invest in emission reduction policies since these policies are likely not to have a detrimental effect on economic growth. These countries are likely to achieve further economic growth without causing environmental degradation since no causal relationship is found between CO 2 and GDP. Limits of our study are that results are obtained for 3 developing countries and the period between 1971 and 2014 are examined for these countries.

Social Mentality and Research Thinkers Journal, 2018

In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Sweden for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hy... more In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Sweden for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption (EN), and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 and EN are examined for Sweden by ARDL bounds test for cointegration and Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , EN and the square of GDP are examined by ARDL Bounds Test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Sweden, no causal relationships are found between GDP and EN, and unidirectional causality is found from EN to CO 2. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Sweden. No causality is found between CO 2 and GDP.

Social Mentality and Research Thinkers Journal, 2018

In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Ghana for the period between 1971 and 2014. EKC hyp... more In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Ghana for the period between 1971 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption are examined for Ghana by Johansen cointegration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP are examined by Johansen cointegration test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Ghana, no causal relationships are found between GDP and energy consumption, and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to CO 2 is found. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Ghana.

ASOS Journal, 2018

In this study, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for Finland for the perio... more In this study, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for Finland for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under
two nexus which are GDP, CO2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO2, energy
consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between
GDP, CO2 and energy consumption are examined by ARDL bounds test for cointegration and Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO2, energy consumption and the square of GDP are examined by ARDL Bounds Test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Finland, and no
causal relationships are found between CO2, GDP and energy consumption. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Finland.

Panoeconomicus, 2019

In this study, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developed count... more In this study, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developed countries, which are Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain, for the period between 1960 and 2014. The EKC hypothesis is examined under 2 nexuses which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , and energy consumption are examined for these 3 developed countries using the ARDL bounds test, the Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test, the VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald test, and the Johansen cointegration test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption, and the square of GDP are examined by the Johansen cointegration test. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain, and the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for these 3 developed countries. Unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to CO 2 is found for Denmark, and unidirectional causality running from CO 2 to energy consumption is found for the United Kingdom.

Drafts by Emrah Bese

Empirical Economics Letters, 2022

This study examines the relationship between total emissions from coal consumption, emissions per... more This study examines the relationship between total emissions from coal consumption, emissions per capita from coal consumption and economic growth from sustainability perspective by covering the period 1960 to 2019. The results of this study confirm that economic growth has a significant effect on total emissions from coal consumption and emissions per capita from coal consumption for Turkey. Further analysis shows that there is no causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth for Turkey. The results confirm that there is inverted N relationship between total emissions from coal consumption and emissions per capita from coal consumption, and economic growth. This study also confirmed that 1979 has a significant effect on emissions. This study recommends that Turkey should continue to diversify its energy resources and invest in clean coal technologies and R&D spending for renewable energy resources. This study also recommends further analysis to be done for other regions and countries with different methodologies.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2021

In this study, whether economic growth lead to environmental degradation in Australia is analyzed... more In this study, whether economic growth lead to environmental degradation in Australia is analyzed since Australia has been growing consecutively for the last 28 years and is among the countries which are heavily dependent on fossil fuels for energy demands such as oil and coal. In this study, we aim to analyze the EKC hypothesis and the relationships between gross domestic product per capita (GDP in constant 2010 US$), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 in metric tons per capita), energy consumption (ENE in kg of oil equivalent per capita) and square of GDP by the ARDL model (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model) and nonlinear ARDL model (NARDL) to investigate whether increase in economics growth leads to an increase in emissions. The relationships between economics growth and emissions is important since majority of the countries in the world aim for economic growth and certain policy requirements should also be analyzed alongside this relationship to make economic growth and emissions relationship compatible. The main results of this study show that no asymmetric and no symmetric relationships are found between GDP and CO2. No causal relationship is found from GDP, square of GDP and ENE to CO2. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Australia. Australia should continue its efforts for decreasing oil consumption, increasing renewable energy generation levels and supporting current market mechanisms which moves in favor of renewable energy generation over fossil fuel consumption. Australia can continue its economic growth without concern that reducing CO2 emissions will negatively affect GDP.

Australian Journal of Business and Management Research

In this study, the relationship between income and environmental degradation is discussed. In thi... more In this study, the relationship between income and environmental degradation is discussed. In this study, the Kyoto Protocol is investigated by using Pooled Mean Group Estimator based on Error Correction Model by Pesaran, Shin and Smith, Cross-Sectional Augmented Distributed Lag estimator by Chudik et al. (2016), Cross-Sectional ARDL estimator based on ARDL model by Chudik et al. (2016) and Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Estimator model by Chudik and Pesaran (2015) to cover the gaps in the Environmental Kuznets Curve literature. Kyoto Protocol’s effects for developing countries and developed countries are analyzed for the period between 1980 and 2014, and 1971 and 2014, respectively. Since no significant relationship between GDP and CO2 is found for developed and developing countries in the analysis, it is concluded that Kyoto Protocol did not have a significant effect on CO2 emissions for the relevant countries in the study. This study contributes to the current literature by ve...

Journal of Academy of Business and Economics

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

In this study, New Zealand and Finland are examined by Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) mode... more In this study, New Zealand and Finland are examined by Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth. For coal consumption and economic growth relationship, coal Kuznets curve is investigated for New Zealand for the period between 1980 and 2015 and is examined for Finland for the period between 1980 and 2013. Results of this study show that coal Kuznets curve is confirmed for New Zealand and Finland. Hao et al. (2016) confirmed coal Kuznets curve as this study confirmed in New Zealand and Finland. This study contributes to the current literature by verifying coal Kuznets curve for New Zealand and Finland. Coal Kuznets curve is also not investigated for these countries before. This study recommends further investigation of coal consumption-growth nexus carries importance since the only study in the literature for coal consumption-growth nexus belongs to this study for New Zealand and Finland.

Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 2021

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and emissions from coal consumption per c... more In this study, the relationship between economic growth and emissions from coal consumption per capita is analyzed in India for the period 1960 to 2019. Although coal constitutes 70% of energy needs of India currently, India has been investing significantly in renewable energy to make clean energy meet half of its needs in the near future. This study does not confirm relationship between emissions and economic growth in the long-run in per capita terms. Total consumption terms may be analyzed in the future studies since this study does not analyze the total consumption terms because the model does not satisfy the stability requirements. For per capita analysis, the result is inverted N relationship between emissions and economic growth. Although the coefficients are insignificant, inverted N relationship between economic growth and emissions shows that there may be unsustainability in economic activities due to economic policies in India. Future studies may analyze different periods with different methodologies in India for the relationship between coal consumption and economic growth.

Empirical Economics Letters, 2021

This study analyzed the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in China for the ... more This study analyzed the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in China for the period 1981 to 2012. This is the first study in the literature that examined the effect of external debt on nitrous oxide emissions, total greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption and emissions from solid fuel consumption in China. The results confirm there is inverted U relationship between total greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth, solid fuel consumption and economic growth, and methane emissions and economic growth. Similar relationship is not confirmed between nitrous oxide emissions and economic growth, and liquid fuel consumption and economic growth. This study recommends further policies to be taken to control the use of external debt for creating environmental pollution.

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of external debt on different types of emissi... more The main aim of this study is to analyze the effect of external debt on different types of emissions in India as carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. India has a fast growing in external debt especially after 2008 world financial crisis. India has a similar situation to China and Turkey which also started to increase external debt significantly after 2008 world crisis. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by analyzing the effect of external debt on emissions. This study is the first study in the literature for India. The second aim of the study is to investigate whether inverted U relationship exists between economic development, and carbon oxide emissions, methane emissions, methane emissions, emissions from liquid fuel consumption, emissions from solid fuel consumption, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption. This study confirmed inverted-U relationship between methane gas emissions and economic development, and emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and economic development. The positive and significant effect of external debt on carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, emissions from gaseous fuel consumption and emissions from solid fuel consumption is confirmed by this study. The analysis is important since after 2008 crisis many countries such as China and Turkey besides India started to borrow external debt heavily to create government investments to boost employment market which collapsed due to global economic crisis. This study carries importance since global greenhouse gas emissions may be financed through external debt in India. Since sustainability is the main issue in current world and reduction of emissions is one of the highest priorities of humanity, necessary measures should be taken into account to reduce financing of emissions through external debt in India. This study recommends further analysis to be done with updated intervals.

International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues

Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze the literature of EKC for the selected studies for the period... more The aim of this study is to analyze the literature of EKC for the selected studies for the period 2002 to 2020 for income-energy-emissions nexus and provide research directions for the current literature. The result of this study shows that the general tendency in the literature is to examine the symmetric relationships between income and emissions, and the analysis of non-linear relationship between income and emissions should be increased. Although many variables are added to income-energy-emissions nexus to analyze the EKC relationship, the effect of external debt on the EKC relationships is not analyzed in the literature in detail. The effect of external debt on the EKC relationship should be analyzed for developed and developing countries. The analysis should be carried out more for developing countries than developed countries since developing countries may be financing their emission intense industries through external debt. For further research directions, this study recommends coal consumption should be analyzed instead of carbon emissions for the EKC relationship for developed and developing countries.

Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 2020

In this study, coal consumption (CS) for EKC is analyzed for two countries which are China and Au... more In this study, coal consumption (CS) for EKC is analyzed for two countries which are China and Australia by ARDL model (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model). China and Australia are among the countries which are heavily dependent on coal for energy demands. China is the current leader in the world for coal consumption. In this study, we aim to analyze the effect of economic growth on CS for China and Australia. The importance of the study is that it is the first study for time series studies in the literature of single country studies that analyze CS EKC. Analysis of CS EKC is important since the world is still heavily depended on coal for energy demands. CS EKC is verified for Australia between GDP (gross domestic product per capita), CS and square of GDP (GP) for the period between 1980 and 2016. CS EKC is verified for China between GDP, CS, GP and energy consumption (ENEC) for the period between 1980 and 2014.

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2021

In this study, the effect of external debt (EXD-current US$) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2-me... more In this study, the effect of external debt (EXD-current US$) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2-metric tons per capita) is examined by taking the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis as a basis for China. The relationships between CO 2 , gross domestic product per capita (GDP-constant 2010 US$), square of GDP (GD), energy consumption (EM-kg of oil equivalent per capita) and EXD is examined. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and nonlinear ARDL model are used to examine symmetric and asymmetric relationships between the variables respectively for the period of 1978-2014 by including a structural break. China has had a growing EXD to support economic growth especially after the 2008 financial crisis. The results show that EXD and EM significantly and positively affect emissions (EMS). The asymmetric relationship between growth (GW) and EMS is confirmed. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for China. The results of the study are in line with the current economic structure of the Chinese economy. The Chinese economy is still over reliant on construction, heavy industries and real estate. Although China's current EXD is 13% of GDP, EXD is growing because private companies and local governments continue to invest heavily in construction and real estate, and have increased borrowing from abroad to cover operational costs since the central government's deleveraging policies have made borrowing from domestic markets more difficult.

Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 2021

This is the first study in the single country studies that analyze the relationship between life ... more This is the first study in the single country studies that analyze the relationship between life expectancy, foreign direct investment and trade openness for Turkey for the period 1974 to 2017. The long run relationship between variables is analyzed by ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model. Short run and long run causal relationships between variables are analyzed by VECM (Vector Error Correction) model. Nonlinear ARDL model is also used to analyze the non-linear relationships between the variables. Hypotheses, that are examined in this study, are impact of FINV net inflow and TOPEN on LEXP, unidi-rectional causality running from FINV net inflow and TOPEN to LEXP, asymmetric relationship between LEXP, FINV net inflow and TOPEN and asymmetric relationship between FINV net inflow and TOPEN in Turkey. According to the results in this study, long run relationship is found between the variables, and foreign direct investment affects significantly and positively life expectancy in the long run. No causal relationship from foreign direct investment and trade openness to life expectancy is found in the long run and in the short run. Trade openness does not significantly affect life expectancy in the long run. Non-linear relationship between the variables is also not confirmed. Asymmetric relationship between trade openness and foreign direct investment is confirmed. While decrease in trade does not have a significant impact on foreign direct investment, increase in trade has a significant positive impact on foreign direct investment. JEL classification: I18, F10, F40, F20

In this study, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developing coun... more In this study, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developing countries which are Egypt, Kenya and Turkey for the period between 1971 and 2014. The EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey, and the growth hypothesis is confirmed for Egypt and Kenya. The neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Turkey. Unidirectional causality running from CO 2 to energy consumption is found for Turkey and no causal relationship is found between CO 2 and GDP for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey. Authorities in Turkey, Egypt and Kenya should continue to invest in emission reduction policies since these policies are likely not to have a detrimental effect on economic growth. These countries are likely to achieve further economic growth without causing environmental degradation since no causal relationship is found between CO 2 and GDP. Limits of our study are that results are obtained for 3 developing countries and the period between 1971 and 2014 are examined for these countries.

Social Mentality and Research Thinkers Journal, 2018

In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Sweden for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hy... more In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Sweden for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption (EN), and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 and EN are examined for Sweden by ARDL bounds test for cointegration and Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , EN and the square of GDP are examined by ARDL Bounds Test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Sweden, no causal relationships are found between GDP and EN, and unidirectional causality is found from EN to CO 2. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Sweden. No causality is found between CO 2 and GDP.

Social Mentality and Research Thinkers Journal, 2018

In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Ghana for the period between 1971 and 2014. EKC hyp... more In this study, EKC hypothesis is examined for Ghana for the period between 1971 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption are examined for Ghana by Johansen cointegration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP are examined by Johansen cointegration test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Ghana, no causal relationships are found between GDP and energy consumption, and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to CO 2 is found. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Ghana.

ASOS Journal, 2018

In this study, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for Finland for the perio... more In this study, environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for Finland for the period between 1960 and 2014. EKC hypothesis is examined under
two nexus which are GDP, CO2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO2, energy
consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between
GDP, CO2 and energy consumption are examined by ARDL bounds test for cointegration and Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO2, energy consumption and the square of GDP are examined by ARDL Bounds Test. EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Finland, and no
causal relationships are found between CO2, GDP and energy consumption. Neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Finland.

Panoeconomicus, 2019

In this study, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developed count... more In this study, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is examined for 3 developed countries, which are Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain, for the period between 1960 and 2014. The EKC hypothesis is examined under 2 nexuses which are GDP, CO 2 and energy consumption, and GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption and the square of GDP. Causal and long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , and energy consumption are examined for these 3 developed countries using the ARDL bounds test, the Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test, the VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald test, and the Johansen cointegration test. Long-term relationships between GDP, CO 2 , energy consumption, and the square of GDP are examined by the Johansen cointegration test. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain, and the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for these 3 developed countries. Unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to CO 2 is found for Denmark, and unidirectional causality running from CO 2 to energy consumption is found for the United Kingdom.

Empirical Economics Letters, 2022

This study examines the relationship between total emissions from coal consumption, emissions per... more This study examines the relationship between total emissions from coal consumption, emissions per capita from coal consumption and economic growth from sustainability perspective by covering the period 1960 to 2019. The results of this study confirm that economic growth has a significant effect on total emissions from coal consumption and emissions per capita from coal consumption for Turkey. Further analysis shows that there is no causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth for Turkey. The results confirm that there is inverted N relationship between total emissions from coal consumption and emissions per capita from coal consumption, and economic growth. This study also confirmed that 1979 has a significant effect on emissions. This study recommends that Turkey should continue to diversify its energy resources and invest in clean coal technologies and R&D spending for renewable energy resources. This study also recommends further analysis to be done for other regions and countries with different methodologies.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2021

In this study, whether economic growth lead to environmental degradation in Australia is analyzed... more In this study, whether economic growth lead to environmental degradation in Australia is analyzed since Australia has been growing consecutively for the last 28 years and is among the countries which are heavily dependent on fossil fuels for energy demands such as oil and coal. In this study, we aim to analyze the EKC hypothesis and the relationships between gross domestic product per capita (GDP in constant 2010 US$), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 in metric tons per capita), energy consumption (ENE in kg of oil equivalent per capita) and square of GDP by the ARDL model (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model) and nonlinear ARDL model (NARDL) to investigate whether increase in economics growth leads to an increase in emissions. The relationships between economics growth and emissions is important since majority of the countries in the world aim for economic growth and certain policy requirements should also be analyzed alongside this relationship to make economic growth and emissions relationship compatible. The main results of this study show that no asymmetric and no symmetric relationships are found between GDP and CO2. No causal relationship is found from GDP, square of GDP and ENE to CO2. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Australia. Australia should continue its efforts for decreasing oil consumption, increasing renewable energy generation levels and supporting current market mechanisms which moves in favor of renewable energy generation over fossil fuel consumption. Australia can continue its economic growth without concern that reducing CO2 emissions will negatively affect GDP.