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Papers by Jesús M. Alvarado
Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 2019
[Article in spanish] Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDM) are discrete latent variable models of con... more [Article in spanish] Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDM) are discrete latent variable models of confirmatory nature, devised for the evaluation of multidimensional constructs such as reading comprehension. In the present work the steps to design an evaluation of the CDM are shown. The study involved 434 students between the ages of 9 and 10 years old who were given a set of reading comprehension items. A panel of experts identified the skills underlie to the different items. After the identification of the set of skills, it was built a matrix of items by skills, called Q-matrix. Upon base on Q-matrix, it was studied the fit between different CDM models (DINO,
DINA, RRUM and G-DINA) obtaining a good fit to the G-DINA model. This result allowed to make a description of the students according to their abilities in the different dimensions of reading comprehension and to contribute to the knowledge of the skills underlie to comprehension.
The Cronbach's alpha is the most widely used method for estimating internal consistency reliabili... more The Cronbach's alpha is the most widely used method for estimating internal consistency reliability. This procedure has proved very resistant to the passage of time, even if its limitations are well documented and although there are better options as omega coefficient or the different versions of glb, with obvious advantages especially for applied research in which the ítems differ in quality or have skewed distributions. In this paper, using Monte Carlo simulation, the performance of these reliability coefficients under a one-dimensional model is evaluated in terms of skewness and no tau-equivalence. The results show that omega coefficient is always better choice than alpha and in the presence of skew items is preferable to use omega and glb coefficients even in small samples.
La participación política es un concepto complejo en el que entran en juego un conjunto de factor... more La participación política es un concepto complejo en el que entran en juego un conjunto de factores que explican su naturaleza entre los que destacan las actitudes de
las personas hacia los diversos objetos y elementos de la política y que representan un eje central para su comprensión. La medida y evaluación de estas actitudes se viene realizando regularmente por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas de España (CIS) mediante el cuestionario Citizenship de la Internacional Social Survey Program (ISSP).
El objetivo del presente estudio es probar la bondad de ajuste del modelo teórico propuesto evaluando la multidimensionalidad del concepto participación política a partir del análisis de las respuestas de 384 sujetos al cuestionario de la ISSP mediante el uso de los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales y del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC).
Los resultados muestran que las relaciones encontradas entre variables latentes y observadas se corresponden con la teoría, obteniéndose un buen ajuste de los datos al modelo propuesto.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el programa de Becas Chile de Conicyt, en su modalidad de est... more Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el programa de Becas Chile de Conicyt, en su modalidad de estudios de doctorado en el extranjero.
This study reports the degrees of approval for different aggressive acts in a number of instrumen... more This study reports the degrees of approval for different aggressive acts in a number of instrumental and emotional situations. A nationally-adapted version of the Lagerspetz and Westman questionnaire [1] was administered to 332 university students of both sexes in Spain and Hong Kong. Respondents had to indicate levels of justification of several aggressive acts of different quality and intensity in the context of different social justifications. Our results replicated the general findings of previous research in other cultures: in both samples, more drastic forms of aggression (e.g., killing, torture) were less accepted than non-dangerous forms of such behavior (e.g., hindering, being ironic); aggressive acts more socially justified (in terms of protection of self or other) were clearly more accepted than others with no such justification (problems of communication); and instrumental-motivated aggression was higher justified than emotional-motivated aggression. Some differences in the level of acceptance according to the sex of the participants were found: women were more prone to a higher acceptance of acts and situations more related to emotion. Although both sexes justified aggression in a higher degree for instrumentally motivated situations than for emotional ones, males showed a higher acceptance than females for instrumental situations and a lower one than females for emotional ones. There were also some minor culturally bound differences in these attitudes: Spaniards accepted less than HK students aggression in emotional situations, specially for the cases of punishment and lack of communication, but more emotional acts, such as rage and shouting. Thus, patterns of moral approval of various kinds of aggressive acts are in a large part common to both cultures. Findings also confirmed a two-factor solution and the respective predictive power of justifications for aggression in instrumental vs. emotional motivated situations. The reliability and validity of this brief self-report have been further established by the present study, paving the way for future studies to measure instrumental and emotional aggression.
El rendimiento académico se concibe como un constructo en el que no sólo se contemplan las aptitu... more El rendimiento académico se concibe como un constructo en el que no sólo se contemplan las aptitudes y la motivación del alumno sino también otras variables intervinientes como los aspectos docentes, la relación profesor-alumno, el entorno familiar, etc. Desde este enfoque multidisciplinar, Forteza (1975) define el rendimiento académico como «la productividad del sujeto, el producto final de la aplicación de su esfuerzo, matizado por sus actividades, rasgos y la percepción más o menos correcta de los cometidos asignados». No obstante, a la hora de operativizar el rendimiento, tal como apunta González (1988) se tiende al reduccionismo, así, en la bibliografía observamos que la mayor parte de las investigaciones toman de él dos tipos de medidas: «las pruebas objetivas» y «las calificaciones del profesorado» que, como muestran Marrero y Espino (1988) son entre sí medidas complementarias: «Así, mientras que las notas recogen variables importantes referidas al individuo, a su contexto y a la interacción entre ambas, las pruebas objetivas miden el conocimiento adquirido sin considerar especialmente otras variables importantes, pero de una forma más objetiva». Estos mismos autores analizaron el poder predictivo de las distintas aptitudes, mediante regresión múltiple, concluyendo que la más importante predictora del rendimiento académico es la
En la última década se han realizado importantes esfuerzos por integrar en un marco teórico unifi... more En la última década se han realizado importantes esfuerzos por integrar en un marco teórico unificado las múltiples investigaciones encaminadas a conocer los mecanismos y explicar los efectos que tienen sobre la ejecución de una tarea la presencia de estímulos irrelevantes para esa tarea. Se han elaborado distintas clasificaciones en relación con si hay o no coincidencias o solapamientos entre los estímulos presentados y las posibles respuestas, siendo el modelo DO (Dimensional Overlap) el más relevante entre los propuestos . Este modelo contempla ocho tipos de solapamiento entre los que se encuentran el del estímulo relevante u objetivo con otros irrelevantes y el de solapamiento estímulos irrelevantes con la emisión de la respuesta. El primer tipo se da típicamente en el paradigma de Eriksen (B.A. Eriksen y C.W. Eriksen, 1974) y el segundo corresponde al denominado efecto .
MPR-online
We describe here a program for the Design of Experiments for Visual Attention Tasks (DEVAT). This... more We describe here a program for the Design of Experiments for Visual Attention Tasks (DEVAT). This program incorporates an extended version of the Eriksen response-competition paradigm. It allows the operator to make experiments with visual stimuli where a target letter is presented surrounded by noise letters in two-dimensional configurations. Reaction times and error rates are measured and then compared with the predictions made by such one-or two-dimensional visual attention theories as the CTVA and CTVA-2D models. The program is written in C++ and runs in the DOS operating system on IBM-PC compatibles with a 486 or later processor. An example with some results provided by DEVAT is given and a demo running in WINDOWS is also included.
Revista latinoamericana de psicología
Research carried out during the last 50 years has shown that the majority of schooled deafpeople ... more Research carried out during the last 50 years has shown that the majority of schooled deafpeople do not reach the minimal or functional level for written communication. In this article, a review of the investigation attempting to establish the causes and possible solutions for improving reading in deaf children is presented. In particular, we analyze the linguistic components and the signed, phonological and dactylic codes. Finally, we propose a reading model for deaf people; this model is similar to the model proposed for individuals with phonological dyslexia. The following strategies for improving their phonological components are emphasized: dactylology, lip reading, cochlear implants, cued-speech, sign language and kinesthetic stimulation.
Psicológica
APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser c... more APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser configuration. - alerts user that their session is about to expire - display, print, save, export, and email selected records - get My ...
Psicológica
The CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) is a mathematical model explaining the effects of grou... more The CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) is a mathematical model explaining the effects of grouping by proximity and distance upon reaction times and accuracy of response with regard to elements in the visual display. The predictions of the theory agree quite acceptably in one and two dimensions (CTVA-2D) with the experimental results (reaction times and accuracy of response). The difference between reaction-times for the compatible and incompatible responses, known as the responsecompatibility effect, is also acceptably predicted, except at small distances and high number of distractors. Further results using the same paradigm at even smaller distances have been now obtained, showing greater discrepancies. Then, we have introduced a method to evaluate the strength of sensory evidence (eta parameter), which takes grouping by similarity into account and minimizes these discrepancies.
Ayuda. Buscador. Ver el registro completo y el enlace al documento. Registro completo. Recurso de... more Ayuda. Buscador. Ver el registro completo y el enlace al documento. Registro completo. Recurso de origen, Biblos-e: Archivo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Identificador, http://digitool-uam.greendata.es:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager ...
Revista latinoamericana de psicología
Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 2019
[Article in spanish] Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDM) are discrete latent variable models of con... more [Article in spanish] Cognitive Diagnostic Models (CDM) are discrete latent variable models of confirmatory nature, devised for the evaluation of multidimensional constructs such as reading comprehension. In the present work the steps to design an evaluation of the CDM are shown. The study involved 434 students between the ages of 9 and 10 years old who were given a set of reading comprehension items. A panel of experts identified the skills underlie to the different items. After the identification of the set of skills, it was built a matrix of items by skills, called Q-matrix. Upon base on Q-matrix, it was studied the fit between different CDM models (DINO,
DINA, RRUM and G-DINA) obtaining a good fit to the G-DINA model. This result allowed to make a description of the students according to their abilities in the different dimensions of reading comprehension and to contribute to the knowledge of the skills underlie to comprehension.
The Cronbach's alpha is the most widely used method for estimating internal consistency reliabili... more The Cronbach's alpha is the most widely used method for estimating internal consistency reliability. This procedure has proved very resistant to the passage of time, even if its limitations are well documented and although there are better options as omega coefficient or the different versions of glb, with obvious advantages especially for applied research in which the ítems differ in quality or have skewed distributions. In this paper, using Monte Carlo simulation, the performance of these reliability coefficients under a one-dimensional model is evaluated in terms of skewness and no tau-equivalence. The results show that omega coefficient is always better choice than alpha and in the presence of skew items is preferable to use omega and glb coefficients even in small samples.
La participación política es un concepto complejo en el que entran en juego un conjunto de factor... more La participación política es un concepto complejo en el que entran en juego un conjunto de factores que explican su naturaleza entre los que destacan las actitudes de
las personas hacia los diversos objetos y elementos de la política y que representan un eje central para su comprensión. La medida y evaluación de estas actitudes se viene realizando regularmente por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas de España (CIS) mediante el cuestionario Citizenship de la Internacional Social Survey Program (ISSP).
El objetivo del presente estudio es probar la bondad de ajuste del modelo teórico propuesto evaluando la multidimensionalidad del concepto participación política a partir del análisis de las respuestas de 384 sujetos al cuestionario de la ISSP mediante el uso de los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales y del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC).
Los resultados muestran que las relaciones encontradas entre variables latentes y observadas se corresponden con la teoría, obteniéndose un buen ajuste de los datos al modelo propuesto.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el programa de Becas Chile de Conicyt, en su modalidad de est... more Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el programa de Becas Chile de Conicyt, en su modalidad de estudios de doctorado en el extranjero.
This study reports the degrees of approval for different aggressive acts in a number of instrumen... more This study reports the degrees of approval for different aggressive acts in a number of instrumental and emotional situations. A nationally-adapted version of the Lagerspetz and Westman questionnaire [1] was administered to 332 university students of both sexes in Spain and Hong Kong. Respondents had to indicate levels of justification of several aggressive acts of different quality and intensity in the context of different social justifications. Our results replicated the general findings of previous research in other cultures: in both samples, more drastic forms of aggression (e.g., killing, torture) were less accepted than non-dangerous forms of such behavior (e.g., hindering, being ironic); aggressive acts more socially justified (in terms of protection of self or other) were clearly more accepted than others with no such justification (problems of communication); and instrumental-motivated aggression was higher justified than emotional-motivated aggression. Some differences in the level of acceptance according to the sex of the participants were found: women were more prone to a higher acceptance of acts and situations more related to emotion. Although both sexes justified aggression in a higher degree for instrumentally motivated situations than for emotional ones, males showed a higher acceptance than females for instrumental situations and a lower one than females for emotional ones. There were also some minor culturally bound differences in these attitudes: Spaniards accepted less than HK students aggression in emotional situations, specially for the cases of punishment and lack of communication, but more emotional acts, such as rage and shouting. Thus, patterns of moral approval of various kinds of aggressive acts are in a large part common to both cultures. Findings also confirmed a two-factor solution and the respective predictive power of justifications for aggression in instrumental vs. emotional motivated situations. The reliability and validity of this brief self-report have been further established by the present study, paving the way for future studies to measure instrumental and emotional aggression.
El rendimiento académico se concibe como un constructo en el que no sólo se contemplan las aptitu... more El rendimiento académico se concibe como un constructo en el que no sólo se contemplan las aptitudes y la motivación del alumno sino también otras variables intervinientes como los aspectos docentes, la relación profesor-alumno, el entorno familiar, etc. Desde este enfoque multidisciplinar, Forteza (1975) define el rendimiento académico como «la productividad del sujeto, el producto final de la aplicación de su esfuerzo, matizado por sus actividades, rasgos y la percepción más o menos correcta de los cometidos asignados». No obstante, a la hora de operativizar el rendimiento, tal como apunta González (1988) se tiende al reduccionismo, así, en la bibliografía observamos que la mayor parte de las investigaciones toman de él dos tipos de medidas: «las pruebas objetivas» y «las calificaciones del profesorado» que, como muestran Marrero y Espino (1988) son entre sí medidas complementarias: «Así, mientras que las notas recogen variables importantes referidas al individuo, a su contexto y a la interacción entre ambas, las pruebas objetivas miden el conocimiento adquirido sin considerar especialmente otras variables importantes, pero de una forma más objetiva». Estos mismos autores analizaron el poder predictivo de las distintas aptitudes, mediante regresión múltiple, concluyendo que la más importante predictora del rendimiento académico es la
En la última década se han realizado importantes esfuerzos por integrar en un marco teórico unifi... more En la última década se han realizado importantes esfuerzos por integrar en un marco teórico unificado las múltiples investigaciones encaminadas a conocer los mecanismos y explicar los efectos que tienen sobre la ejecución de una tarea la presencia de estímulos irrelevantes para esa tarea. Se han elaborado distintas clasificaciones en relación con si hay o no coincidencias o solapamientos entre los estímulos presentados y las posibles respuestas, siendo el modelo DO (Dimensional Overlap) el más relevante entre los propuestos . Este modelo contempla ocho tipos de solapamiento entre los que se encuentran el del estímulo relevante u objetivo con otros irrelevantes y el de solapamiento estímulos irrelevantes con la emisión de la respuesta. El primer tipo se da típicamente en el paradigma de Eriksen (B.A. Eriksen y C.W. Eriksen, 1974) y el segundo corresponde al denominado efecto .
MPR-online
We describe here a program for the Design of Experiments for Visual Attention Tasks (DEVAT). This... more We describe here a program for the Design of Experiments for Visual Attention Tasks (DEVAT). This program incorporates an extended version of the Eriksen response-competition paradigm. It allows the operator to make experiments with visual stimuli where a target letter is presented surrounded by noise letters in two-dimensional configurations. Reaction times and error rates are measured and then compared with the predictions made by such one-or two-dimensional visual attention theories as the CTVA and CTVA-2D models. The program is written in C++ and runs in the DOS operating system on IBM-PC compatibles with a 486 or later processor. An example with some results provided by DEVAT is given and a demo running in WINDOWS is also included.
Revista latinoamericana de psicología
Research carried out during the last 50 years has shown that the majority of schooled deafpeople ... more Research carried out during the last 50 years has shown that the majority of schooled deafpeople do not reach the minimal or functional level for written communication. In this article, a review of the investigation attempting to establish the causes and possible solutions for improving reading in deaf children is presented. In particular, we analyze the linguistic components and the signed, phonological and dactylic codes. Finally, we propose a reading model for deaf people; this model is similar to the model proposed for individuals with phonological dyslexia. The following strategies for improving their phonological components are emphasized: dactylology, lip reading, cochlear implants, cued-speech, sign language and kinesthetic stimulation.
Psicológica
APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser c... more APA PsycNET Our Apologies! - The following features are not available with your current Browser configuration. - alerts user that their session is about to expire - display, print, save, export, and email selected records - get My ...
Psicológica
The CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) is a mathematical model explaining the effects of grou... more The CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) is a mathematical model explaining the effects of grouping by proximity and distance upon reaction times and accuracy of response with regard to elements in the visual display. The predictions of the theory agree quite acceptably in one and two dimensions (CTVA-2D) with the experimental results (reaction times and accuracy of response). The difference between reaction-times for the compatible and incompatible responses, known as the responsecompatibility effect, is also acceptably predicted, except at small distances and high number of distractors. Further results using the same paradigm at even smaller distances have been now obtained, showing greater discrepancies. Then, we have introduced a method to evaluate the strength of sensory evidence (eta parameter), which takes grouping by similarity into account and minimizes these discrepancies.
Ayuda. Buscador. Ver el registro completo y el enlace al documento. Registro completo. Recurso de... more Ayuda. Buscador. Ver el registro completo y el enlace al documento. Registro completo. Recurso de origen, Biblos-e: Archivo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Identificador, http://digitool-uam.greendata.es:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager ...
Revista latinoamericana de psicología