imran kalim | University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan (original) (raw)

Papers by imran kalim

Pakistan journal of science, Jan 4, 2023

The emerging mega city of Lahore has been progressing by leaps and bounds in last two decades whi... more The emerging mega city of Lahore has been progressing by leaps and bounds in last two decades which is directly related to an immense increase of number of vehicles and power generation systems using fossil fuels. The present study entails the quantification and evaluation of potential risk due to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) which is one of the known organic pollutants from vehicular, power generation system's exhaust and other industrial activities. The samples of Total Suspended Particulate Matters (TSPM) were collected from various urbanized sites present at Badami Bagh, Lahore, Pakistan for the estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The technique used for quantification of PAH's was Gas Chromatography. The concentration of mean total of PAH was 746.60 ng/m 3. Dibenzo(a,h) Anthracene was found to be in highest concentration of 142.35 ng/m 3 among all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under investigation.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Oct 1, 2022

The present research work is being executed on account of detection of aflatoxins B1, AFB2, AFG1 ... more The present research work is being executed on account of detection of aflatoxins B1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in dry fruits. Total 50 samples of dry fruits including dried figs, dried apricots, peanuts, almonds and dried dates were collected from different areas of Punjab, Pakistan and were analyzed for aflatoxin detection (AFs) by enzyme linked immunoassay technique (ELISA). The results showed that AFs were detected in 33% (n = 17) samples having range from 2.8-14 μg/kg in dry fruits, with an average limit 9.12 μg/kg. In 59% (n=10) samples of dried fruits the AFs limit was above the maximum limits, i.e., ML = 10 μg/kg as given by European Union (EU). Moreover, 41% (n=7) of the total detected samples having AFs limits below the maximum limit of aflatoxins as purposed by the EU. It is hereby concluded that the need is to launch an uninterrupted and rigid national supervising architectural plan in order to raise the standard and safety of dry fruits for human consumption.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2023

A graphical technique for the design of PI/PID controllers to achieve desired closed-loop frequen... more A graphical technique for the design of PI/PID controllers to achieve desired closed-loop frequency-domain as well as time-domain specifications simultaneously, is proposed in this paper. Both frequency and time-domain performance measures such as gain margin, phase margin, maximum percentage overshoot and settling time can be specified before controller tuning. Simplicity of the technique is an added advantage. The concept of stability boundary locus along with gain phase margin tester (GPMT) is used to compute constant gain and phase margin boundaries in the controller parameters plane. Common area of constant gain and phase margin boundaries within the all stability region is the desired gain and phase margin region (DGPMR). A novel graphical technique using the direct synthesis approach is proposed to obtain the desired closed-loop time response. Curves corresponding to the time-domain performance measures (maximum percentage overshoot and settling time) are drawn in the controller parameters plane. Intersection of the above-said curves within the DGPMR gives the desired controller parameters. Simulation results for a nonminimum-phase third order process and hardware experimental results for a DC-DC boost converter with comparison are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed tuning strategy.

Iet Power Electronics, Apr 20, 2021

A novel graphical tuning method of PID controller for output voltage regulation of a DC-DC boost ... more A novel graphical tuning method of PID controller for output voltage regulation of a DC-DC boost converter is proposed. The advantage of the presented method is that the desired robustness level in terms of gain and phase margins can be pre-specified. A technique to limit the noise level in the control signal to a pre-specified value by selecting the derivative gain (k d), is also discussed. Simplicity of the technique is an added advantage. Concept of root crossing boundaries along with the gain phase margin tester is applied to compute constant gain and phase margin boundaries in the controller parameters plane. The overlapping area of constant gain and phase margin boundaries within the all stability region is the desired gain and phase margin region (DGPMR). Controller parameters are obtained by computing the centroid of the triangular convex region of the DGPMR. Effectiveness of the proposed tuning strategy is illustrated by simulation and hardware experimental results. Furthermore, the proposed method yields improved closed-loop performance compared to a recently reported tuning strategy in nominal as well as perturbed scenarios. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2021 29th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), 2021

IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2020

In the presence of disturbances associated with the manipulated variable, performance of a single... more In the presence of disturbances associated with the manipulated variable, performance of a single loop control structure can be improved with the help of a series cascade control. A design approach for a series cascade control system is proposed in this paper. The secondary controller is tuned by finding the centroid of the convex stability region to quickly attenuate the disturbances arising in the inner loop before they influence the controlled variable, whereas the primary controller is tuned by magnitude optimum criterion to achieve improved servo response in the outer loop. Servo and regulatory responses for the nominal model, as well as for the perturbed model of the plant obtained by the proposed method are compared with some recently reported tuning strategies. Simulation results show that the proposed tuning strategy yields improved closed-loop performance.

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jun 16, 2020

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in atmosphere are amongst the hazardous identified organi... more PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in atmosphere are amongst the hazardous identified organic pollutants. The present study was conducted on the determination of PAHs concentrations in the air of Data Darbar Chowk, Lahore, Pakistan. The particulate matters in the atmosphere were collected using high volume samplers. Average Total Particulate Matter (mg) of PM 2.5 was 20.96 and PM 10 was 188.7. The concentration of PM 2.5 was 698.81 ngm-3 /hr and 16771 ngm-3 /day while concentration of PM 10 was 6290 ngm-3 /hr and 150960 ngm-3 /day. Quantification of different PAHs and related compounds was done by using Gas Chromatography. The mean total quantity of PAH in air was 955.588 ngm-3. The mean concentration of dibenzo (a, h) anthracene was highest i.e. 161.33 ngm-3 with 13.94 ngm-3 Minimum and 308.72 ngm-3 Maximum, concentrations. PAHs concentration was found to be very high in current research. There should be proper control through air management system to tackle with harmfulness of health hazardous organic pollutants.

Journal of Environmental Management

Textile wastewater is ranked highly contaminated among all industrial waste. During textile proce... more Textile wastewater is ranked highly contaminated among all industrial waste. During textile processing, the consumption of dyes and complex chemicals at various stages makes textile industrial wastewater highly challenging. Therefore, conventional processes based on single-unit treatment may not be sufficient to comply with the environmental quality discharge standards and more stringent guidelines for zero discharge of hazardous chemicals (ZDHC). In this study, a novel approach was followed by recycling Poly aluminum chloride (PACl) and Alum as a catalyst for the first time in the catalytic ozonation treatment process leading to a nascent method after using them as a coagulant in Coagulation/Flocculation. In the current investigation, six different combinations were studied to remove turbidity, TSS, COD, BOD5, color, and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratios) of wastewater. Moreover, Central Composite Design was implied using RSM in Minitab software. During the combination of treatment processes, it was found that the precoagulation/flocculation with coagulant PACl followed by post catalytic ozonation with recycled PACl, a more effective treatment than others. The optimum R.E of turbidity, TSS, COD, and color were 84%, 86%, 89%, and 98%, respectively. Moreover, a decrease in toxicity and an increase in biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio from 0.29 to 0.54) was observed as well. The electrical energy demand and operational costs of treatment processes were estimated and compared with other treatment processes.

Journal of Biotechnology & Bioresearch, 2019

Acrylamide presence in food has become a serious issue as it leads to cancer formation. Acrylamid... more Acrylamide presence in food has become a serious issue as it leads to cancer formation. Acrylamide is present in many of daily use products and is potentially hazardous for public health as well as environment. Acrylamide a simple organic compound that is responsible for causing cancer, neuro-degenerative diseases as well as other reproductive issues. Acrylamide is present in most of our food products and get worse with the cooking or heating process. It accounts for major health concerns because of its high-level consumption especially by young generation, which is fond of processed and baked food now-a-days. The conversion of acrylamide into carcinogenic agent is by the reaction called as Maillard reaction, which often leads to the browning or change in the food. time exposure to a substance containing acrylamide can be source of cancer or other disorders. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the methods for the detection of acrylamide, its major health concerns, its mitigation as well as its permissible limits along with its formation.

Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 2019

The aflatoxin contamination of food products is a prime parameter to analyze the quality of food.... more The aflatoxin contamination of food products is a prime parameter to analyze the quality of food. The present work specifically involves the determination of aflatoxin content of food through chromatographic technique. Pakistan Food Authority and European Union Regulations were followed for quantitative analysis of AFTs in pulses and spices. The samples were collected from different regions of Punjab including Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala and Gujrat. The AFTs detected in 120 samples, as per detection limits defined by regulatory authorities i.e. 50 ppb for spices and 4 ppb for pulses through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Maximum AFTs was observed in (spices) red chili samples from Gujranwala city (55.5 ppb), black pepper samples from Narowal city (65.9 ppb), coriander samples from Shakar Garh (67.9 ppb), cumin samples from Daska (63.9) and aniseed samples from Sambrial (52.5 ppb). On the other hand, maximum AFTs for pulses was observed in split chick pea sample from Lahore (11.2 ...

Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences

The current research was conducted for the determination of concentrations of health hazardous PA... more The current research was conducted for the determination of concentrations of health hazardous PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in atmosphere which are among the dangerous identified organic pollutants. The atmospheric particulate matters were collected using high volume samplers from the industrial estate of Kot Lakhpat, Lahore, Pakistan. Average TPM (mg) of PM 2.5 was 16.030 and PM 10 was 144.300. The concentration of PM 2.5 was 534.390 ng/m 3 /h and 12825 ng/m 3 /day, while concentration of PM 10 was 4180 ng/m 3 /h and 115440 ng/m 3 /day. Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of 16 different PAHs. The mean total quantity of PAHs in air was 742.030 ng/m 3 on the basis of total particulate matter. The mean concentration of dibenzo(a,h) anthracene was highest i.e. 123.370 ng/m 3 with 10.660 ng/m 3 minimum and 236.080 ng/m 3 maximum, concentrations. In the present study the PAHs concentrations are found to be very high, so, there should be proper air management system to control such health hazardous organic pollutants.

Biological Sciences - PJSIR

Present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional values of red skin potatoes collected from... more Present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional values of red skin potatoes collected fromGujranwala and Lahore regions of Pakistan. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) of Gujranwala and Lahorewere found to contain moisture contents of 5.00 and 5.15%, respectively. Fat was 0.19% in S. tuberosumof Gujranwala whereas Lahore potatoes were found to contain fat 0.2%. Fibre content of S. tuberosum ofGujranwala was 16.47% while S. tuberosum of Lahore had 13.45% fibre. Protein contents of S. tuberosumof Gujranwala were 12.89% whereas for S. tuberosum of Lahore were 13.11%. The water extract showedsignificant free radical scavenging activities in DPPH radical scavenging antioxidant assay and antioxidantactivity was increased in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that potato (S. tuberosum) is notonly a cheap source of very important nutritents but also has antioxidant activities which are helpful tomaintain different physiological functions of body.

Ochratoxin is harmful metabolite formed by numerous fungal species like Aspergillus and Penicilli... more Ochratoxin is harmful metabolite formed by numerous fungal species like Aspergillus and Penicillium (Balendres et al., 2019). Ochratoxins are classified as Ochratoxin A, B and C on the basis of minor chemical structural differences. Ochratoxin A was found to be the more carcinogenic than other types of ochratoxins (Zebiri et al., 2019). The structure of OTA-A is given in Figure 1 (Chen et al., 2018).

Oranges (Citrus sinensis) are very important in fruits and contain very important nutritional com... more Oranges (Citrus sinensis) are very important in fruits and contain very important nutritional components which have medicinal importance as well. The zest of orange peel was obtained by scraping out outer most colored covering of orange peel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional significance and antioxidant activity of zest obtained from orange peel. Data revealed that orange outer most covering (zest) had higher amount of fiber 5.01%. The total moisture content (4.716%) and total ash content (0.0338%) were calculated in dried sample of orange peel zest. Protein, Fat and carbohydrate contents were 3.00, 1.65 and 10.70 % respectively. Antioxidant activity demonstrates the different inhibition percentage at different concentration. Antioxidants keep the DNA of healthy cells from mutating into cancerous cell, so antioxidants are the first line of defense for cancer and other serious disease. Heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, As, Cr were not detected in zest of orange peel.

Artificial food dyes act as impurities when determining the amount of aflatoxins in food samples.... more Artificial food dyes act as impurities when determining the amount of aflatoxins in food samples. A combination of two adsorbents including treated bagasse and treated charcoal proved to be the best constituents for the removal of artificial food dyes from different samples of coloured candies using column chromatography. Bagasse and charcoal are inexpensive adsorbents which are modified when treated with respective chemicals. Parameters including rate of flow and percentage adsorptions were studied. The average results of varied percentage adsorption for different coloured dyes included 44.38% adsorption of red dye, 59.40% of yellow dye, 94.81% of green dye, 54.64% of orange dye, and 81.28% of purple coloured dye. The maximum 100% adsorption was also observed in two of the green coloured sample solutions with the best efficiency.

Synthetic food colors are widely used in food products for attractiveness of food entities. These... more Synthetic food colors are widely used in food products for attractiveness of food entities. These synthetic food colors have very ruinous effects on human health. It is now direly needed to replace artificial colors by natural food colors. The high levels of betalains are present in red beet root which have health enhancing properties and hence can be used as natural food colors and food additives. The present study aims to extract natural red dye from red beetroots for coloring the food products instead of the synthetic colors to avoid the harmfulness to humans. The unique crimson red color of red beet acts as best natural dye. The obtained nutritional analysis results suggest that the dye extracted from red beetroot can be considered a potential dye to be used as natural colorant. The prepared red dye paste exhibits the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (33.32%) with water extract (10mg/ml). The stability of red dye depends on temperature and high temperature decreases its ...

Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research, 2021

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a well known condiment of the Asian cuisine and also used as ayurvedi... more Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a well known condiment of the Asian cuisine and also used as ayurvedic medicine in the content, since ancient times due to its potential therapeutic properties. Main colouring constituent of Curcuma longa is curcumin and curcuminoids. In the present work natural yellow dye was extracted from rhizome of turmeric using an effective low cost method of solvent extraction. The developed natural yellow dye was assessed for physico-chemical analysis, toxicity, polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. Physico-chemical assay showed good nutritional profile of the extracted natural yellow dye and quite safe at dose level 3.5g/Kg body wt. Significant phenolic content was found to be 63.32 mg GAE/100g, and also showed potent antioxidant capacity (% inhibition) ranging from 5.1-20.4 at 1-5 mg/mL concentration. Animal trials showed no mortality in the mice.

The present study aims to inquire the type of food colors present in different varieties of drink... more The present study aims to inquire the type of food colors present in different varieties of drinking food stuff. The research was conducted on different types of beverages, soft drinks and juices for sake of making comparison between branded and non branded items which contain different types of synthetic dyes. Synthetic food colors were determined by using TLC (thin layer chromatography) technique. Permitted colors were determined in majority of branded beverage samples while local illegal food colors were present in local samples which may greatly affect the human health. The results show that there is no quality check system for such types of drinks which may result in health related perils. Due to lack of awareness regarding harmfulness of synthetic food colors more than 60 % people are consuming these harmful dyes particularly in rustic areas. A stronger quality check system should be maintained to fulfill the needs of a regulated system and also to ensure the use of food dyes ...