MIRADATUL NAJWA MUHD RODHI | Universiti Teknologi Mara (original) (raw)

Papers by MIRADATUL NAJWA MUHD RODHI

Energies

Biodiesel is increasingly being considered as an alternative to the fossil fuel as it is renewabl... more Biodiesel is increasingly being considered as an alternative to the fossil fuel as it is renewable, nontoxic, biodegradable, and feasible for mass production. Biodiesel can be produced from various types of vegetable oils. Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) is among the prospective nonedible vegetable oils considered as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. The most common process of the biodiesel manufacturing is the transesterification of vegetable oils which results in glycerol as a by-product. Thus, product purification is necessary. In this work, an alternative route to biodiesel synthesis through interesterification reaction of vegetable oil and ethyl acetate was conducted. By replacing alcohol with ethyl acetate, triacetin was produced as a side product rather than glycerol. Triacetin can be used as a fuel additive to increase the octane number of the fuel. Therefore, triacetin separation from biodiesel products is needless. The interesterification reaction is catalyzed ...

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

This research aims to formulate a disinfectant from citrus waste-infused used cooking oil through... more This research aims to formulate a disinfectant from citrus waste-infused used cooking oil through the conventional process and evaluate its effectiveness in microbial elimination. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were utilized to characterize citrus waste-infused used cooking oil. Two prominent bands belonging to the alkane (2921.93–2922.26 cm–1) and ester (1743.60–1743.73 cm–1) were observed on all FTIR spectra. Aside from that, through GC-MS analysis, dried orange-infused used cooking oil was discovered to have the highest percentage content of major antimicrobial compounds such as esters, oxygenated monoterpenoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids with 1.92% of the total amount of compounds found in the sample. However, the agar plate method revealed that the fresh lemon waste-infused used cooking oil disinfectant formulation was the most effective at inhibiting bacterial growth as the colony-forming detected on the agar pl...

Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, 2020

Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET), 2020

Used cooking oil (UCO) is abundant waste oil in Malaysia, due to its daily use in frying food. Th... more Used cooking oil (UCO) is abundant waste oil in Malaysia, due to its daily use in frying food. The proper way to dispose UCO is yet to be found and creating awareness among Malaysians on disposing and recycling UCO required a long period of time. Therefore, alternative needs to be taken to solve this issue by transforming UCO into a value-added product such as insect repellent. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the presence of active functional chemical compounds in UCO and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels powder (limonene) that would help to transform UCO into a repellent. Based on GC-MS analysis, there was presence of fatty acids in UCO such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), myristic acid (C14:0) and capric acid (C10:0). FTIR analysis has proven that orange (Citrus sinensis) peels powder contained limonene compound due to presence of alkene (C=C) group. The results of UCO and orange peels analysis, as well as comparison made wit...

Article Info Pancreatic lipase inhibitory compounds (gallic acid and quercetin) and their inhibit... more Article Info Pancreatic lipase inhibitory compounds (gallic acid and quercetin) and their inhibition properties were determined in the crude extract of matured leaves from widely grown Aquilaria spp. in Malaysia, which are Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria subintegra. The leaves were dried at 60 °C for 24 hours and undergone a pre-treatment method by using ultrasonication, within 30 minutes of reaction. Dried matured leaves were ground and sieved into particle sizes of 250, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 μm. Each particle size was soaked in distilled water with a ratio of 1% (w/v) for 24 hours, prior to ultrasonication process. Particle size of 250 μm resulted in the highest concentration of gallic acid and quercetin equivalent for both species of Aquilaria, wherein 89.99 mg/ml of gallic acid equivalent and 0.0295 mg/ml of quercetin equivalent were obtained in A. malaccensis crude leaves extract and in A. subintegra crude extract, 101.27 mg/ml and 0.0373 mg/ml were obtained, respectively...

The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 2014

Xanthan gum is an important suspending, stabilizing, thickening and emulsifying agent in food and... more Xanthan gum is an important suspending, stabilizing, thickening and emulsifying agent in food and non-food industries. It is currently produced by a bioprocess using an aerobic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It has been found that the use of vegetable oils in the fermentation could overcome some problems in xanthan production. Therefore, this research was taken up to study the effect of supplementing the growth medium with palm-oil on xanthan production. Shake flask and bioreactor studies using Rushton and InterMIG impeller were carried out in this research. The fraction of oil used in formulating the growth medium was varied from 0.05 to 0.50 v/v oil. In shake flask studies with 0.50 v/v oil, xanthan concentration was found to increase more than two fold. It was found that the viscosity of xanthan solution could be brought down from 719.85 cP to 225.50 cP as the oil fraction was increased. The apparent viscosity of the xanthan solutions with and without addition of oil decreased...

Paint is used as a means of protection to prevent surfaces from being corroded over time. This re... more Paint is used as a means of protection to prevent surfaces from being corroded over time. This research is focused on the development of a Bio-based paint made from palm oil methyl ester (POME) which originated from crude palm oil (CPO). New formulation paint has been developed to protect the pipeline from corrosion thus reducing the cost of the operation. Bio-based paint is made up of four components which are solvent, binder, additives, and pigment. The solvent in the bio-based paint is POME. The additives used are wetting and dispersing agent. The pigment used in the bio-based paint is TiO2. The formulation was developed by using a constant amount of additives and binder but varying the amount of POME at 10 ml, 15 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml and 30 ml with addition of water. The Standard Testing Methods for measuring the corrosion rate (ASTM G5-94(2011)) was carried out for each sample. In conclusion, it is proven that in the making of bio-based paint formulation for better corrosion inhibi...

Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 2021

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodi... more Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the mo...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) harnesses thermal energy stored at different seawater dept... more Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) harnesses thermal energy stored at different seawater depths via power generation from a thermodynamic closed-loop cyclical system. Apart from its consistent energy generation, it could be diversified into other side industries, making OTEC an attractive and sustainable source of renewable energy. However, the process that utilises seawater as its main fluid is exposed to biofouling deposition due to unwanted growth and accumulation of biological elements on any contact surfaces, potentially affecting its efficiency and damaging equipment in the process. Considering that biofouling is an inevitable condition that may not be eliminated, a comprehensive study for assessing potential biofouling growth and deposition mechanism is a crucial step for strategizing effective biofouling management in a commercial and large-scale OTEC power plant facility. This review paper focuses on evaluating suitable biofouling assessment techniques specifically for ...

Advanced Materials Research, 2015

In this study, L(+)-lactic acid (LLA) from cassava fermentation by Rhizopusoryzae NRRL 395 was us... more In this study, L(+)-lactic acid (LLA) from cassava fermentation by Rhizopusoryzae NRRL 395 was used as monomer in polymerization through direct polycondensation reaction. HPLC analysis of the fermented product was carried out to confirm the presence of LLA, through the matching of retention time compared to the standard of LLA. The chemical compound in poly (L-lactic acid), PLLA was evaluated after polymerization through direct polycondensation of LLA at 180°C, with the presence of tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) was used to characterize the functional groups, which were ester carbonyl group (C=O and C―O―C), and C-H stretching of the methyl and methine groups (―CH3 and ―CH2) of the resulting PLLA.

2012 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER), 2012

The presence of heavy metals in the wastewater become a concern due to their toxicity effect to h... more The presence of heavy metals in the wastewater become a concern due to their toxicity effect to human health and environmental hazards. Conventional physical and chemical treatments are restricted because of their technical and economical constraints. One of the possible solutions is introducing biosorption method in heavy metals removal. The present study aim to evaluate the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus (P.ostreatus) fungus in the removal of Fe(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions from single and multi metal synthetic solution. Throughout the study, the best operating treatment process were found when the pH of the solution was above 4 with 80.52, 45.20, 12.47 and 2.88% removal for Fe(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II); agitation speed of 150 rpm and temperature of 25°C. It was found that the removal of heavy metals is lower from single than multi metal solution. The biosorption preference order of P.ostreatus is Fe(II) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II). The results obtained validate that biosorption by P.ostreatus is a potential method in replacing conventional heavy metal removal and in the wastewater treatment.

2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC), 2013

Coconut dregs are a waste produced from coconut milk production used as animal food and have the ... more Coconut dregs are a waste produced from coconut milk production used as animal food and have the potential for glucose production. Objective of this study was to investigate the conversion of this cellulosic material into glucose through hydrolysis process with different type of hydrolysis solvents, such as sulfuric acid and methanol. Different concentrations of acid were 0.5% to 1.0%, concentrations of methanol were 10% to 50% and distilled water as a control. Higher glucose concentration produced from hydrolysis using these solvents were 0.38 g/l, 0.15 g/l and 0.04 g/l for 1% of sulfuric acid, 50% of methanol and distilled water, respectively. In addition, chemical structure changed in coconut dregs before and after hydrolysis of coconut dregs has been identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was found that hemicelluloses and lignin degraded during hydrolysis using both solvent. Meanwhile, the hydrolysis of substrate by distilled water remains unchanged in their chemical properties compared to the coconut dregs. Other than that, elemental analyzer was used to analyze total carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in the substrate. Thus, the results presented in this study indicate that coconut dregs can be a promising source for advanced renewable glucose production.

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Theestablishment of Aquilariaspp in producingagarwoodisgaining more and more attentionlately, esp... more Theestablishment of Aquilariaspp in producingagarwoodisgaining more and more attentionlately, especially withgrowinginterest in agarwoodoilextraction. Thus, theoilextractionsomehow produces abundantwaste of processedagarwood.Theintent of thisresearchistoutilizewastefromagarwoodoilextractionprocess,wherethesilicacontentin thiswastewasdetermined.A preliminarystudywasconductedontheeffect of hydrochloricacidtreatments ofagarwoodwasteon FTIR profile. Aftersoakingovernightwithdifferentacidconcentration; 0.3M, 0.5M and 1M, allthesamplesweredried and analyzedbyusingfouriertransform infra red (FTIR). Theresult shows theexistence of silicagroup in thewaste at 1031 cm-1peak. Thehighestsilicaintensityfoundwas86%,obtainedfromthesample of agarwoodwastetreatedwith 0.3M HCl.However, theintensitydecreasedproportionaltoincreasingacidconcentrationduetothedecrement of thesilicaconcentrationdetectedbytheinstrument.

Procedia Engineering, 2013

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 2020

Gallic acid and quercetin equivalent were determined in the crude extract of matured leaves Aquil... more Gallic acid and quercetin equivalent were determined in the crude extract of matured leaves Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria subintegra. The leaves of both Aquilaria species were dried at 60 °C for 24 hours, ground and sieved into particle size of 250, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 µm. Then, each particle size of leaves was soaked in distilled water with a ratio of 1:100 (w/v) for 24 hours and undergoes the pre-treatment method by using ultrasonicator (37 kHz), at the temperature of 60 °C for 30 minutes. The crude extracts were obtained after about 4 hours of hydrodistillation process. The highest concentration of gallic acid and quercetin equivalent was determined in the crude extract from the particle size of 250 µm. The kinetics of pancreatic lipase inhibition was further studied based using the Lineweaver-Burk plot, wherein the concentration of p-NPP as the substrate and pancreatic lipase were varied. Based on the formation of the lines in the plot, the crude leaves extract of both...

Paripex Indian Journal of Research, Oct 1, 2014

Key Engineering Materials, 2014

The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCL) modification of the surface area, morphology and physico-c... more The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCL) modification of the surface area, morphology and physico-chemical properties of Sayong kaolinite clay was investigated in this study. Sayong kaolinite clay was refluxed with different concentration of HCL (1M, 5M and 10M) at 100˚C for 4 hours and followed by calcination at 500˚C at 1 hour. The samples of untreated and treated clay were characterized by different analytical equipment such as BET Surface Area Analyzer, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The acid treatment increased the surface area of the Sayong kaolinite clay almost three times from 24.46 m 2 /g to the maximum value which is 64.04 m 2 /g once treated with 5M HCL. The increasing of the surface area is due to the formation of amorphous silica phase and removal of the octahedral Al 3+ cations and other impurities (such as Mg 2+ , K + , Ca + etc.) when the acid strength is increasing as reported in XRF analysis. FTIR study shows the change of the peak intensity of several types of structural OH groups that presently in the untreated and acid treated samples. TGA-DTA profiles shows that acid treatment increased the amount of physisorbed water as the acid concentration is increased. There are three of endothermic peaks was observed in the untreated sample which centered at 49˚C, 275˚C and 520 ˚C. However, when the clay samples treated with acid, it has increased the physisorbed water and decreased the structural and coordinated water which caused the change in the endothermic curves in the treated sample.