Hakan Yapar | Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (original) (raw)
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“The very “rules of war” have changed. The role of non-military means of achieving political stra... more “The very “rules of war” have changed. The role of non-military means of achieving political strategic goals has grown, and, in many cases, they have exceeded the power of force of weapons in their effectiveness.”, asserted General Valery Gerasimov-Russia’s chief of the General Staff (Chase 2017). This marked a landmark paradigm shift in the way Russia conceive the conduct of warfare, what is sometimes called as “Gerasimov Doctrine”. As Russia started to challenge the US hegemony and upon this the US is concerned about the international liberal order the so-called hybrid warfare pits these major powers against each other over the question of world order (Trenin 2018). After the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the studies on the concept of hybrid war grabbed attention with an exponential increase of publications over the issue (Wither 2016). Recent decade demonstrates that Russia developed itself in tailoring available tools at its disposal to the provisions and conditions of the context in the best manner (Thiele 2015). A paper published by RAND in 2017 inspired this paper to investigate Russian hybrid warfare across Europe and beyond2. Against this background, this paper aims to provide a lens through which the examples of Russian activities under cyber domain and economic realm within the broader concept of Russia’s hybrid warfare is reviewed in a comparable manner.
Societies across the globe has come under severe strain with the outbreak and fast spread of the ... more Societies across the globe has come under severe strain with the outbreak and fast spread of the novel COVID-19. So has the EU as well since it has recently become the new epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is this very gloomy context that brings the questions over European solidarity and EU's relevance in dealing with this sort of transboundary crisis to the fore once again. Against this background, this essay will examine the EU’s role and relevance for the solidarity inside the EU with its health and socio-economic dimensions.
Public opinion plays a considerable role in formulation of foreign policy making regardless of wh... more Public opinion plays a considerable role in formulation of foreign policy making regardless of whether a regime is democratic or not. Turkey’s accession process to the EU can be called controversial, thus it would be useful to employ a public opinion narrative in order to better examine developments in the relations and their implications on the relations through the lens of framed public. In this context, based on a survey conducted among the students of Bahcesehir University this report tries to make analysis on Turkey-EU relations in a challenges-oriented perspective. The foremost finding of the survey is that perceptions of the challenges in the Turkey-EU relations appear to be a puzzled one as shown by diverse distribution of the responses to the relevant questions and most importantly by the high portions of Don’t know responses. As a result, a recommended respective survey would be conducted to be able to crystallize grifts.
Papers by Hakan Yapar
bie3: Boletín IEEE, 2021
Turkey's position in NATO and broadly within the Western framework has on-and-off become of conce... more Turkey's position in NATO and broadly within the Western framework has on-and-off become of concern. As concerns around Turkey's Western orientation flared up again very recently, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of Turkey's strategic reorientation. To this end, implications of the change from Strategic Depth to Blue Homeland doctrine in Turkey's geostrategic vision in the light of changing parameters in the recent decades are analysed. Based on this analysis, this paper argues that Turkey's drift away from the West is far from translating into a full-fledged shift of axis towards the East. Instead, through asserting certain degree of 'strategic autonomy' Turkey tries to stand up to the challenges of an increasingly multipolar world and ensure a higher appreciation of its status within the West albeit in a collision with its Western allies.
• Maritime and naval domains are essential for the (already) coming age of US-China rivalry and B... more • Maritime and naval domains are essential for the (already) coming age of US-China rivalry and Brazil's positioning under this scenario. • A renewed maritime and naval perspective could be seen as a timely policy issue mainly due to the prospect of Lula's comeback to the power and an imperative mainly due to the growing US-China rivalry in the international context. • Blue Amazon (denoting Brazilian maritime space) lies at the intersection of national development based on sustainable use of maritime resources and national defense of Brazilian mainland. • A politico-strategic and military-strategic perspective calls for an enhanced Brazilian maritime & naval capacity requiring dense investment in Navy's inventory stock and new cooperation frameworks.
The EU's voting system has been questioned in recent years. Two voting regimes have been contrapo... more The EU's voting system has been questioned in recent years. Two voting regimes have been contraposed: unanimity and qualified majority voting. While the first one is declining its importance since several member states refuse to remove it, the second one is gaining popularity as European powers grow thanks to this system. This article aims to prove the effectiveness of the Qualified Majority Voting faced to the pros of the unanimity system and the possible solutions as the progressive implementation in concrete fields as sanctions, human rights and civil missions.
The issue with regards to resources have always been of paramount concern. It becomes, however, e... more The issue with regards to resources have always been of paramount concern. It becomes, however, ever more important during the times of crisis and wars as they are most needed in those times and scarce in supply. Hence, there emerges intrinsic tension over the resources between parties concerned in a conflict of any sort. Scholarly attention on resources in political economic context has also been increased over the years through Cold War to post Cold War era. The relation between resources and geographies of war received considerable popular attention as well as scholarly attention. Philippe Le Billon has contributed to this literature with his work the Geopolitical Economy of Resource Wars. Resource wars is described as "armed conflicts revolving to a significant degree, over the pursuit or possession of critical materials" (Billon). It originated in US in the beginning of 1980s regarding US reach to oil challenged by USSR (2004). This commentary will first introduce the author briefly and provide an overview of his work. Then, it will lay out prominent ideas in his article and discuss their aspects of interest to this commentary.
International relations has historically been a state-centric discipline. States occupied almost ... more International relations has historically been a state-centric discipline. States occupied almost all of the space in analyzing and debating events. However, this approach has been problematized starting from 1970s with an acceleration from 1990s onwards. Critical scholars particularly those from Marxist tradition has received much attention and popular appraisal in this regard. Their studies largely relied on Africa as it is acclaimed to be the most intense space to expose weaknesses of modern capitalist state and associated hegemonic discourses.
“The very “rules of war” have changed. The role of non-military means of achieving political stra... more “The very “rules of war” have changed. The role of non-military means of achieving political strategic goals has grown, and, in many cases, they have exceeded the power of force of weapons in their effectiveness.”, asserted General Valery Gerasimov-Russia’s chief of the General Staff (Chase 2017). This marked a landmark paradigm shift in the way Russia conceive the conduct of warfare, what is sometimes called as “Gerasimov Doctrine”. As Russia started to challenge the US hegemony and upon this the US is concerned about the international liberal order the so-called hybrid warfare pits these major powers against each other over the question of world order (Trenin 2018). After the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the studies on the concept of hybrid war grabbed attention with an exponential increase of publications over the issue (Wither 2016). Recent decade demonstrates that Russia developed itself in tailoring available tools at its disposal to the provisions and conditions of the context in the best manner (Thiele 2015). A paper published by RAND in 2017 inspired this paper to investigate Russian hybrid warfare across Europe and beyond2. Against this background, this paper aims to provide a lens through which the examples of Russian activities under cyber domain and economic realm within the broader concept of Russia’s hybrid warfare is reviewed in a comparable manner.
Societies across the globe has come under severe strain with the outbreak and fast spread of the ... more Societies across the globe has come under severe strain with the outbreak and fast spread of the novel COVID-19. So has the EU as well since it has recently become the new epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is this very gloomy context that brings the questions over European solidarity and EU's relevance in dealing with this sort of transboundary crisis to the fore once again. Against this background, this essay will examine the EU’s role and relevance for the solidarity inside the EU with its health and socio-economic dimensions.
Public opinion plays a considerable role in formulation of foreign policy making regardless of wh... more Public opinion plays a considerable role in formulation of foreign policy making regardless of whether a regime is democratic or not. Turkey’s accession process to the EU can be called controversial, thus it would be useful to employ a public opinion narrative in order to better examine developments in the relations and their implications on the relations through the lens of framed public. In this context, based on a survey conducted among the students of Bahcesehir University this report tries to make analysis on Turkey-EU relations in a challenges-oriented perspective. The foremost finding of the survey is that perceptions of the challenges in the Turkey-EU relations appear to be a puzzled one as shown by diverse distribution of the responses to the relevant questions and most importantly by the high portions of Don’t know responses. As a result, a recommended respective survey would be conducted to be able to crystallize grifts.
bie3: Boletín IEEE, 2021
Turkey's position in NATO and broadly within the Western framework has on-and-off become of conce... more Turkey's position in NATO and broadly within the Western framework has on-and-off become of concern. As concerns around Turkey's Western orientation flared up again very recently, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of Turkey's strategic reorientation. To this end, implications of the change from Strategic Depth to Blue Homeland doctrine in Turkey's geostrategic vision in the light of changing parameters in the recent decades are analysed. Based on this analysis, this paper argues that Turkey's drift away from the West is far from translating into a full-fledged shift of axis towards the East. Instead, through asserting certain degree of 'strategic autonomy' Turkey tries to stand up to the challenges of an increasingly multipolar world and ensure a higher appreciation of its status within the West albeit in a collision with its Western allies.
• Maritime and naval domains are essential for the (already) coming age of US-China rivalry and B... more • Maritime and naval domains are essential for the (already) coming age of US-China rivalry and Brazil's positioning under this scenario. • A renewed maritime and naval perspective could be seen as a timely policy issue mainly due to the prospect of Lula's comeback to the power and an imperative mainly due to the growing US-China rivalry in the international context. • Blue Amazon (denoting Brazilian maritime space) lies at the intersection of national development based on sustainable use of maritime resources and national defense of Brazilian mainland. • A politico-strategic and military-strategic perspective calls for an enhanced Brazilian maritime & naval capacity requiring dense investment in Navy's inventory stock and new cooperation frameworks.
The EU's voting system has been questioned in recent years. Two voting regimes have been contrapo... more The EU's voting system has been questioned in recent years. Two voting regimes have been contraposed: unanimity and qualified majority voting. While the first one is declining its importance since several member states refuse to remove it, the second one is gaining popularity as European powers grow thanks to this system. This article aims to prove the effectiveness of the Qualified Majority Voting faced to the pros of the unanimity system and the possible solutions as the progressive implementation in concrete fields as sanctions, human rights and civil missions.
The issue with regards to resources have always been of paramount concern. It becomes, however, e... more The issue with regards to resources have always been of paramount concern. It becomes, however, ever more important during the times of crisis and wars as they are most needed in those times and scarce in supply. Hence, there emerges intrinsic tension over the resources between parties concerned in a conflict of any sort. Scholarly attention on resources in political economic context has also been increased over the years through Cold War to post Cold War era. The relation between resources and geographies of war received considerable popular attention as well as scholarly attention. Philippe Le Billon has contributed to this literature with his work the Geopolitical Economy of Resource Wars. Resource wars is described as "armed conflicts revolving to a significant degree, over the pursuit or possession of critical materials" (Billon). It originated in US in the beginning of 1980s regarding US reach to oil challenged by USSR (2004). This commentary will first introduce the author briefly and provide an overview of his work. Then, it will lay out prominent ideas in his article and discuss their aspects of interest to this commentary.
International relations has historically been a state-centric discipline. States occupied almost ... more International relations has historically been a state-centric discipline. States occupied almost all of the space in analyzing and debating events. However, this approach has been problematized starting from 1970s with an acceleration from 1990s onwards. Critical scholars particularly those from Marxist tradition has received much attention and popular appraisal in this regard. Their studies largely relied on Africa as it is acclaimed to be the most intense space to expose weaknesses of modern capitalist state and associated hegemonic discourses.
