Giedrius Subačius | University of Illinois at Chicago (original) (raw)
Papers by Giedrius Subačius
Senoji Lietuvos literatūra, 55, p. 137–155, 2023
There are two known stone monuments with epitaphs, written by Simonas Daukantas in his own orthog... more There are two known stone monuments with epitaphs, written by Simonas Daukantas in his own orthography: for a relative priest Simonas Lopacinskis (died in 1814) and for his mother Kotrynė Daukantienė (died in 1847). Analysis of Lopacinskis’s epitaph spelling proves that Daukantas inscribed the text of the gravestone approximately in 1838–1841 (24–27 years after the death of Lopacinskis). His mother’s epitaph is said to be compiled by Daukantas in the beginning of 1848. And graphochronological research reconfirms that this epitaph includes features characteristic to Daukantas orthography in about 1848–1850
Entire Lopacinskis’s epitaph was chiseled out in capital letters. Analysis shows, however, that most of the text written by Daukantas hand must have initially been rendered in lower case letters. And Daukantienė’s epitaph might have been chiseled out not directly from Daukantas’s handwritten note, but from the text first set in print.
Daukantas spelled his mother’s last name DAU‑KONTIENE with the digraph , signifying her native dialectal diphthong [ọn]. Elsewhere at the time Daukantas preferred different digraph <ąn>, so the spelling with might have been an important identity trait of his mother and of his entire family. Had Daukantas’s own signature in Lithuanian survived, it might have contained the same digraph – Daukont’s or Daukontas.
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2023
In 1846, Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) published his translation of Cornelius Nepos’ Lives of Emi... more In 1846, Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) published his translation of Cornelius Nepos’ Lives of Eminent Commanders (in Lithuanian Giwatas Didiujû Karwaidû, GDKs) at Christian Hintze’s printing press in St Petersburg. This study analyses the orthography in GDKs. There was a previous translation of the book by Daukantas in around 1834 (about 12 years earlier), and most of it survives in the shape of a copy by an anonymous hand. The book was printed from a later manuscript that did not survive.
It is obvious that Daukantas had the earlier translation in front of him while preparing the publication. But even if he copied some features of his old orthography, he also often changed the orthography according to his later altered preferences.
Another book by Daukantas published the same year (1846) was Pasakas Phedro (PaPhs), a translation of The Fables of Phaedrus. The manuscript of PaPhs was prepared in Daukantas’ own quite renewed orthography (compared to his older manuscript of the same fables Pasakas Paedraus from the first half of 1836).
The first quarter of the GDKs text was prepared in similar way to PaPhs: Daukantas preferred to replace old orthographic features with newer ones. However, the other three quarters of the GDKs book were prepared differently: many more older orthographic peculiarities were introduced, such as: <‑iba, ‑ibe> (not <‑yba, ‑ybe>); <‑ay, ‑ey>, <‑ai, ‑ei> (not <‑aj, ‑ej>); <‑ij, ‑ei> in open [‑ẹi] flexions (not <‑ĩj>); , <ęi>, in word roots (not <ĩj>); inf. suffix <‑itĩ> (not <‑ytĩ>). The most plausible reason for the decline in Daukantas’ interest in renewing the older orthography in his new manuscript (beginning in the second quarter) was his sudden illness. Daukantas claimed that at the beginning of January 1846, the blood was rushing inside his head so much that he thought he was going mad or dying, and only after four months did the doctors manage to help him recover enough so that he was able to walk. Nevertheless, the pain in his legs was still terrible, and he could not walk further than a few hundred paces at a time. And approximately at that time, Daukantas was working on his GDK manuscript, so it is possible that the misfortune befell him when he was a quarter of the way through his work. It also means that, even though sick and in pain, he continued writing.
Not all the orthographic features were of the same stability. Some of them were quite stable, and Daukantas adapted new versions of expressions even while he was ill (yra; <‑ajs, ‑ejs>; <ąn ąm>; <‑tĩ>; buwo). Other features were less stable and even very unstable, affected by the obvious influence of the orthography of the former manuscript. Among the least stable was the discarding of the grapheme in the position of a long vowel [i·, i]: derivatives with the inf. suffix <‑it‑>; the root giw‑ (‘life, alive’), etc. Also, the diacritical grapheme <ù> was not stable either in PaPhr or in GDKs.
These old graphemes that penetrate new texts might be termed palimpsestic. Old graphemes in new texts, especially those that are characterised by less stability, are palimpsestic. This feature was present to some degree in other writings by Daukantas as well: in some manuscripts we can unexpectedly find the grapheme with the very old meaning of the Lowland Lithuanian sound [ẹ] (pronounced somewhat between [i] and [e]), such as the History of the Lithuanian Lowlands of 1831–1834; proverbs copied from Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus’ dictionaries and Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, both from about 1838, etc. Also, beside the newer grapheme <ó> [ọ], we can find the older <ù> [ọ] in Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, which is a sign that the text was copied from an older manuscript and acquired the former palimpsestic <ù>.
Oikos, 2023
Kalbos istorikas, sociolingvistas, Simono Daukanto veikalų tyrinėtojas profesorius Giedrius Subač... more Kalbos istorikas, sociolingvistas, Simono Daukanto veikalų tyrinėtojas profesorius Giedrius Subačius jau beveik 30 metų gyvena Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, kuriose Čikagos Ilinojaus universitete užsienio studentus supažindina su Lietuvos istorija ir lietuvių kultūra. Jis gerai pažįstamas ir Lietuvos filologų bendruomenei, atpažįstamas ir iš jau trečią dešimtmetį skaičiuojančio žurnalo "Archivum Lithuanicum". Lietuvos kolegos noriai užsuka į svečius Čikagoje. Dalijamės keliais Lituanistikos katedroje viešėjusios dr. Viktorijos Jonkutės pokalbio su profesoriumi fragmentais. Kalbėtasi apie dėstytojo darbą, studentus, profesijos pasirinkimą ir, žinoma, kalbą.
Akadēmiskā Dzīve 59/2023/2024, 2023
The Lithuanian word valstybė ‘state, polity’ was first registered in 1831–1833 in a Lithuanian te... more The Lithuanian word valstybė ‘state, polity’ was first registered in 1831–1833 in a Lithuanian text by Simonas Daukantas – History of the Lithuanian Lowlands (Istoryje Zemaytyszka) in Riga, Latvia.
Daukantas borrowed the word valstybė from Latvian. He believed he had appropriated the word from the Herulian language (not Latvian) via Joachim Lelewel’s text. The word had reached Daukantas Lelewel (1808) → Daukantas (1831–1833).
Daukantas’ work at the General Governor’s office in Rīga must have stimulated him to transfer valstybė into Lithuanian. Daukantas must have seen the printed texts containing the Latvian combination Kreewu(=) walſtibas ‘of the Russian state’ that were circulating in the office, which could have encouraged him to adapt it for his Lithuanian text.
One of the first to resurrect Daukantas’ forgotten loanword valstybė was the writer, political activist Povilas Višinskis, in the January 29 [February 11], 1905 issue of the Lithuanian newspaper Vilniaus žinios (‘Vilnius News’) in the article “Kiek pinigų surenka ir išleidžia Rusų vyriausybė” (How Much Money the Russian Government Collects and Spends). Possibly, during the beginning and certainly by the middle of 1905 Višinskis fully switched to using the word valstybė and abandoned viešpatystė and valstija, which were popular synonyms at the time. After Višinskis, a member of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Augustinas Janulaitis, used the word valstybė in March and April, 1905. At the very end of 1905 the linguist Jonas Jablonskis must have accepted the fact that valstybė had become the more widely used word.
The Russian revolution and the war with Japan in 1905, the Great Assembly of Vilnius at the end of 1905, and the State Parliament elections at the beginning of 1906 made the concept of ‘state, polity’ very frequent and relevant. In 1906, valstybė finally won the competition with its synonyms as the most correct way of expressing the concept. It was noteworthy that Višinskis (circa January 1905) and Janulaitis (circa April 1905) had selected this word, but the approval by Jablonskis (circa December 1905) could have been the most decisive factor for the subsequent wide spread of the word valstybė.
The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Orthography, eds. Marco Condorelli, Hanna Rutkowska, 2023
Historically, orthography has always been dependent on the materiality (physicality) of writing ... more Historically, orthography has always been dependent on the materiality
(physicality) of writing tools and surfaces. In the development of orthographies,
the perception of durability and ephemerality has been a significant factor
as well: in certain cases, hopes for permanence as opposed to temporality
encouraged orthographic differences in written (printed) texts. In ancient
Rome, for example, capital letters carved in stone were more durable than the
minuscules used on wax tablets. After the invention of movable type printing
in fifteenth-century Europe, manuscripts became more ephemeral than
printed texts. For instance, newspapers printed in Lithuania at the end of the
nineteenth century were considered more perishable than printed books.
The materiality of the printing milieu was one of the main reasons for the
symmetry of the majuscules and minuscules in orthographies based on Latin
script and for the absence of most of the abbreviations that are characteristic
of medieval manuscripts. Constrained by the space available within printers’
type cases, the number of typefaces would have been limited, which may
have impacted the development of certain orthographies and may have constrained
the abundance of diacritic marks. The direct materiality of a sheet of
paper also may have influenced the presence of hyphens and abbreviations,
and in certain cases, the choice of graphemes.
This chapter focuses on the materiality of orthography as approached from
the perspective of such research fields as paleography, codicology and orthography.
Materiality as a physical condition or reason for spelling transformations
and variation is considered as either restrictive or encouraging physical
reality for an applied orthography. The chapter then discusses the way the
imaginary durability or ephemerality of the composed text might influence
the orthographic approach (minuscules vs. majuscules, double parallel...
Archivum Lithuanicum 24, 2022
Simonas Daukantas prepared two manuscripts of his Lithuanian translation of the Fables of Phaedru... more Simonas Daukantas prepared two manuscripts of his Lithuanian translation of the Fables of Phaedrus: one in the first half of 1836 (PaP), and another ten years later in about the first half of 1846 (PaPhr). Daukantas exploited two different orthographic tactics in tapping the first manuscript (PaP) as the source for the second one (PaPhr): (1) either to substitute older orthographic peculiarities for his own more recently introduced spelling equivalents
(more frequent approach), or (2) just to keep them (more seldom).
(1) Habitually, Daukantas modified the features of the earlier PaP manuscript: (a) <i, î> [ẹ] → <ĩ> (Ƶînau ‘I know’ → Źĩnau); (b) [i·, i] in stems → (būti ‘to be’ present 3‑person form [ira ‘it is’ → yra], suffixes ‑yba, ‑ybė [prekibà ‘to the trade’ → prekybaj, narsibieje ‘in valor’ → narsybie], inf. suffix → [mokite ‘to teach’ → môkytĩ]); (c) in stems and endings <ai, ei> (, ) → <aj, ej> (Ƶaemaite ‘Lowlanders’ → Ƶámajtej; w eislę ‘a breed’ → wejslę); (d) [ẹi] in open endings → <ĩj> (kurij ‘which ones’ → kùrĩj); (e) [ẹi] in roots → (deina ‘a day’→ dieną) and → <ĩj> (lijpę ‘[he] ordered’ → lĩjpę); (f) instr. pl. m. endings <‑ays, ‑eys>, <‑às, ‑ès> → <‑ajs, ‑ejs> (łondeys ragays ‘[with] the
pointed horns’ → łąndejs ragajs; aukuràs ‘[with] the altars’ → aukùrajs); (g) <on, om, an> () [ọn, an, ọm, am] → <ąn, ąm> (spindontiomys ‘[with] the glittering [something]’ → spindąntiomis; gełombiemys ‘[with] the baize’ → gełąmbiemis); (h) inf. ending <‑te> → <‑tĩ> (důte ‘to give’ → důtĩ); (i) būti ‘to be’ past 3‑person form bů ‘was’ → buwo; (j) dat. sg. m. and adv. Lowlanders’ endings <‑ů> [ọu] → Highlanders’ endings <‑uj> [‑ui] (skaititoiů ‘to a reader’ → skajtitojuj, pasků ‘later; afterwards’ → paskuj).
(2) More occasionally he was influenced by the equivalent in the prototype PaP and kept it: (a) [i·, i] in stems = (in forms deriving from inf. suffix [pawiks ‘(I) will succeed’ = pawiks]), in the root gyv‑ (negiwije ‘dead ones’ ≈ negiwĩje), in other roots (ligino ‘[he] leveled’ = ligino; tiłù ‘silently’ = tiłù); (b) grapheme <ù> [ọ] (miniesinù ‘[with] the mentioning’ = miniesinù).
Daukantas abundantly exploited one feature in both old and new orthographic versions: graphemes <ů> / (ůdegą ‘a tail’ = ůdegą; pardůs ‘will sell’ → pardous). He essentially returned to his older grapheme <ů> (168×), although equally important remained the digraph (205×). In the initial (pp. 3–9) and final (pp. 52–63) segments of the PaPhr manuscript, Daukantas chose only the digraph , but within the inner (pp. 3–11, 26–51) segments his tactic was different: he blended <ů> with . Another tendency: frequent
pronominal acc. sg. forms ką, tą and instr. sg. kuo, tuo (including variations) were mostly rendered as kou, tou, most probably due to the old knack of his hand.
In certain cases, Daukantas modified not only orthography, but dialect forms as well, i.e. he chose different diatopic variants. Instead of the former Lowland forms, he switched to these Highland equivalents: (a) digraph [ie] in the roots dien‑ ‘day’, Diev‑ ‘God’, vien‑ ‘one’, viet‑ ‘place’; (b) dat. sg. m. and adv. endings <‑uj> [ui]; (c) past 3-person form buwo ‘was, were’.
The printer of the book (PaPhs) was Eduard Pratz in St Petersburg. His typesetters worked better than the typesetters at the printing press of Christian Hintze that Daukantas used for his earlier publications. In Hintze’s editions there were many mistakes in both letters and their diacritical marks. In PaPhs, however, there were fewer cases of grapheme confusion. It is highly probable that at least one of the PaPhs typesetters knew Lithuanian (especially the setter of the fourth and fifth signatures on pp. 37–48, 49–60), and that at least one was ignorant of it (the setter of the third signature, especially pp. 29–36).
It is thinkable that Daukantas could have familiarised himself with the typeset text before some of the proofs were corrected (the word Leaukys ‘wolf’, typical only of Daukantas, was introduced in print even though the manuscript lacks it). The majority of the corrections, however, were probably established by the typesetters, especially by the one who knew Lithuanian and introduced some forms atypical of Daukantas himself (such as tautosyllabic digraph <ĩn> [ẹn]—teatsitink ‘let it happen’ → teatsĩtĩnk). The financial supporter of the publication, Ksaveras Kanapackis, might have been a speaker of the Eastern Highland dialect; thus, he was not in a position to insert such Lowland dialect features as iness. sg. f. (pastogie ‘in the shelter’) and diacritical letters <ĩ> [ẹ] and <ù> [ọ].
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2021
Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2021
This monograph “Simonas Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg Orthography (1834–1846)” continues research ... more This monograph “Simonas Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg Orthography (1834–1846)” continues research on the history of Lithuanian orthography begun in my monograph, “Simonas Daukantas’s Rīga Orthography (1827–1834).” It covers Daukantas’s subsequent orthographic efforts while living in Saint Petersburg, Russia, during the period of 1835–1845. Based on an analysis of orthography and extra-linguistic factors, I have reconstructed a plausible chronology of Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg texts up to 1846.
Draugas, 2022
2022 m. balandžio 7 d. susitikti su PLB Lituanistikos katedros Ilinojaus universitete Čikagoje s... more 2022 m. balandžio 7 d. susitikti su PLB Lituanistikos katedros Ilinojaus universitete Čikagoje studentais atvyko kanadietis autorius Gordon Mott, neseniai išleidęs romaną "Lithuanian Lullaby" ("Lietuviška lopšinė"). Lietuvių kultūros kurso klausytojams Gordon papasakojo, kaip pirmą kartą pateko į Lietuvą. Pirmiausia jis susipažino su į Kanadą atvykusiu studentu Dariumi Žeruoliu, o šis jau prikalbėjo Gordon atvykti į Lietuvą ir vienerius metus mokyti 8 ir 10 klasių mokinius anglų kalbos vienoje Klaipėdos mokykloje. Tai buvo apie 1990 metus.
Upton Sinclair „Džiunglės“; Aukso žyuvys, 2022
Uptonas Sinclairis (1878–1968) romaną „Džiunglės“ parašė 1905 m. ir atskira knyga išleido 1906-ai... more Uptonas Sinclairis (1878–1968) romaną „Džiunglės“ parašė 1905 m. ir atskira knyga išleido 1906-aisiais. Ją perskaitęs tuometinis Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas Teodore’as Rooseveltas į Baltuosius rūmus pasikvietė 28-erių metų autorių ir per pietus su juo svarstė mėsos pramonės problemas1. 1975 m. U. Sinclairio biografas Leonas Harrisas jį pavadino reikšmingiausiu rašytoju Jungtinių Valstijų istorijoje2 – jo „Džiunglių“ paveiktas Kongresas dar tais pačiais 1906 m. priėmė naują federalinį Švaraus maisto ir vaistų įstatymą – dėl šio romano amerikiečių stalus ėmė pasiekti higieniškesnė mėsa.
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2021
Anksčiausia, ką prisimenu, tai Williamo R. Schmalstiego kaliošai, arba purvabridžiai, kaip tais l... more Anksčiausia, ką prisimenu, tai Williamo R. Schmalstiego kaliošai, arba purvabridžiai, kaip tais laikais mėginta sakyti. Vilniaus universitete tada buvau aspirantas (dabar būčiau doktorantas), Schmalstiegas 1986 m. buvo atvykęs į Vilnių su savo dukra rudens semestrui rinkti medžiagos savo angliškai rašysimai Lietuvių kalbos istorinei sintaksei. Daug lijo, ir Schmalstiegas ant batų dar apsiaudavo kaliošus, tikrus kaliošus, tokius, kokius atsimenu vaikystėje matęs Maksimonių kaime įsispiriant, kai bobutė eidavo žalosios milžt. Vilniuje tada kaliošai jau nebebuvo atpažįstami kaip realiai funkcionuojantis apavas, gal tik kaip koks istorizmas ar kaimą nostalgizuojančios literatūros ornamentas. Kai atėję į Baltų filologijos katedrą matydavom kertelėje suglaustus kaliošus, žinojom, kad Schmalstiegas jau universitete – gal bibliotekoj, gal paskaitoj.
Bridges, 2022
Some parts of the Lithuanian language, some aspects, are very old. But not the whole language as ... more Some parts of the Lithuanian language, some aspects, are very old. But not the whole language as such. After all, if the whole language was old, it would be dead. But we have new words for things that simply did not exist in the past.
LA VIE DE L’ESPRIT EN EUROPE CENTRALE ET ORIENTALE DEPUIS 1945. Dictionnaire encyclopédique, 2021
Marija Birutė Gimbutas (Gimbutienė), archéologue et mythologue américaine d’origine lituanienne. ... more Marija Birutė Gimbutas (Gimbutienė), archéologue et mythologue américaine d’origine lituanienne. Titulaire de doctorats honoris causa de l’université de Californie (1975) et de l’université de Vilnius (1993). Née à Vilnius, en Lituanie, elle fait son éducation universitaire en Lituanie et en Allemagne.
Archivum Lithuanicum 22, 2020
Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) moved to St Petersburg in 1835. Impermanence and competition of var... more Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) moved to St Petersburg in 1835. Impermanence and competition of variants were typical for his orthography. During the four initial years in that city, Daukantas managed to shape at least two consecutive distinct Lithuanian orthographies of his own: (1) of the Beginning Years in St Petersburg (1835–1836) and (2) of his First Printed Books (ca. the 2nd half of 1836 to 1838). This study analyzes Daukantas’s third period of significant orthographic transformations during his residency in St Petersburg—a prolonged four-year phase of orthographic modifications that can be termed the Orthographic Switch of Proverbs (ca. 1838–1841), since the change was best reflected in the draft lists of proverbs. The major orthographic data was collected from Daukantas’s manuscript Margumynai (‘Miscellanea’, p. 156–166, LLTIBR: f. 1 – SD 27) and printed book Abecieła Lîjtuwiû-Kalnienû ir Żiamajtiû Kałbos (‘The Primer of the Lithuanian Language—of Highlanders and of Lowlanders’, St Petersburg, 1842).
Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2018
Summary of a monograph
Senoji Lietuvos literatūra, 55, p. 137–155, 2023
There are two known stone monuments with epitaphs, written by Simonas Daukantas in his own orthog... more There are two known stone monuments with epitaphs, written by Simonas Daukantas in his own orthography: for a relative priest Simonas Lopacinskis (died in 1814) and for his mother Kotrynė Daukantienė (died in 1847). Analysis of Lopacinskis’s epitaph spelling proves that Daukantas inscribed the text of the gravestone approximately in 1838–1841 (24–27 years after the death of Lopacinskis). His mother’s epitaph is said to be compiled by Daukantas in the beginning of 1848. And graphochronological research reconfirms that this epitaph includes features characteristic to Daukantas orthography in about 1848–1850
Entire Lopacinskis’s epitaph was chiseled out in capital letters. Analysis shows, however, that most of the text written by Daukantas hand must have initially been rendered in lower case letters. And Daukantienė’s epitaph might have been chiseled out not directly from Daukantas’s handwritten note, but from the text first set in print.
Daukantas spelled his mother’s last name DAU‑KONTIENE with the digraph , signifying her native dialectal diphthong [ọn]. Elsewhere at the time Daukantas preferred different digraph <ąn>, so the spelling with might have been an important identity trait of his mother and of his entire family. Had Daukantas’s own signature in Lithuanian survived, it might have contained the same digraph – Daukont’s or Daukontas.
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2023
In 1846, Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) published his translation of Cornelius Nepos’ Lives of Emi... more In 1846, Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) published his translation of Cornelius Nepos’ Lives of Eminent Commanders (in Lithuanian Giwatas Didiujû Karwaidû, GDKs) at Christian Hintze’s printing press in St Petersburg. This study analyses the orthography in GDKs. There was a previous translation of the book by Daukantas in around 1834 (about 12 years earlier), and most of it survives in the shape of a copy by an anonymous hand. The book was printed from a later manuscript that did not survive.
It is obvious that Daukantas had the earlier translation in front of him while preparing the publication. But even if he copied some features of his old orthography, he also often changed the orthography according to his later altered preferences.
Another book by Daukantas published the same year (1846) was Pasakas Phedro (PaPhs), a translation of The Fables of Phaedrus. The manuscript of PaPhs was prepared in Daukantas’ own quite renewed orthography (compared to his older manuscript of the same fables Pasakas Paedraus from the first half of 1836).
The first quarter of the GDKs text was prepared in similar way to PaPhs: Daukantas preferred to replace old orthographic features with newer ones. However, the other three quarters of the GDKs book were prepared differently: many more older orthographic peculiarities were introduced, such as: <‑iba, ‑ibe> (not <‑yba, ‑ybe>); <‑ay, ‑ey>, <‑ai, ‑ei> (not <‑aj, ‑ej>); <‑ij, ‑ei> in open [‑ẹi] flexions (not <‑ĩj>); , <ęi>, in word roots (not <ĩj>); inf. suffix <‑itĩ> (not <‑ytĩ>). The most plausible reason for the decline in Daukantas’ interest in renewing the older orthography in his new manuscript (beginning in the second quarter) was his sudden illness. Daukantas claimed that at the beginning of January 1846, the blood was rushing inside his head so much that he thought he was going mad or dying, and only after four months did the doctors manage to help him recover enough so that he was able to walk. Nevertheless, the pain in his legs was still terrible, and he could not walk further than a few hundred paces at a time. And approximately at that time, Daukantas was working on his GDK manuscript, so it is possible that the misfortune befell him when he was a quarter of the way through his work. It also means that, even though sick and in pain, he continued writing.
Not all the orthographic features were of the same stability. Some of them were quite stable, and Daukantas adapted new versions of expressions even while he was ill (yra; <‑ajs, ‑ejs>; <ąn ąm>; <‑tĩ>; buwo). Other features were less stable and even very unstable, affected by the obvious influence of the orthography of the former manuscript. Among the least stable was the discarding of the grapheme in the position of a long vowel [i·, i]: derivatives with the inf. suffix <‑it‑>; the root giw‑ (‘life, alive’), etc. Also, the diacritical grapheme <ù> was not stable either in PaPhr or in GDKs.
These old graphemes that penetrate new texts might be termed palimpsestic. Old graphemes in new texts, especially those that are characterised by less stability, are palimpsestic. This feature was present to some degree in other writings by Daukantas as well: in some manuscripts we can unexpectedly find the grapheme with the very old meaning of the Lowland Lithuanian sound [ẹ] (pronounced somewhat between [i] and [e]), such as the History of the Lithuanian Lowlands of 1831–1834; proverbs copied from Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus’ dictionaries and Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, both from about 1838, etc. Also, beside the newer grapheme <ó> [ọ], we can find the older <ù> [ọ] in Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, which is a sign that the text was copied from an older manuscript and acquired the former palimpsestic <ù>.
Oikos, 2023
Kalbos istorikas, sociolingvistas, Simono Daukanto veikalų tyrinėtojas profesorius Giedrius Subač... more Kalbos istorikas, sociolingvistas, Simono Daukanto veikalų tyrinėtojas profesorius Giedrius Subačius jau beveik 30 metų gyvena Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, kuriose Čikagos Ilinojaus universitete užsienio studentus supažindina su Lietuvos istorija ir lietuvių kultūra. Jis gerai pažįstamas ir Lietuvos filologų bendruomenei, atpažįstamas ir iš jau trečią dešimtmetį skaičiuojančio žurnalo "Archivum Lithuanicum". Lietuvos kolegos noriai užsuka į svečius Čikagoje. Dalijamės keliais Lituanistikos katedroje viešėjusios dr. Viktorijos Jonkutės pokalbio su profesoriumi fragmentais. Kalbėtasi apie dėstytojo darbą, studentus, profesijos pasirinkimą ir, žinoma, kalbą.
Akadēmiskā Dzīve 59/2023/2024, 2023
The Lithuanian word valstybė ‘state, polity’ was first registered in 1831–1833 in a Lithuanian te... more The Lithuanian word valstybė ‘state, polity’ was first registered in 1831–1833 in a Lithuanian text by Simonas Daukantas – History of the Lithuanian Lowlands (Istoryje Zemaytyszka) in Riga, Latvia.
Daukantas borrowed the word valstybė from Latvian. He believed he had appropriated the word from the Herulian language (not Latvian) via Joachim Lelewel’s text. The word had reached Daukantas Lelewel (1808) → Daukantas (1831–1833).
Daukantas’ work at the General Governor’s office in Rīga must have stimulated him to transfer valstybė into Lithuanian. Daukantas must have seen the printed texts containing the Latvian combination Kreewu(=) walſtibas ‘of the Russian state’ that were circulating in the office, which could have encouraged him to adapt it for his Lithuanian text.
One of the first to resurrect Daukantas’ forgotten loanword valstybė was the writer, political activist Povilas Višinskis, in the January 29 [February 11], 1905 issue of the Lithuanian newspaper Vilniaus žinios (‘Vilnius News’) in the article “Kiek pinigų surenka ir išleidžia Rusų vyriausybė” (How Much Money the Russian Government Collects and Spends). Possibly, during the beginning and certainly by the middle of 1905 Višinskis fully switched to using the word valstybė and abandoned viešpatystė and valstija, which were popular synonyms at the time. After Višinskis, a member of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Augustinas Janulaitis, used the word valstybė in March and April, 1905. At the very end of 1905 the linguist Jonas Jablonskis must have accepted the fact that valstybė had become the more widely used word.
The Russian revolution and the war with Japan in 1905, the Great Assembly of Vilnius at the end of 1905, and the State Parliament elections at the beginning of 1906 made the concept of ‘state, polity’ very frequent and relevant. In 1906, valstybė finally won the competition with its synonyms as the most correct way of expressing the concept. It was noteworthy that Višinskis (circa January 1905) and Janulaitis (circa April 1905) had selected this word, but the approval by Jablonskis (circa December 1905) could have been the most decisive factor for the subsequent wide spread of the word valstybė.
The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Orthography, eds. Marco Condorelli, Hanna Rutkowska, 2023
Historically, orthography has always been dependent on the materiality (physicality) of writing ... more Historically, orthography has always been dependent on the materiality
(physicality) of writing tools and surfaces. In the development of orthographies,
the perception of durability and ephemerality has been a significant factor
as well: in certain cases, hopes for permanence as opposed to temporality
encouraged orthographic differences in written (printed) texts. In ancient
Rome, for example, capital letters carved in stone were more durable than the
minuscules used on wax tablets. After the invention of movable type printing
in fifteenth-century Europe, manuscripts became more ephemeral than
printed texts. For instance, newspapers printed in Lithuania at the end of the
nineteenth century were considered more perishable than printed books.
The materiality of the printing milieu was one of the main reasons for the
symmetry of the majuscules and minuscules in orthographies based on Latin
script and for the absence of most of the abbreviations that are characteristic
of medieval manuscripts. Constrained by the space available within printers’
type cases, the number of typefaces would have been limited, which may
have impacted the development of certain orthographies and may have constrained
the abundance of diacritic marks. The direct materiality of a sheet of
paper also may have influenced the presence of hyphens and abbreviations,
and in certain cases, the choice of graphemes.
This chapter focuses on the materiality of orthography as approached from
the perspective of such research fields as paleography, codicology and orthography.
Materiality as a physical condition or reason for spelling transformations
and variation is considered as either restrictive or encouraging physical
reality for an applied orthography. The chapter then discusses the way the
imaginary durability or ephemerality of the composed text might influence
the orthographic approach (minuscules vs. majuscules, double parallel...
Archivum Lithuanicum 24, 2022
Simonas Daukantas prepared two manuscripts of his Lithuanian translation of the Fables of Phaedru... more Simonas Daukantas prepared two manuscripts of his Lithuanian translation of the Fables of Phaedrus: one in the first half of 1836 (PaP), and another ten years later in about the first half of 1846 (PaPhr). Daukantas exploited two different orthographic tactics in tapping the first manuscript (PaP) as the source for the second one (PaPhr): (1) either to substitute older orthographic peculiarities for his own more recently introduced spelling equivalents
(more frequent approach), or (2) just to keep them (more seldom).
(1) Habitually, Daukantas modified the features of the earlier PaP manuscript: (a) <i, î> [ẹ] → <ĩ> (Ƶînau ‘I know’ → Źĩnau); (b) [i·, i] in stems → (būti ‘to be’ present 3‑person form [ira ‘it is’ → yra], suffixes ‑yba, ‑ybė [prekibà ‘to the trade’ → prekybaj, narsibieje ‘in valor’ → narsybie], inf. suffix → [mokite ‘to teach’ → môkytĩ]); (c) in stems and endings <ai, ei> (, ) → <aj, ej> (Ƶaemaite ‘Lowlanders’ → Ƶámajtej; w eislę ‘a breed’ → wejslę); (d) [ẹi] in open endings → <ĩj> (kurij ‘which ones’ → kùrĩj); (e) [ẹi] in roots → (deina ‘a day’→ dieną) and → <ĩj> (lijpę ‘[he] ordered’ → lĩjpę); (f) instr. pl. m. endings <‑ays, ‑eys>, <‑às, ‑ès> → <‑ajs, ‑ejs> (łondeys ragays ‘[with] the
pointed horns’ → łąndejs ragajs; aukuràs ‘[with] the altars’ → aukùrajs); (g) <on, om, an> () [ọn, an, ọm, am] → <ąn, ąm> (spindontiomys ‘[with] the glittering [something]’ → spindąntiomis; gełombiemys ‘[with] the baize’ → gełąmbiemis); (h) inf. ending <‑te> → <‑tĩ> (důte ‘to give’ → důtĩ); (i) būti ‘to be’ past 3‑person form bů ‘was’ → buwo; (j) dat. sg. m. and adv. Lowlanders’ endings <‑ů> [ọu] → Highlanders’ endings <‑uj> [‑ui] (skaititoiů ‘to a reader’ → skajtitojuj, pasků ‘later; afterwards’ → paskuj).
(2) More occasionally he was influenced by the equivalent in the prototype PaP and kept it: (a) [i·, i] in stems = (in forms deriving from inf. suffix [pawiks ‘(I) will succeed’ = pawiks]), in the root gyv‑ (negiwije ‘dead ones’ ≈ negiwĩje), in other roots (ligino ‘[he] leveled’ = ligino; tiłù ‘silently’ = tiłù); (b) grapheme <ù> [ọ] (miniesinù ‘[with] the mentioning’ = miniesinù).
Daukantas abundantly exploited one feature in both old and new orthographic versions: graphemes <ů> / (ůdegą ‘a tail’ = ůdegą; pardůs ‘will sell’ → pardous). He essentially returned to his older grapheme <ů> (168×), although equally important remained the digraph (205×). In the initial (pp. 3–9) and final (pp. 52–63) segments of the PaPhr manuscript, Daukantas chose only the digraph , but within the inner (pp. 3–11, 26–51) segments his tactic was different: he blended <ů> with . Another tendency: frequent
pronominal acc. sg. forms ką, tą and instr. sg. kuo, tuo (including variations) were mostly rendered as kou, tou, most probably due to the old knack of his hand.
In certain cases, Daukantas modified not only orthography, but dialect forms as well, i.e. he chose different diatopic variants. Instead of the former Lowland forms, he switched to these Highland equivalents: (a) digraph [ie] in the roots dien‑ ‘day’, Diev‑ ‘God’, vien‑ ‘one’, viet‑ ‘place’; (b) dat. sg. m. and adv. endings <‑uj> [ui]; (c) past 3-person form buwo ‘was, were’.
The printer of the book (PaPhs) was Eduard Pratz in St Petersburg. His typesetters worked better than the typesetters at the printing press of Christian Hintze that Daukantas used for his earlier publications. In Hintze’s editions there were many mistakes in both letters and their diacritical marks. In PaPhs, however, there were fewer cases of grapheme confusion. It is highly probable that at least one of the PaPhs typesetters knew Lithuanian (especially the setter of the fourth and fifth signatures on pp. 37–48, 49–60), and that at least one was ignorant of it (the setter of the third signature, especially pp. 29–36).
It is thinkable that Daukantas could have familiarised himself with the typeset text before some of the proofs were corrected (the word Leaukys ‘wolf’, typical only of Daukantas, was introduced in print even though the manuscript lacks it). The majority of the corrections, however, were probably established by the typesetters, especially by the one who knew Lithuanian and introduced some forms atypical of Daukantas himself (such as tautosyllabic digraph <ĩn> [ẹn]—teatsitink ‘let it happen’ → teatsĩtĩnk). The financial supporter of the publication, Ksaveras Kanapackis, might have been a speaker of the Eastern Highland dialect; thus, he was not in a position to insert such Lowland dialect features as iness. sg. f. (pastogie ‘in the shelter’) and diacritical letters <ĩ> [ẹ] and <ù> [ọ].
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2021
Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2021
This monograph “Simonas Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg Orthography (1834–1846)” continues research ... more This monograph “Simonas Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg Orthography (1834–1846)” continues research on the history of Lithuanian orthography begun in my monograph, “Simonas Daukantas’s Rīga Orthography (1827–1834).” It covers Daukantas’s subsequent orthographic efforts while living in Saint Petersburg, Russia, during the period of 1835–1845. Based on an analysis of orthography and extra-linguistic factors, I have reconstructed a plausible chronology of Daukantas’s Saint Petersburg texts up to 1846.
Draugas, 2022
2022 m. balandžio 7 d. susitikti su PLB Lituanistikos katedros Ilinojaus universitete Čikagoje s... more 2022 m. balandžio 7 d. susitikti su PLB Lituanistikos katedros Ilinojaus universitete Čikagoje studentais atvyko kanadietis autorius Gordon Mott, neseniai išleidęs romaną "Lithuanian Lullaby" ("Lietuviška lopšinė"). Lietuvių kultūros kurso klausytojams Gordon papasakojo, kaip pirmą kartą pateko į Lietuvą. Pirmiausia jis susipažino su į Kanadą atvykusiu studentu Dariumi Žeruoliu, o šis jau prikalbėjo Gordon atvykti į Lietuvą ir vienerius metus mokyti 8 ir 10 klasių mokinius anglų kalbos vienoje Klaipėdos mokykloje. Tai buvo apie 1990 metus.
Upton Sinclair „Džiunglės“; Aukso žyuvys, 2022
Uptonas Sinclairis (1878–1968) romaną „Džiunglės“ parašė 1905 m. ir atskira knyga išleido 1906-ai... more Uptonas Sinclairis (1878–1968) romaną „Džiunglės“ parašė 1905 m. ir atskira knyga išleido 1906-aisiais. Ją perskaitęs tuometinis Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas Teodore’as Rooseveltas į Baltuosius rūmus pasikvietė 28-erių metų autorių ir per pietus su juo svarstė mėsos pramonės problemas1. 1975 m. U. Sinclairio biografas Leonas Harrisas jį pavadino reikšmingiausiu rašytoju Jungtinių Valstijų istorijoje2 – jo „Džiunglių“ paveiktas Kongresas dar tais pačiais 1906 m. priėmė naują federalinį Švaraus maisto ir vaistų įstatymą – dėl šio romano amerikiečių stalus ėmė pasiekti higieniškesnė mėsa.
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2021
Anksčiausia, ką prisimenu, tai Williamo R. Schmalstiego kaliošai, arba purvabridžiai, kaip tais l... more Anksčiausia, ką prisimenu, tai Williamo R. Schmalstiego kaliošai, arba purvabridžiai, kaip tais laikais mėginta sakyti. Vilniaus universitete tada buvau aspirantas (dabar būčiau doktorantas), Schmalstiegas 1986 m. buvo atvykęs į Vilnių su savo dukra rudens semestrui rinkti medžiagos savo angliškai rašysimai Lietuvių kalbos istorinei sintaksei. Daug lijo, ir Schmalstiegas ant batų dar apsiaudavo kaliošus, tikrus kaliošus, tokius, kokius atsimenu vaikystėje matęs Maksimonių kaime įsispiriant, kai bobutė eidavo žalosios milžt. Vilniuje tada kaliošai jau nebebuvo atpažįstami kaip realiai funkcionuojantis apavas, gal tik kaip koks istorizmas ar kaimą nostalgizuojančios literatūros ornamentas. Kai atėję į Baltų filologijos katedrą matydavom kertelėje suglaustus kaliošus, žinojom, kad Schmalstiegas jau universitete – gal bibliotekoj, gal paskaitoj.
Bridges, 2022
Some parts of the Lithuanian language, some aspects, are very old. But not the whole language as ... more Some parts of the Lithuanian language, some aspects, are very old. But not the whole language as such. After all, if the whole language was old, it would be dead. But we have new words for things that simply did not exist in the past.
LA VIE DE L’ESPRIT EN EUROPE CENTRALE ET ORIENTALE DEPUIS 1945. Dictionnaire encyclopédique, 2021
Marija Birutė Gimbutas (Gimbutienė), archéologue et mythologue américaine d’origine lituanienne. ... more Marija Birutė Gimbutas (Gimbutienė), archéologue et mythologue américaine d’origine lituanienne. Titulaire de doctorats honoris causa de l’université de Californie (1975) et de l’université de Vilnius (1993). Née à Vilnius, en Lituanie, elle fait son éducation universitaire en Lituanie et en Allemagne.
Archivum Lithuanicum 22, 2020
Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) moved to St Petersburg in 1835. Impermanence and competition of var... more Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) moved to St Petersburg in 1835. Impermanence and competition of variants were typical for his orthography. During the four initial years in that city, Daukantas managed to shape at least two consecutive distinct Lithuanian orthographies of his own: (1) of the Beginning Years in St Petersburg (1835–1836) and (2) of his First Printed Books (ca. the 2nd half of 1836 to 1838). This study analyzes Daukantas’s third period of significant orthographic transformations during his residency in St Petersburg—a prolonged four-year phase of orthographic modifications that can be termed the Orthographic Switch of Proverbs (ca. 1838–1841), since the change was best reflected in the draft lists of proverbs. The major orthographic data was collected from Daukantas’s manuscript Margumynai (‘Miscellanea’, p. 156–166, LLTIBR: f. 1 – SD 27) and printed book Abecieła Lîjtuwiû-Kalnienû ir Żiamajtiû Kałbos (‘The Primer of the Lithuanian Language—of Highlanders and of Lowlanders’, St Petersburg, 1842).
Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2018
Summary of a monograph
From 1795 to 1914 the Russian Empire controlled Lithuania. It instilled a ban on Latin letters fo... more From 1795 to 1914 the Russian Empire controlled Lithuania. It instilled a ban on Latin letters for Lithuanian texts that lasted for almost forty years (1865–1904). During that time almost sixty Lithuanian books in Cyrillic (i.e., Russian) letters were printed mostly by the initiative of the imperial administrators in Lithuania. Underground Lithuanian books and newspapers were printed in Latin script abroad and dispersed by knygnešiai (book carriers) and read illegally in Lithuania. At the same time, schools that had been teaching Lithuanian were also closed and so-called public “Russian schools” were introduced as a countermeasure to the spreading network of underground private “home” schools, which taught Lithuanian in Latin script.
The book The Experts of Lithuanian in Service of the Russian Empire: Dmitrii Kashirin, Zakharii Lyatskii, and Andrius Poidėnas (Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2011) recounts linguistic biographies of the three experts who served the administration of the Vilnius Education District to prepare, edit, evaluate, review, and correct certain Lithuanian texts in Cyrillic. Most of the Lithuanian Cyrillic texts approved by the imperial administrators in the Vilnius Education District were distributed to the schools and the populace in the form of primers and public readings. In the rare cases of private initiatives to print Lithuanian books in Cyrillic alphabet (e.g., that of Juozapas Miliauskas), the experts were used by the administrators to criticize and to reject the unwelcome proposals.
By and large this book deals with the life and work of Kashirin, Lyatskii, and Poidėnas: the three experts producing and evaluating Lithuanian Cyrillic during the 1867–1901 period of the ban on Latin script. It does not cover, however, the initial period of Lithuanian Cyrillization from 1864 to 1867, which is associated with the names of other experts: Stanisław Mikucki, Laurynas Ivinskis, Jonas Krečinskis, and Tomas Žilinskis.
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http://www.uic.edu/classes/lith/lith520/SUB_kn/SUB_2011_SUMMARY_of_BOOK_Experts_of_Lithuanian_in_Service_of_Russian_Empire.pdf
"The Czartoryscy Library in Cracow (Biblioteka Czartoryskich) has preserved a manuscript of a Low... more "The Czartoryscy Library in Cracow (Biblioteka Czartoryskich) has preserved a manuscript of a Lowland grammar by an anonymous author, or rather signed as X.D.K.P.S. (call number: BCzart Rkp 2281 II). The front cover is stamped with silver letters: “G=L PRZEZ X.D.K.P.S.” (L[ithuanian] G[rammar] by X.D.K.P.S.). There is a title on the first page: “Prawidła Ięzyka Litewskiego Czyli GRAMMATYKA Litewska” (Rules of the Lithuanian Language or Lithuanian Grammar).
This is the very first known Lithuanian grammar based on the Lowland Lithuanian dialect (ca. 1820–1830).
1. Peculiarities of the X.D.K.P.S. manuscript grammar
The manuscript of the X.D.K.P.S. grammar is a final clean copy. The text of the grammar covers pp. 1–78 of the manuscript and pp. 87–100 are used for an additional list of Lithuanian-Polish words. The paper of the manuscript is blue and it carries five different water marks. The water marks on some sheets of the manuscript paper show the years 1819 and 1820; that is, the dates of the paper’s manufacture. The manuscript had been kept at the Puławy Library of Czartoryscy, most probably up to the 1830 Polish insurrection against Russia. Therefore, the X.D.K.P.S. grammar most likely was written around 1820 but certainly before 1830. The binding is made of red paper over cardboard. Remnants of two cover ties still remain.
2. History of the X.D.K.P.S. manuscript
There are many new traces discovered in the history of the X.D.K.P.S. manuscript. Briefly it can be described in the following way: the grammar was composed ca. 1820–1830, kept in the Czartoryscy Library in Puławy, Poland (up to 1830), then it was evacuated to the Czartoryscy’s estate in Sieniawa (ca. 1832–1849), then taken to Paris (1849–1872?), then returned to Poland again, to the Kórnik Library (ca. 1872–1874?). Finally it was brought to Cracow (ca. 1874?) and remains there up to the present. The manuscript of the X.D.K.P.S. grammar suffered all these “peregrinations” because of the attempts by the Czartoryscy family to protect their library from the Russian government’s efforts to confiscate it.
The first known written mention of the manuscript occurred in 1834 in Sieniawa. In 1859, in Paris, the item gets its first “call number”: number 6 in red pencil and the inscription in black ink “Str: 117 Katalogu” (which meant the page number of the catalog compiled for the Czartoryscy Library in the Paris period). The last call number (2281) remains unchanged today and was assigned to the X.D.K.P.S. manuscript also in the Paris period, most probably ca. 1869 by Wł. Skrzydyłka.
3. The author of the X.D.K.P.S. grammar
A possible version is that the author of the grammar signed “X.D.K.P.S.” was a priest of noble origin. He could have also been a teacher at some parish school. He was not a resolute man. His grammar was intended for beginners: the book offers only very basic grammar. There is no evidence of a conscious resolution to create his own model of the standard language; he evinces only the nascent need for a standard language.
It is worthwhile to note that the cryptonym “X.D.K.P.S.” was used only once, namely, it is stamped in silver on the front cover. We don’t know when the manuscript was bound, but it appears reasonable to assume that the binder must have known the real name of the author. None of the librarians of Czartoryscy Library throughout different periods ever mentioned a name. It is also reasonable, then, to assume, that the manuscript was bound before it reached the Library. The unknown author himself could have been involved in the process of binding.
The author used long shaped letters <ſ>, <ʒ> in his long hand inconsistently. He also used the digraph . These particularities of orthography were almost standard for eighteenth-century Lithuanian texts. This makes it very probable that the anonymous X.D.K.P.S. was educated before the end of the eighteenth century.
4. The structure and context of the grammar
The X.D.K.P.S. grammar is composed of three parts. The first one contains the rules of pronunciation of Lithuanian letters, syllables, and words, also the rules of orthography and the parts of speech. The second part is devoted to the declined parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, some participles) and their paradigms and usage. It also includes a description of adverbs. The third part encompasses verbs first of all. But at the end of it there are descriptions of adverbs, syntax, conjunctions, and interjections. Thus, the X.D.K.P.S. grammar covers all the major grammatical topics, even though it is only an introductory attempt at a grammar in Lithuania Major at that time.
5. The peculiarities of the language. The intention to select a dialect
Linguists used to think that the author of the X.D.K.P.S. grammar was attempting to combine Highland and Lowland dialectal forms. In the text of the grammar, however, Lowland dialectal forms predominate (in the order of degree of noticeability: Katrus ‘which’, Dyrbtio ‘I would work’, biegu ‘I run’, reyk ‘it needs’, gerewsyms ‘for the best’, Broluse ‘in brothers’, bukiem ‘let’s be’, turietyny ‘the ones that have to be kept’, Szey ‘these’, owłas ‘rocks’, Tiewow ‘for father’). Only one feature—monophthongs [ā] and [ē] in word final position—were consistently expressed in Highland forms (bałtays ‘[with] white ones’). Two of these features were replaced inconsistently by Highland forms, that is, Lowl. [ẹi] and [ọu]: Wienas ‘one’, dodąs ‘giving’ (only two words with [ọu] were replaced with Highland forms: duoti and duona).
It is evident that the author used primarily his native Lowland dialect, but he did not codify his language to a sufficient degree (we cannot discern any strict concept of codification), neither did he achieve an adequate level of accuracy. Forms with [ẹi] instead of West Highl. ę (Kętas ‘hard’ cf. with analogous <ę> used in atsygręźk ‘turn around’) and with [ọu] instead of West Highl. ą (Owźowłas ‘an oak’) testify to the fact that the author came from the north-west Dounininkai-Lowland area.
6. Orthography
The analysis of dialectal forms and orthography does not reveal any convincing signs of influence of traditional Dounininkai-Lowland texts, Ziwatas (1759) and Kozonius (1794), or Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s (1771–1849) manuscripts. This also indicates that the author was rather independent in selecting dialectal norms and graphemes for orthography.
7. The purpose of the grammar and the conception of standard language
The grammar is neither large nor comprehensive. It was intended for beginners and for publication. This allows us to presume that the author wanted to prepare a manual; perhaps he was concerned about the teaching of the native language in schools. On the other hand, it is evident that the author felt the need for a future Lithuanian standard: this enables us to speak at least about his initial desire to have a standard language.
8. The parameters of intended standard language
Although he chose the Dounininkai-Lowland dialect, the author might also include as territory for the standard language the territory coinciding with the Lithuanian ethnic areas of Lithuania Major, rather than the Lithuanian Lowland alone; even the term the Lowland language is absent from his texts and the term the Lithuanian language is used. It seems that an overly syncretic attitude toward orthography and pronunciation hindered the grammarian from differentiating a spoken standard language from the written one: he still recognized only one syncretic variety of the future standard language. In this regard his model differed from those of bishop Juozas Arnulfas Giedraitis (1757–1838) and Dionizas Poška (1765–1830), who understood and emphasized the difference between the written and the spoken languages at that time. The author’s priorities also depended on rules. By his erroneous rules he modified entire word paradigms, for example, he considered akmow ‘a stone’, Nosys ‘a nose’ as erroneous forms and Akmenis, Nose as their correct equivalents. Even though he gives a priority to rules, he can be said to have syncretically sensed the importance of the spoken language. "
Kalikstas Kasakauskis (Kossakowski; ~1792–1866) is the author of a Lithuanian grammar (Kałbrieda ... more Kalikstas Kasakauskis (Kossakowski; ~1792–1866) is the author of a Lithuanian grammar (Kałbrieda leżuwio Źiamaytiszko, 1832) and of at least five books of religious and teetotalitarian content (published in 1859, 1861, 1862, 1864, and 1868). In the grammar, which was most probably written in the period before the Insurrection of 1831, Kasakauskis had maintained the tradition of the Highland Lithuanian texts. It is usually argued that Kasakauskis tried to combine the Highland Lithuanian dialects with the Lowland Lithuanian ones. But I claim that in his grammar he had consciously tried to standardize the Highland dialect alone, though he was not completely successful in achieving his goal (some features of his native Lowland dialect are still prominent). Kasakauskis' cultural-linguistic ideas were oriented, I believe, to the concept of a Lowland priests' group led by the Lowland Lithuanian bishop Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis (1757–1838) who believed that the future standard Lithuanian should be based on the Highland Lithuanian dialect. In the later period (from 1859 on) Kasakauskis radically changed his attitude toward the basis of future standard Lithuanian and started writing his books in the Lowland dialect (with only some minimal Highland particularities retained). Most probably, in this period Kasakauskis became influenced by the opinions of another Lowland bishop Motiejus Valančius (1801–1875). Being a Lowlander himself, Valančius fostered a written Lithuanian which was close to spoken dialects. I dare to affirm that the change in Kasakauskis's conception was again influenced by the opinion dominant in the Bishopric of the time. On the other hand, this fundamental turnaround in Kasakauskis demonstrates that earlier on, before the Insurrection of 1831, Giedraitis's ideas on written Lithuanian were the most influential and prestigious, while later those of Valančius took over and lasted well into the 1850s and 1860s.
Ûemaiçiai XIX a. pirmojoje pus∂je pretendavo perimti pagrindinio etnoso funkcijas, ir j¨ raßtai ∂... more Ûemaiçiai XIX a. pirmojoje pus∂je pretendavo perimti pagrindinio etnoso funkcijas, ir j¨ raßtai ∂m∂ stelbti aukßtaitißkuosius. Íioje knygoje pagrindinis d∂mesys ir skiriamas trij¨ XIX a. deßimtmeçi¨ pastangoms kurti bendrin´ kalbå Ωemaiçi¨ tarmi¨ pagrindu. Taigi ßi knyga -pastang¨ norminti kalbå istorijos analiz∂, sociolingvistin∂ istorijos studija.
Lietuvių Atgimimo istorijos studijos 6, 1993
This book is a published work of a handwritten Samogitian grammar of the mid-19th century by Juoz... more This book is a published work of a handwritten Samogitian grammar of the mid-19th century by Juozas Čiulda. It consists of the original text in Polish followed by commentaries as well as its Lithuanian translation and commentaries. In addition, three known letters by Čiulda (to Motiejus Valančius, to Stanislovas (unidentified) and to the Vilnius Archaeological Commission) and one letter to him (from Adomas Zavadskis) have been published followed by his birth certificate and his character. The appendix includes the principles of writing grammatical commentaries, an index of Samogitian words used in the grammar, the contents of the grammar (in Polish and Lithuanian), and the abbreviations. The book opens with a Foreword and two reports—about Čiulda and on some aspects of his grammar. The summaries of both reports have been supplied.
Lietuvių Atgimimo istorijos studijos 5, 1993
Archivum Lithuanicum 25, 2023
Entire volume in color.
Archivum Lithuanicum, 2020
1. Į v a d a s. Šio straipsnio tikslas -pažvelgti į vladislovą sirokomlę (tikr. liudvikas Kondrat... more 1. Į v a d a s. Šio straipsnio tikslas -pažvelgti į vladislovą sirokomlę (tikr. liudvikas Kondratavičius; ludwik Franciszek Władysław Kondratowicz vel Władysław syrokomla, 1823-1862) kaip į istoriką, o kartu aptarti dar vieną vadinamąjį lietuvos dvarą-archyvą 1 -bareikiškes (lenk. borejkowszczyzna; vilniaus gubernija, vilniaus apskritis, rukainių parapija). apie šį dvarą (tiksliau -palivarką, kurį sirokomlė "pakylėjo" iki dvarelio lygio) buvo ne kartą rašyta kaip apie svarbią to meto intelektinę salą, tačiau jis niekada specialiai nebuvo aptartas kaip lietuvos istorijos senienų kaupimo ir lietuvos istorijos rašymo dirbtuvės. samplaika sirokomlė-istorikas iš pirmo žvilgsnio gali atrodyti drąsi -tikrai drąsesnė už derinį Kraševskis-istorikas 2 . tačiau šiuo atveju žodis "istorikas" bus suprantamas tik ta prasme, kuria jis vartotas tada, kai sirokomlė kūrė, t. y. turint galvoje XiX a. pirmosios pusės lietuvos istoriografijos specifiką, kai riba tarp mokslinio ir grožinio teksto vis dar buvo trapi, o istorijos profesionalizacija -ypač menka. tačiau kad ir koks sudėtingas būtų šis kontekstas, bus mėginama "atskirti" sirokomlę-istoriką nuo sirokomlės-poeto. pasak tyrėjų, vadinamuoju bareikiškių laikotarpiu buvo sukurti visi svarbiausi sirokomlės kūriniai, kurie jam ir atnešė šlovę 3 . Žinoma, turėta galvoje grožinė kūryba. tačiau šiuo atveju dėmesys bus kreipiamas kaip tik į tuos kitus, "ne tokius šlovingus", darbus. svarbios bus šių kūrinių intencijos, bet dar svarbiau -šaltiniai, kuriais naudotasi juos rašant. Kitaip tariant, žvelgsime ne tik į sirokomlės tekstą, bet ir į išnašas apačioje -ypač į jas. Čia reikšminga vieta teks ir sirokomlės bibliotekai, archyvui, senienų ir net paveikslų rinkiniui. todėl nebus apsiribota tik bareikiškėmis -šių rinkinių ištakų bus ieškoma ir "pirmajame" sirokomlės dvarelyje -zalučėje (lenk. załucze; minsko gubernija, minsko apskritis). svarbios bus ir sirokomlės ištarmės apie istoriją ir istorijos rašymą, teorinės ir net metodologinės jo pažiūros -tai, kas jau ir tada buvo apibrėžiama žodžiu istorika 4 .
istorinei slavų ir baltų frazeologijai skirta jo monografija (eckert 1991). 11 mieder 2006, 87-94... more istorinei slavų ir baltų frazeologijai skirta jo monografija (eckert 1991). 11 mieder 2006, 87-94. 12 nors frazeologija siaurąja prasme neturėtų tirti patarlių, o paremiologija siaurąja prasme -tik patarles, tačiau dabar tiek tautosakos tyrėjai, tiek leksikologai vengia griežto skyrimo ir savo tyrimų srities siaurinimo (plg. Grigas 1976, 31-38; Kispál 2007, 414-423). 13 eckert 2011, 12-13. B i b l i j o s f r a z e o l o g i z m a i J o k ū b o B r o d o v s k i o r a n k r a š t y j e Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel
rezension von: mikas vaicekauskas (par. / ed. / hrsg.), Kristijono Donelaičio rankraščiai = The M... more rezension von: mikas vaicekauskas (par. / ed. / hrsg.), Kristijono Donelaičio rankraščiai = The Manuscripts of Kristijonas Donelaitis = Die Handschriften von Kristijonas Donelaitis, Fotografuotinis leidimas / A Facsimile Edition / Faksimileausgabe, 2014 411 Christiane Schiller rezension von: Liucija citavičiūtė (sud.), martynas Liudvikas rėza, Raštai 2. Traktatai: Krikščionybės istorija Lietuvoje ir Prūsijoje, 2013 417 Aurelija Tamošiūnaitė recenzuojama: Arvydas Pacevičius (sud.), Egodokumentai ir privati Lietuvos erdvė XVI-XX amžiuje. Straipsnių rinkinys, 2013 423 Algimantas Katilius recenzuojama: mindaugas Paknys (vert., par.), vincentas Juzumas, Žemaičių vyskupijos aprašymas, 2013 439 Birutė Kabašinskaitė recenzuojama: Jurgis Lebedys, Juozas Girdzijauskas (sud.), Simonas Stanevičius, Raštai, Fotografuotinis leidimas, 2010 447 Ona Aleknavičienė recenzuojama: Auksė razanovaitė, Lietuvių senųjų raštų klitiniai įvardžiai (XVI-XVIII a.), 2014 453
A r c h i v u m Lithuanicum 13 l i e t u v i Ų K a l b o s i n s t i t u t a s v i l n i u s 2 0 ... more A r c h i v u m Lithuanicum 13 l i e t u v i Ų K a l b o s i n s t i t u t a s v i l n i u s 2 0 1 1 12 auch Catalog [us] Suraßas Lex 21r. vgl. die entsprechenden belege in SD 3 63; SD 3 131; SD 3 346; SD 3 416 und SD 3 179. 13 [e] bezeichnet die zeitlich nach der abschrift zu datierende ergänzungsschicht. 14 KlG intendiert eine graphische trennung von palatalem <ć> und nicht palatalem <cʒ>. deshalb schreibt er, dass das , das bekanntlich als palatalitätsmarker fungiert, fast immer nach <ć> steht, jedoch nie nach <cʒ>. vgl. KlG 5: "notabis: ć rarißimè ſcribi ſine adjecto i / cʒ autem eô opus non habere". Archivum Lithuanicum 13 14 wie eſelin Asylycia Lex 33r; Gaſſe ulicia Lex 39v; Straße ulyćia Lex 84v; Kerker Temnyćia Lex 53v; Mühle Malnićia Lex 62v; Schaff ſtall awinycia Lex 73v; Schatʒ Kam[m]er Skarbinycia Lex 74r; Sparr Buchſe Skarbynicia Lex 81r; Schreib tefel Toblycia Lex 77r; Tafel Toblycia Lex 86r; Weinberg Wynicía Lex 104v; Dachſtein cʒerpicʒia Lex 22r; Pfeil Wylicʒia Lex 67v, außer acht gelassen werden, existiert eine anzahl von belegen, die nur parallelen in SD 3 und / oder KlG hat. so lässt sich lit. važnýčia in Lex 38r Fuhr Mann Waʒnicià mit einiger sicherheit auf KlG zurückführen, vgl. wanićía auriga KlG 5, KlG 41. Hingegen deuten die folgenden belege auf SD 3 als Quelle (vgl. tabelle 1): Lex SD 3 14r bein hauß Kaulinycʒia. 123 Kośnicá. oſſuarium. ‖ Kaulinićia 22v darre aßnicʒia. 279 oʒdownia / oʒdnica / ‖ Fumarium, frumentarium‖ Anićia. 35r Fenſter [l. Fenſterlade] 15 Lan ginicʒia. 260 okiennicá / Feneſtra li-‖gnea. łungonićia. (okiennicá / feneſtra li-‖gnea. vulgo raluae. łun-‖ginićia SPr 112r) 39r Ganſe ſtall Ʒasinycʒia 110 Koćiec gśi / Cheno-‖boſcium. ʒuſinicia. 42v Gewerb [...] Ankß‖cia. 342 poycʒána rʒecʒ / mu-‖tuum, commodatum, ‖ Vnksćia. 64r narrenpaßen, niekai, Besliepićios 18 błaʒeńſtwo. nugae, ine-‖ptiae Niekay / beʒ lie pi=‖ćios. 17 Weitere belege für die verwechslung von <ł> und bietet schiller 2009, 63. 18 Weitere belege, die die these stützen, dass die vorlage von Lex <ł> enthalten hat, finden sich in Lex 2v: Abgott Balwonas ← Batwonas; Abgötterey Balwonyſte ← Batwonyſte; Abgottiſch Balwonißkas ← Batwonißkas, wo in sämtlichen belegen ursprünglich fälschlich geschriebenes in korrigiert wurde. 19 vgl. LKŽe: "žepti, -ia, -ė KŽ; lex43, Ci788, n, [K] žr. žerplėti 1". 20 vgl. Klv 520: "[žerpiu, -piau, -pſiu, -pti, glühen.]". Archivum Lithuanicum 13 16 nuo=‖iu / erpłu / degu / kar=‖śćiuoiu SD 3 282) oder erpłus (vgl. źárʒyſty / candens car-‖bo źerpłus SD 3 530) finden. aufgrund der semantischen nähe scheint der bezug zu SD 3 530 naheliegender. in diesem Fall wäre die ostaukštaitische Form part. praes. act. n. sg. žerplus (für lit. žerpląs) zu einer Form žerptus verlesen worden, aus der dann ein vermeintlicher infinitiv žerpti gebildet wurde. ein eigenständiges und nicht allein auf die orthographie zu reduzierendes problem stellt die scheinbare verwechslung der Grapheme bzw. <ſ> und <ß> in Lex dar. auch diese verweist, zumindest teilweise, auf die verwendung von sirvydas-Quellen. sirvydas scheidet diese Grapheme weitgehend korrekt, wobei er neben und <ß> auch <ś> zur bezeichnung des palatalen [∫'] verwendet. allerdings ist in seinen Wörterbüchern zuweilen polnischer orthographischer einfluss erkennbar, wenn in den litauischen lexemen in verbindungen von si bzw. sCi anstelle von zu erwartendem <ś> nur bzw. <ſ> erscheint, wie etwa in SPr 45r ſwieſibe für świeſibe. 21 phonetischer einfluss lässt sich hingegen in folgendem beleg nachweisen: Roʒſyłam / Mitto, di-‖mitto, Nuśiunćiu SD 3 390, in dem palatales [s'] als [∫'] realisiert wurde, das dann entsprechend als <ś> erscheint. Für beide erscheinungen finden sich in Lex belege, für die die sirvydas-Wörterbücher als Quelle wahrscheinlich sind. so scheint der oben angeführte beleg aus SD 3 391 seinen reflex in folgendem Wörterbuchartikel in Lex gefunden zu haben: Abfertigen nusʒuſti Lex 2v. von diesem beleg scheint auch auf der gleichen seite angeführte Wörterbuchartikel Abgesandter Paßuſtas ← Paſuſtas Lex 2v beeinflusst worden zu sein, in dem die ursprünglich korrekte Form Paſuſtas in Paßuſtas korrigiert worden ist. spuren einer nichtrealisierung von <ś> mit parallelen in SD 3 finden sich im folgenden beleg: helle Skaiſtas, a. ſwi → Sʒwieſus Lex 47r, in dem die Form Sʒwieſus zunächst als ſwiesus intendiert war. als vorlage kann hier die folgende stelle angenommen werden, vgl. iáſny / clarus, ſerenus, ‖ ſplendidus, luculentus, ‖ liruſcus, evidens, lin-‖pidus, liquidus, perſpicu-‖us. ſwiesus / ſkay=‖ſtas / giedras SPr 45r. SPr erscheint als vorlage um so wahrscheinlicher, als die entsprechenden Formen im 1625 von johann rhesa herausgegebenen Psalter Davids (RPs), der Hauptvorlage von *Lex, 22 jeweils auf andere deutsche Formen bezogen sind und im Falle von skaistus einer anderen stammklasse angehören. 23 eine ähnliche Form wie oben zeigt der folgende beleg: Glantʒ Sʒwieſybe. swiesa, Skaiſtybe 24 Lex 42v, allerdings ohne parallelen der schreibung in SPr bzw. SD 3 . 25 dieser beleg wie auch andere belege der verwechslung von 21 vgl. SPr 177r; SD 3 17; SD 3 85; SD 3 428. 22 s. schiller 2009, 60. 23 die in RPs Ps 104,2 nachzuweisende Form Schwieſus (vgl. Schwieſus ira Rubas tawa. Liecht iſt dein Kleid) erscheint unter licht Sʒwieſus, esnis, ausias Lex 59r. die in Ps 12,7 und Ps 19,11 angeführten Formen ſkaiſtus (vgl. Sʒodis Wieſchpaties ira ſkaiſtus Ps 12,7 bzw. inſakimai Wieſchpaties eſti ſkaiſtus Ps 19,11) sind jeweils Übersetzungen zum deutschen adjektiv lauter (vgl. Die Rede des heRRn iſt lauter Ps 12,7 bzw. Die Gebot des heRRn ſind lauter Ps 19,11). 24 vgl. hierzu auch Klarheit Sʒwieſybe ← Swieſybe, Sʒwieſumas […] Lex 54r. 25 iáſność. claritas, ful-‖gor candor. świeſibe / i=‖beimas / świeſa SD 3 85; świeſa me=‖neſio SD 3 334; świeſa waka=‖rine SD 3 552.
rezension von: vincentas Drotvinas (par.), Jokūbas Brodovskis, Lexicon Germanico= Lithvanicvm et ... more rezension von: vincentas Drotvinas (par.), Jokūbas Brodovskis, Lexicon Germanico= Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm. Rankraštinis XVIII amžiaus žodynas. Dokumentinis leidimas su faksimile, perrašu ir žodžių registru 1, 3, 2009 265 Vilma Zubaitienė recenzuojama: Lina Plaušinaitytė, Jokūbo Brodovskio žodyno leksikografinis metodas, 2010 273 Birutė Triškaitė recenzuojama: vilma Zubaitienė, Neišlikusių XVIII amžiaus Mažosios Lietuvos rankraštinių žodynų fragmentai. Bibliotheca Archivi recenzuojama: reda Griškaitė (par.), Stanislovas moravskis, Nuo Merkinės iki Kauno, Atsiskyrėlio gavenda, Iš visur po truputį 1, 2009 325 Ona Aleknavičienė recenzuojama: mindaugas Šinkūnas, XVI-XVII amžiaus Mažosios Lietuvos raštų akcentografija, 2010 331 Diskusijos, apžvalgos, pastabos (Discussions, Surveys, Notes) Zigmas Zinkevičius Ar Tacito Aestiorum gentes yra estai? 345 Roma Bončkutė vaclovo Biržiškos laiškai Petrui Jonikui (1948-1955) Klaipėdos universiteto bibliotekos Kazio Pemkaus fonde 353 Ona Aleknavičienė, Birutė Triškaitė Lietuvos mokslų akademijos seminaras "mažosios Lietuvos religinė knyga" 381 In memoriam Ne visus straipsnius Saulius imdavosi ir redaguoti -tik tuos, kur aiškiai iškelta problema ir bent jau yra analizės pradmenų. Redaktorius buvo puikus -ne tik geras sakinių išpainiotojas, bet ir struktūros modeliuotojas. Autorius neretai išdėsto analizę ta tvarka, kokia ją atliko. Problemos esmė tada išryškėja straipsnio pabaigoje, ten susiformuoja ir tyrimo centras. Saulius siūlydavo medžiagos dėstymą apversti. Esą prob lemą ir jos sprendimą jau žinai, dabar aiškiai iškelk ir įrodyk pradėdamas nuo svarbiausių. Daugelis jaunų mokslininkų girdėjo jo posakį: "Iš pradžių reikia užmesti meškerę, o paskui pagauti žuvį." Redaguodamas itin daug dėmesio skyrė išvadoms. Jo nuomone, čia negali būti įvadui būdingų teiginių. Tai net ir ne nustatytų dalykų, kad ir naujų, santrauka -išvadose turi būti esminiai, jau iš jų išvesti teiginiai. Sauliaus taisymus buku nepadrožtu pieštuku teko šifruoti ne vienam. Nuomonę apie perskaitytą darbą jis mėgo pasakyti ir žodžiu, nesvarbu kur autorių sutikęs: koridoriuje, laiptinėje ar konferencijų salėje. Kartais ją išdėstydavo elektroniniuose laiškuose, ypač tada, kai autorius nebuvo LKI darbuotojas, taigi nebuvo kasdien matomas bendradarbis. Bet kuriuo atveju skubėdavo savo pastabas pasakyti -jam būdavo sunku sulaukti Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos skyriaus posėdžio, kuriame bus svarstoma disertacija ar spaudai rengiama knyga. Jo pamatyta geresnės mokslinės kokybės vizija vertė tai padaryti "čia ir dabar". Saulius daug ir nuoširdžiai dirbo su perspektyviais doktorantais, nors nebuvo jų vadovas, kartais net ir ne doktorantūros komiteto narys. Gal nebus nusižengta etikai, jei darbui su doktorantais pailiustruoti bus pasiremta mintimis iš Sauliaus elektroninių laiškų (remiamasi adresatui leidus). Vienas jų rašytas likus kelioms savaitėms iki disertacijos svarstymo Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos skyriuje. Rašytas tam, kad autorius nedelsdamas -dar iki posėdžio -imtų taisyti ir galėtų greičiau disertaciją ginti. Pradėjęs žodžiais, kad darbas didžiai vertingas ir be jokių abejonių gintinas, toliau pateikė sąrašą konstruktyvių pasiūlymų. Bet jų tiek daug ir esminių (prasidedančių: "Visai nevykusiai apibūdinti metodai", "Siūlyčiau labiau išgryninti pačią disertacijos struktūrą, t. y. perstumdyti kai kuriuos skyrius", "Disertacijos įvade visai nereikia skyrelio [...]. Jis pernelyg atšokęs nuo disertacijos objekto ir tik blaško dėmesį", "Išvados dar neišvadiškos. Jas reikia trumpinti ir iš esmės perredaguoti", "Būtina sutvarkyti nuorodas, jos turi nurodyti į konkretų paragrafą, o ne į įvadą ar kokį bendrą skyrių"), kad skaitant laišką susidaro įspūdis, jog žodžiai "kai ką siūlau taisyti" reiškia beveik "siūlau perdaryti viską iš esmės". Nors patarimai labai konkretūs, gerai motyvuoti, bet ne taip lengva juos įgyvendinti didelės apimties darbe. O laiško pabaigoje -paguoda, kad tu turbūt supratai, jog šitos pastabos neesminės, ir subtilus aktyvinimas kuo greičiau disertaciją ginti: "Su nekantrumu laukiu tų iškilmių (jau dabar jaučiu gero vyno kvapą)." A m i c i S a u l i A m b r a z i Po mėnesio, po LKI Doktorantūros komisijos posėdžio, kuriame buvo nutarta, kad disertaciją galima teikti ginti, Saulius dar kartą perskaitė pataisytą darbą ir laiške konstatavo, kad jis smarkiai pagerėjęs. Bet dar ir dabar išvados jam "neišvadiškos", vis dar primenančios darbo santrauką, tad joms dar reikią "kapitalinio remonto". Prastai jam atrodė ir bandymas į vieną dalį sukišti vos ne du trečdalius disertacijos teksto: "Tai nepaprastai apsunkina skaitymą. Skaitytojas tiesiog turi brukte bruktis per skyrių skyrelių labirintą be jokio kelio ir takelio." Ir vėl konkretūs siūlymai, kaip iš vienos dalies padaryti kelias, ir net galimi tų dalių pavadinimai. Kuo dalių daugiau ir kuo jos trumpesnės, tuo skaityti lengviau, ir nereikią jaudintis, kad jų bus daug. Juk darbas išskirtinai didelis, daug jame atradimų ir "visa tai turi suskambėti lyg kokia simfonija". Suprasdamas, kaip sunku autoriui taisyti savo, rodos, jau baigtą darbą, -tada atsiranda noras ieškoti argumentų, kaip to nedaryti, -Saulius ragino doktorantą nugalėti save ir eiti toliau. Gali susidaryti įspūdis, kad jis norėjo primesti savo valią, tačiau jokių ultimatumų nėra: "Žinoma, Tu daryk, kaip išmanai. Aš negaliu įsakinėti, kaip Tau pasielgti. Aš juk -joks vadovas, tik -neabejingas skaitytojas." Visuose laiškuose juntamas nuoširdus noras padėti, stumtelėti reikiama kryptimi. Ši istorija rodo ne tik tarsi ir nesuinteresuoto mokslininko geranoriškumą. Laiškai liudija daug daugiau -rūpinimąsi lituanistikos garbe apskritai. Iš čia tas reiklumas sau ir kitiems. Į kiekvieną gero mokslinio lygio disertacijos gynimą Saulius žiūrėjo kaip į šventę. Dar tik perskaitęs ir pajutęs jos vertę, jis jau viešai džiaugdavosi: "Jau dabar ausyse skamba būsimos šventės akordai." Jam buvo visai nesvarbu, kokios institucijos doktorantas. Jam rūpėjo tik darbo kokybė ir lituanistikos prestižas. Jį suprato ne kaip deklaraciją, o kaip tautos ir valstybės gyvavimui būtiną savivokos elementą. Saulius be galo gerbė savo mokytojus -Vilniaus universiteto dėstytojus, ypač disertacijos vadovą. Pasakojo, kaip jis redagavo pirmuosius jo straipsnius. Nebuvo linkęs iš karto sutikti, gal ir nepavykdavo tinkamai pataisyti. Tik kai trečiąjį jo straipsnio variantą vadovas ištaisė raudonai, Saulius pripažino jį esant teisų -"išmoko" aiškiai dėstyti mintis, rašyti trumpais sakiniais, optimaliai sutvarkyti struktūrą. O paskui to mokė kitus. Pagarba ir padėka už tai jam buvo reiškiama tiek žodžiu, tiek raštu. Tie patys jausmai liko ir širdyse. Saulius skatino mokslininkus leisti knygas. Tai buvo tradicinė jo baigiamoji išvada tiek per disertacijų svarstymus ir gynimus, tiek per Konkursų ir atestacijos komisijos posėdžius. Jis žinojo, kuo baigiasi per ilgas delsimas, todėl nuolat primindavo kolegoms, kad jau laikas "dėti ant stalo" keletą metų rengiamą knygą: "Tempus fugit." ("Laikas bėga.") Rodos, aktyviojoje Sauliaus vartosenoje nebuvo žodžių mokslo sklaida, lituanistikos plėtra, bet raginimas publikuoti tyrimų rezultatus turėjo būtent tokį tikslą. Šių metų rugpjūtį sužinojus apie Sauliaus mirtį, visi lietuviški žodžiai, siejami su šiuo būties baigties reiškiniu, pasirodė banalūs. Buvo aišku, kad tai neteisinga, bet ir teisybės ieškoti negalima. Mes buvome bičiuliai, o su bičiuliais tarsi reikia ir pasisveikinti, ir atsisveikinti. Atsisveikinti turime mes: "Sudie, Sauliau. Ilsėkis ramybėje." ona aleknavičienė Gauta 2010 m. lapkričio 5 d. Kalbos istorijos ir dialektologijos skyrius Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5 LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva el. p.: aleknaviciene@lki.lt
2008 metais vokietijoje rasta keletas dokumentų, pateikiančių autentiškos informacijos apie danie... more 2008 metais vokietijoje rasta keletas dokumentų, pateikiančių autentiškos informacijos apie danieliaus Kleino (1609-1666) gramatikų, žodyno, giesmyno rengimo aplinkybes ir lietuvių raštijos būklę Xvii amžiaus viduryje. rankraščiai saugomi prūsijos kultūros paveldo slaptajame valstybiniame archyve berlyne (Geheimes staatsarchiv preussischer Kulturbesitz) 1 , jie įrišti byloje bendru pavadinimu Litauiſche Grammatik und Geſangbuch 1659 und andere litauiſche geiſtliche Schriften 1578-1707; Gsta pK: XX em 37 f nr. 2. bl. 8r-11v: 1) danieliaus Kleino laiškas prūsijos kunigaikščiui Frydrichui vilhelmui dėl lietuviško giesmyno, tilžė, 1659 06 19, rašytas vokiškai; Gsta pK: XX em 37 f nr. 2. bl. 8r-9v;
Senoji lietuvių raštija internete 297 Kristina Sakalavičiūtė Tekstologijos šventė vilniuje: (ne... more Senoji lietuvių raštija internete 297 Kristina Sakalavičiūtė Tekstologijos šventė vilniuje: (ne)įveikiamų tvirtovių šturmas 351 Giedrius Subačius Šiaurės Amerikos kalbos mokslų istorijos asociacijos konferencija Čikagoje (2008 m. sausio 4-5 d.) 363 Žavinta Sidabraitė Tarptautinė mokslo konferencija "Lingvistinės minties raida Xvi-XXi amžiuje" 371 Jurgita Venckienė Ką reiškia santrumpa ALt antrajame Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedijos leidime (2008) 379 L a i k r a š č i o Naujasis Tilžės keleivis ( 1 9 2 4 -1 9 4 0 ) a k i s t a t a s u l a i k m e č i u i r l i e t u v i ų k a l b o s p a d ė t i m i r y t p r ū s i u o s e 9 L a i k r a š č i o Naujasis Tilžės keleivis ( 1 9 2 4 -1 9 4 0 ) a k i s t a t a s u l a i k m e č i u i r l i e t u v i ų k a l b o s p a d ė t i m i r y t p r ū s i u o s e L a i k r a š č i o Naujasis Tilžės keleivis ( 1 9 2 4 -1 9 4 0 ) a k i s t a t a s u l a i k m e č i u i r l i e t u v i ų k a l b o s p a d ė t i m i r y t p r ū s i u o s e 19
A r c h i v u m L i t h u a n i c u m 9 I S S N 1 3 9 2 -7 3 7 X I S B N 9 7 8 -3 -4 4 7 -0 9 5 2... more A r c h i v u m L i t h u a n i c u m 9 I S S N 1 3 9 2 -7 3 7 X I S B N 9 7 8 -3 -4 4 7 -0 9 5 2 0 -2 J o h a n n o J a c o b o D e n t z l e r i o v o k i e č i ų -l o t y n ų l e k s i k o g r a f i j o s d a r b a s Clavis Germanico-Latina -d a r v i e n a s r a n k r a š t i n i o ž o d y n o Clavis Germanico-Lithvana š a l t i n i s A r c h i v u m L i t h u a n i c u m 9, 2 0 0 7 i S S N 1 3 9 2 -7 3 7 X , i S B N 9 7 8 -3 -4 4 7 -0 9 5 2 0 -2 Birutė Triškaitė vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas johanno jacobo dentzlerio vokiečių-lotynų leksikografijos darbas Clavis Germanico-Latinadar vienas rankraštinio žodyno Clavis Germanico-Lithvana šaltinis 1 J o h a n n o J a c o b o D e n t z l e r i o v o k i e č i ų -l o t y n ų l e k s i k o g r a f i j o s d a r b a s Clavis Germanico-Latina -d a r v i e n a s r a n k r a š t i n i o ž o d y n o Clavis Germanico-Lithvana š a l t i n i s J o h a n n o J a c o b o D e n t z l e r i o v o k i e č i ų -l o t y n ų l e k s i k o g r a f i j o s d a r b a s Clavis Germanico-Latina -d a r v i e n a s r a n k r a š t i n i o ž o d y n o Clavis Germanico-Lithvana š a l t i n i s 13
rengėjas 261 Giedrius Subačius Kazimiero Lelio ir ipolito Liutostanskio lietuviškos kirilikos m... more rengėjas 261 Giedrius Subačius Kazimiero Lelio ir ipolito Liutostanskio lietuviškos kirilikos modeliai, 1887-1891 279 Publikacijos (Publications) Jurgita Venckienė Kirilika rašyti lietuviški XiX amžiaus pabaigos ir XX amžiaus pradžios rankraštiniai tekstai 319 Recenzijos (Reviews) Jurgita Girčienė, Naujųjų skolinių atitikmenys: struktūra ir vartosena, 2005 ( S A u L i u S A m B r A z A S ) 335 Grasilda Blažienė, Baltische Ortsnamen in Ostpreussen, 2005 ( W i L L i A m r . S c h m A L S T i E G ) 339 Darius Staliūnas (sud.), Raidžių draudimo metai, 2004 ( r o m A B o n č K u T ė ) 343 Eglė Bukantytė, M. Liuterio Naujojo Testamento (1522-1546) įtaka J. Bretkūno Naujojo Testamento vertimui (1579-1580) sintaksės aspektu, 2006