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Books by Paul Reynolds

Hispania and the Roman Mediterranean, AD 100-700, 2010

Papers by Paul Reynolds

Archeologia Medievale 45: 91-110, 2018

Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology (online). Routledge: 1-13., 2020

Amphorae are key materials in the investigation of the production and transport of goods in ancie... more Amphorae are key materials in the investigation of the production and transport of goods in ancient times. For the Roman period, many typologies of amphorae are standardised and there are hypotheses concerning their uses and contents mainly based on the shape, provenance, tituli picti and, when preserved, the solid contents. However, there are still many amphora types that have to be investigated in order to better understand the economy of the regions where they were produced and filled. This is the case of the amphorae object of this paper: the so-called ovoid amphorae of Hispania Ulterior/Baetica. This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary investigation aimed to discover the commodities contained in ovoid amphorae. This amphora type and its specific use have never been investigated, except for a preliminary test. Here, organic residues analysis of twenty-four amphorae produced in two different locations in Hispania Ulterior/Baetica (Bay of Cadiz and the Guadalquivir Valley) and excavated at the site of El Olivillo in Cadiz (Spain), are presented. The findings suggest that the majority of the amphorae were coated with abundant pitch derived from Pinaceae trees and that most of them contained grape derivatives, although other products were also identified. Not only is this documentation of Hispania Ulterior/Baetican wine production in the late Republican period important, but the use of ovoid amphorae for carrying wine is somewhat unexpected because it is usually thought that amphorae of this type in southern Italy and in the Corinthia probably carried olive oil.

(pp. 226-234), in A. Sebastiani et al. ‘The Medieval church and cemetery at the Well of Julia Rufina’. In Butrint 4: The Archaeologies and Histories of an Ionian town, Oxbow, Oxford: 215-244., 2013

J. Mitchell, J. Mooreland and B. Leal (eds). Encounters, Excavations and Argosies. Essays for Richard Hodges. Archaeopress, Oxford: 262-274., 2017

Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta (Ephesus, 1998), 36, 2000

This paper offers a typology of the development of the 'Beirut amphora' (the most common amphora ... more This paper offers a typology of the development of the 'Beirut amphora' (the most common amphora type produced in the city and its territory from the 2nd century BC to the 7th centiury AD. The forms that mark its continuous stages of development are presented (Beirut 1 to Beirut 8).

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2020

The production of polychrome decorated ceramics began in Ifriqiya in the 9th century under Aghlab... more The production of polychrome decorated ceramics began in Ifriqiya in the 9th century under Aghlabid rule, with continuity during the 10th century under the Fatimids. These comprised finely painted brown and green designs with a characteristic yellow background (a transparent lead glaze containing iron oxide). This production was substituted in the 11th century by a polychrome production over a white tin opaque glaze. The hypothesis stating that tin glazes were introduced in Tunisia after the Fatimids took over Egypt has been recently proposed. However, polychrome ceramics with a white opaque background have been found in 10th century archaeological sites which might indicate otherwise. A ceramic assemblage found at the site of Bir Ftouha dating from the Fatimid-Zirid period which contains polychrome with both transparent yellow and white opaque backgrounds has been analysed. The white opaque glazes do not contain tin but were opacified by the addition of large quartz particles. This study supports the theory that tin glazes reached Tunisia after the Fatimid occupation of Egypt and is the first step to answering many open questions regarding the spread of tin glaze in the Mediterranean, the role of the Fatimids and the connections of Ifriqiya with Islamic Spain and Sicily.

Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002

Settlement and Pottery in the Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain): AD 400-700, British Archaeological Reports IS 588, 1993

This is a print out in reverse white letters on black from the microfiches at the back of my BAR ... more This is a print out in reverse white letters on black from the microfiches at the back of my BAR 588 (1993) volume on the Settlement and Pottery of the Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain). It includes the full catalogue of pottery and glass finds, as well as the provisional study of the bones by Benito Ibarra (which he later published in his book) and the flotated organic-charcoal finds studied by Richard Hubbard (UCL), from my excavations in 1983 of the extant section of the dump which could be seen in an open building site in the barrio of Benalúa (Alicante) (a section drawing gives a good idea of the lenses of charcoal, ash and pottery, also reproduced in my book (1987) on the fine wares of the 1971 excavations of the much larger pottery dump excavated by Enrique Llobregat, found close by (Site 42.4).

New Current World Archaeology, 2021

Prof. Richard Hodges' profile of my life and career - academic and non-academic - for this popula... more Prof. Richard Hodges' profile of my life and career - academic and non-academic - for this popular British archaeological magazine.

Roman Amphora Contents. Reflecting on the Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. RLAMP 17, Archaeopress, Oxford: 161-169., 2021

The Beirut amphora type was the principal amphora produced primarily in Beirut, but also in its t... more The Beirut amphora type was the principal amphora produced primarily in Beirut, but also in its territory, from the late 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. Traces of staining inside and running down the outer neck, as well as occasional finds of vessels pierced through the neck suggested that this type carried wine. Samples of Beirut amphorae and the base of one south Phoenician type (Reynolds AM 14) were analysed in an attempt to identify organic residues and the presence or not of a pitch lining. The results confirm that wine was the principal content of the vessels and all of which were lined with pitch derived from the pine family (Pinaceae).

Roman Amphora Contents. Reflecting on the Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. RLAMP 17, Archaeopress, Oxford: 307-354., 2021

This paper offers an overview of the supply of olive oil to the provinces of the Roman and early ... more This paper offers an overview of the supply of olive oil to the provinces of the Roman and early Byzantine East (1st to 7th centuries) and the possible western and eastern amphorae and other containers (e.g. dolia, other large jars, glass vessels, barrels) that may have carried this prime commodity. Whereas mainland Greece and the Aegean Islands were prominent producers and suppliers in the early and late Empire for local consumption and export in specific amphorae (Dressel 24 and related forms, Dressel 25, Agora M 235, LRA 2 and successors), other regions produced oil for local needs (Egypt, Lebanon, NW Syria), whereas other regions (the Lower Danube, Crimea) were unable to grow olives for climatic reasons. The role and mechanisms of the State, the Army and the annona in the supply of oil here and in other regions (e.g. Egypt, Syria) are discussed. In the course of this typological revision, other amphorae and possible contents (e.g. wine, fish products, dried fruit) are also discussed and illustrated. New data on amphora contents based on organic residues analyses are noted.

A. Wilson, and A. Bowman (eds.), Trade, Commerce and the State in the Roman World (Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy 4). Oxford University Press, Oxford: 353-395., 2018

The paper traces the divergent trends in imports (fine wares, amphorae and cooking wares) through... more The paper traces the divergent trends in imports (fine wares, amphorae and cooking wares) through the 1st to late 6th/early 7th centuries to the major ports of Beirut (Lebanon) and Butrint (former Greek Epirus, now Albania). A major break in the supply of Aegean and Levantine goods from East to West can be detected in the mid-3rd century, correlating with a redirection of Levantine supply to Alexandria and shift to a more restricted closer regional-Levantine network that becomes even more self sufficient by the 6th century. It is not until the mid 4th century that western imports pick up again, but without Eastern goods returning. Levantine cities trade intensively between each other during the 4th century and it is only in the 5th century that Levantine goods return in increasing numbers to western ports. Another important observation is the quite different range of Aegean (amphorae and cooking wares) and Black Sea amphorae (Crimean, Sinopean) that were supplied to Butrint and Beirut in the 4th-7th c.
This is a shorter version of my paper in the LRCW 3 conference (2010) which provides more details of the range of ceramics. Here, however, there are maps which attempt to illustrate the main ceramic phases for each site.

Hispania and the Roman Mediterranean, AD 100-700, 2010

Archeologia Medievale 45: 91-110, 2018

Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology (online). Routledge: 1-13., 2020

Amphorae are key materials in the investigation of the production and transport of goods in ancie... more Amphorae are key materials in the investigation of the production and transport of goods in ancient times. For the Roman period, many typologies of amphorae are standardised and there are hypotheses concerning their uses and contents mainly based on the shape, provenance, tituli picti and, when preserved, the solid contents. However, there are still many amphora types that have to be investigated in order to better understand the economy of the regions where they were produced and filled. This is the case of the amphorae object of this paper: the so-called ovoid amphorae of Hispania Ulterior/Baetica. This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary investigation aimed to discover the commodities contained in ovoid amphorae. This amphora type and its specific use have never been investigated, except for a preliminary test. Here, organic residues analysis of twenty-four amphorae produced in two different locations in Hispania Ulterior/Baetica (Bay of Cadiz and the Guadalquivir Valley) and excavated at the site of El Olivillo in Cadiz (Spain), are presented. The findings suggest that the majority of the amphorae were coated with abundant pitch derived from Pinaceae trees and that most of them contained grape derivatives, although other products were also identified. Not only is this documentation of Hispania Ulterior/Baetican wine production in the late Republican period important, but the use of ovoid amphorae for carrying wine is somewhat unexpected because it is usually thought that amphorae of this type in southern Italy and in the Corinthia probably carried olive oil.

(pp. 226-234), in A. Sebastiani et al. ‘The Medieval church and cemetery at the Well of Julia Rufina’. In Butrint 4: The Archaeologies and Histories of an Ionian town, Oxbow, Oxford: 215-244., 2013

J. Mitchell, J. Mooreland and B. Leal (eds). Encounters, Excavations and Argosies. Essays for Richard Hodges. Archaeopress, Oxford: 262-274., 2017

Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta (Ephesus, 1998), 36, 2000

This paper offers a typology of the development of the 'Beirut amphora' (the most common amphora ... more This paper offers a typology of the development of the 'Beirut amphora' (the most common amphora type produced in the city and its territory from the 2nd century BC to the 7th centiury AD. The forms that mark its continuous stages of development are presented (Beirut 1 to Beirut 8).

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2020

The production of polychrome decorated ceramics began in Ifriqiya in the 9th century under Aghlab... more The production of polychrome decorated ceramics began in Ifriqiya in the 9th century under Aghlabid rule, with continuity during the 10th century under the Fatimids. These comprised finely painted brown and green designs with a characteristic yellow background (a transparent lead glaze containing iron oxide). This production was substituted in the 11th century by a polychrome production over a white tin opaque glaze. The hypothesis stating that tin glazes were introduced in Tunisia after the Fatimids took over Egypt has been recently proposed. However, polychrome ceramics with a white opaque background have been found in 10th century archaeological sites which might indicate otherwise. A ceramic assemblage found at the site of Bir Ftouha dating from the Fatimid-Zirid period which contains polychrome with both transparent yellow and white opaque backgrounds has been analysed. The white opaque glazes do not contain tin but were opacified by the addition of large quartz particles. This study supports the theory that tin glazes reached Tunisia after the Fatimid occupation of Egypt and is the first step to answering many open questions regarding the spread of tin glaze in the Mediterranean, the role of the Fatimids and the connections of Ifriqiya with Islamic Spain and Sicily.

Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002

Settlement and Pottery in the Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain): AD 400-700, British Archaeological Reports IS 588, 1993

This is a print out in reverse white letters on black from the microfiches at the back of my BAR ... more This is a print out in reverse white letters on black from the microfiches at the back of my BAR 588 (1993) volume on the Settlement and Pottery of the Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain). It includes the full catalogue of pottery and glass finds, as well as the provisional study of the bones by Benito Ibarra (which he later published in his book) and the flotated organic-charcoal finds studied by Richard Hubbard (UCL), from my excavations in 1983 of the extant section of the dump which could be seen in an open building site in the barrio of Benalúa (Alicante) (a section drawing gives a good idea of the lenses of charcoal, ash and pottery, also reproduced in my book (1987) on the fine wares of the 1971 excavations of the much larger pottery dump excavated by Enrique Llobregat, found close by (Site 42.4).

New Current World Archaeology, 2021

Prof. Richard Hodges' profile of my life and career - academic and non-academic - for this popula... more Prof. Richard Hodges' profile of my life and career - academic and non-academic - for this popular British archaeological magazine.

Roman Amphora Contents. Reflecting on the Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. RLAMP 17, Archaeopress, Oxford: 161-169., 2021

The Beirut amphora type was the principal amphora produced primarily in Beirut, but also in its t... more The Beirut amphora type was the principal amphora produced primarily in Beirut, but also in its territory, from the late 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. Traces of staining inside and running down the outer neck, as well as occasional finds of vessels pierced through the neck suggested that this type carried wine. Samples of Beirut amphorae and the base of one south Phoenician type (Reynolds AM 14) were analysed in an attempt to identify organic residues and the presence or not of a pitch lining. The results confirm that wine was the principal content of the vessels and all of which were lined with pitch derived from the pine family (Pinaceae).

Roman Amphora Contents. Reflecting on the Maritime Trade of Foodstuffs in Antiquity. RLAMP 17, Archaeopress, Oxford: 307-354., 2021

This paper offers an overview of the supply of olive oil to the provinces of the Roman and early ... more This paper offers an overview of the supply of olive oil to the provinces of the Roman and early Byzantine East (1st to 7th centuries) and the possible western and eastern amphorae and other containers (e.g. dolia, other large jars, glass vessels, barrels) that may have carried this prime commodity. Whereas mainland Greece and the Aegean Islands were prominent producers and suppliers in the early and late Empire for local consumption and export in specific amphorae (Dressel 24 and related forms, Dressel 25, Agora M 235, LRA 2 and successors), other regions produced oil for local needs (Egypt, Lebanon, NW Syria), whereas other regions (the Lower Danube, Crimea) were unable to grow olives for climatic reasons. The role and mechanisms of the State, the Army and the annona in the supply of oil here and in other regions (e.g. Egypt, Syria) are discussed. In the course of this typological revision, other amphorae and possible contents (e.g. wine, fish products, dried fruit) are also discussed and illustrated. New data on amphora contents based on organic residues analyses are noted.

A. Wilson, and A. Bowman (eds.), Trade, Commerce and the State in the Roman World (Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy 4). Oxford University Press, Oxford: 353-395., 2018

The paper traces the divergent trends in imports (fine wares, amphorae and cooking wares) through... more The paper traces the divergent trends in imports (fine wares, amphorae and cooking wares) through the 1st to late 6th/early 7th centuries to the major ports of Beirut (Lebanon) and Butrint (former Greek Epirus, now Albania). A major break in the supply of Aegean and Levantine goods from East to West can be detected in the mid-3rd century, correlating with a redirection of Levantine supply to Alexandria and shift to a more restricted closer regional-Levantine network that becomes even more self sufficient by the 6th century. It is not until the mid 4th century that western imports pick up again, but without Eastern goods returning. Levantine cities trade intensively between each other during the 4th century and it is only in the 5th century that Levantine goods return in increasing numbers to western ports. Another important observation is the quite different range of Aegean (amphorae and cooking wares) and Black Sea amphorae (Crimean, Sinopean) that were supplied to Butrint and Beirut in the 4th-7th c.
This is a shorter version of my paper in the LRCW 3 conference (2010) which provides more details of the range of ceramics. Here, however, there are maps which attempt to illustrate the main ceramic phases for each site.

Berytus., 2009

This paper reflects the two seasons of fieldwork undertaken in 2005 and 2006 by a small team in p... more This paper reflects the two seasons of fieldwork undertaken in 2005 and 2006 by a small team in part of the Shin basalt region, or Wa'ar, as it is known locally, to the north-west of Homs. It builds upon initial work undertaken in the basalt region as part of the Settlement and Landscape of the Homs Region Project (SHR Project). The work is focussed on understanding the development of the deserted village variously known as Khirbet Deir Salam or more usually Dar es-Salaam ('House of Peace'or 'Place of Peace').

Lvcentvm

En este artículo presentamos una tipología y cronología de la cerámica tardo-romana modelada a ma... more En este artículo presentamos una tipología y cronología de la cerámica tardo-romana modelada a mano de carácter local, regional y de importación en los yacimientos del valle del Río Vinalopó (Alicante). Se trata de la producción y distribución de la cerámica de los distintos centros, con referencia particular a los paralelos etnográficos modernos. Proponemos la continuidad de ciertas formas tardo-romanas durante época islámica, y examinaremos brevemente la cronología de los yacimientos y la cerámica islámica en esta región hasta el siglo XI.

Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2003

LRCW 4, BAR IS 2616: 1049-1059, 2014

Tableronde, VIIe Congrès Internationale Céramique Médievale 2003: pp. 536-546, 2003

The paper offers a summary of trends in fine wares, amphorae, cooking wares and brick-tile in Bei... more The paper offers a summary of trends in fine wares, amphorae, cooking wares and brick-tile in Beirut for the 6th to 7th centuries.

by Clementina Panella, Antonio F. Ferrandes, Paul Reynolds, Alessandra Pecci, Touatia Amraoui, Elyssa Jerray, alessia contino, Marta Casalini, Franca Del Vecchio, Viviana Cardarelli, George Koutsouflakis, Tomoo Mukai, Elizabeth Fentress, Priamo Antonio Manna, Alejandro Quevedo, and Elena Gabriella Lorenzetti

An imposing amount of studies and researches in the second half of the twentieth century has focu... more An imposing amount of studies and researches in the second half of the twentieth century has focused on the productivity in Roman Africa of a variety of consumer products, along with the analysis of regions, cities and their economies. The success of African goods during the Caesarian-Augustan age and up to the late antiquity, recorded in the written tradition and confirmed by the stratigraphy of many sites in the Mediterranean, has been the subject of a substantial amount of contributions that have accompanied for more than sixty years the study of material culture of the Roman imperial age. This session, which can not consider every product of the Maghreb, will focus mainly on the ceramic, not only on account of its large diffusion, the fossil marker for dating contexts all around the Mediterranean and well inside Europe for several centuries, but also because the evidence is more consistent than that found for other types of sources, and reflects the ability of African regions to develop a high yield agriculture, and manufacturing activities related to fisheries, as shown by transport amphorae (carrying oil, olives, wine, fish sauces), as well as crafts tied to the production of more or less valuable objects, aimed - at various levels - at regional, inter-regional and inter-provincial markets.
If during a more or less recent past most studies were mainly focused on data collected at the sites of consumption (and thus on the indestructible ceramic), centered on the type and histories of each production (fine table ware, lamps, kitchenware and coarse ware), recent studies have been, on one hand, directed towards a review of the known types and towards a more thoughtful analysis of the contexts of discovery, perfecting the production framework and anchoring to a trustworthy time frame certain types and classes in circulation; on the other hand they have focused on the production centers in order to get a better geographic characterization of those same types and classes, applying a wealth of suitable methodologies, surveys of large tracts of land, surveys and excavations of old and new workshops, laboratory analysis. The results draw a scenery in which a great variety of productive facies and distribution models reflect the complexity of the cultural, social and economic contexts, both micro- and macro-regional, both at the provincial and inter-provincial levels. This session aims to describe these lines of research, focusing on the organization of production and commerce in the region, their similarities and differences, and on a list of questions still unsolved, the solution of which will call for a further revision of published data, and for brand new information.

Thesprotia Expedition IV: Region Transformed by Empire (ed. Björn Forsén), 2019