Irena Maniecka-Bryla | Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (original) (raw)

Papers by Irena Maniecka-Bryla

Journal of Health Study and Medicine, 2019

Introduction: The demographic situation in Poland shows that the ageing process is advanced. One ... more Introduction: The demographic situation in Poland shows that the ageing process
is advanced. One of the most essential strategies and solutions in the area
of social and health policy created for the elderly includes creating conditions
which would enable this generation of people to remain fit and healthy, and
stay self-reliant for as long as possible
Aim: The aim of the study was to establish a hierarchy of conditions for happy
life in recipients of social services.
Material and methods: A group of 466 social services recipients aged 65 or
over living in Łódź, central Poland, were surveyed with a questionnaire containing
questions on their socio-demographic situation, the quality of their life,
the conditions needed for a happy life and whether life was better before or
after the year 1989: a year marked by great economic and political transformations
in Poland. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the arithmetic
mean, median and modal ages, as well as structure indicators (percentages
and fractions). The χ2 independence test (p<0.05) was used to evaluate the relationship
between the characteristics.
Results: In most cases the subjects claimed that health (86.5%) and children
(35.8%) are the most important conditions of a satisfying and happy life. Further
positions were occupied by God (27.5%) and money (25.5%). In total,
72.5% of the studied respondents claimed that their life had been better before
1989. Only 7.5% of the subjects believed that the economic and political
transformations of 1989 had contributed to a better life.
Conclusions: An understanding of the conditions needed for a happy life as understood
by elderly people applying for social help should enable the creation of
tailored programmes of help aimed at improving the quality of life of the elderly.
Key words: values, happiness, social help, Poland

Journal of Health Study and Medicine, 2019

Introduction: Assessment of population health lies in the centre of attention of medical and soci... more Introduction: Assessment of population health lies in the centre of attention
of medical and social sciences. Medical advancement prolongs life span and
contributes to an increasing number of the elderly.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the disability phenomenon
as a determinant of the health status of the Polish population, including
socioeconomic variables, causes of disability, its severity and territorial
differences in this aspect.
Material and methods: The research material was a database containing information
on population aged 18. and over with a disability certificate issued
in 2010-2017 (data from the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Policy). The
analysis of empirical data enabled a detailed analysis of the prevalence of the
phenomenon of legal disability in Poland in the context of new cases in the period
covered by the study.
Results: In the analyzed period, the percentage of newly issued certificates increased
until 2015, when it amounted to 1.81%, after which it began to decrease.
In 2017 this percentage amounted to 1.44% (553 674 of issued certificates).
The most common cause of disability in both men and women was
the locomotor disorder – 27.0% and 33.0% respectively. In terms of issued
certificates, a moderate degree of disability prevailed – 50.1%. Territorial differentiation
in the scope of issuing decisions about disability was observed. In
2017 the highest percentage of new disability occurred in the świętokrzyskie
province, where it accounted for 2.5% of the total population, while the lowest
was in mazowieckie, where it accounted for 0.9% of these region population.
Conclusions: An in-depth, reliable evaluation of epidemiological situation,
disease burden and burden-related disability is the reason for implementing
activities which aim at improving health in societies, eliminating health differences
and providing the disabled with equal opportunities.
Key words: disability, health status, Poland

BMC Public Health, 2020

Background: The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years o... more Background: The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years of life due to breast cancer in the female population in the years 2000-2016, with consideration given to differences regarding the level of education and place of residence. Methods: The analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 92,154 death certificates of all Polish female inhabitants who died in the period 2000-2016 due to breast cancer. The SEYLL p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), the SEYLL d (per deaths), the APC (Annual Percentage Change), the AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change) were calculated to determine years of life lost. Results: The mean age of women who died from breast cancer increased in the study period from 64.7 years to 69.7. The SEYLL p index (per 100,000) increased to 776.8 years in 2016 (AAPC = 0.5%). The most unfavorable changes were observed in the group of women with secondary education. In 2004, the SEYLL p values started to grow at a rate of 2.3% and since 2011, they have been higher than amongst women with elementary education. In the years 2000-2016, the authors observed that SEYLL p was steadily declining (APC =-1.0%) in the group of inhabitants of rural areas, whereas with regards to city dwellers, the SEYLL p index has been increasing since 2004 (APC = 0.5%), which has resulted in increased disproportions regarding the place of residence. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that breast cancer is becoming a serious epidemiological problem in Poland. There is the need to intensify activities among women at highest risk group and it should be the starting point for making key decision in combating breast cancer.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was an analysis of mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms in Poland. Th... more The aim of the study was an analysis of mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms in Poland. The study material was a database, consisting of 1,367,364 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland who died during the period 2000-2014 due to malignant cancer. To calculate years of life lost, the SEYLL p index (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) was applied. We also calculated AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL p index (per 10,000 population) due to malignant neoplasms in Poland in males decreased from 586.3 in 2000 to 575.5 in 2014, whereas in females it increased from 398.6 in 2000 to 418.3 in 2014. The greatest number of lost years of life in 2014 was attributed to lung cancer (174.7 per 10,000 males and 77.3 per 10,000 females), breast cancer in females (64.5) and colorectal cancer in males (39.0). The most negative trends were observed for lung cancer in females (AAPC = 3.5%) and for colorectal cancer (AAPC = 1.8%) and prostate cancer (AAPC = 1.6%) in males. Many lost years could have been prevented by including a greater number of Polish inhabitants in screening examinations, mostly targeted at malignant neoplasm, whose incidence is closely connected with modifiable risk factors.

KARDIOLOGIA POLSKA, 2019

BACKGROUND Pacemakers have become the standard of care in patients with severe bradycardia and co... more BACKGROUND Pacemakers have become the standard of care in patients with severe bradycardia and conduction abnormalities. The survival and premature mortality can be assessed using the years of life lost (YLLs).
AIMS The aim of the study was to analyze mortality trends over the period from 1999 to 2015 among patients implanted with a dual‑chamber (DDD) pacemaker who were inhabitants of Małopolska Province.
METHODS This was a retrospective study of records collected from consecutive patients who underwent de novo DDD pacemaker implantation at a single center between 1984 and 2014. Inclusion criteria were residence status in Małopolska Province at the latest follow‑up visit and death between 1999 and 2015. The standard expected years of life lost per death was used to calculate YLLs. Time trends were evaluated with joinpoint models and presented as an average annual percentage change (AAPC).
RESULTS Among a total of 3932 consecutive patients implanted with a DDD pacemaker, 1211 patients met the inclusion criteria. We noted an increase in the mean age at implant from 70 years in 1999 to 75.5 years in 2015 (AAPC, 0.6%; P <0.05), the number of years lived after DDD pacemaker implantation from 2.6 years to 8.2 years (AAPC, 7.4%; P <0.05), and the mean age at death from 72.6 years to 83.8 years (AAPC, 0.89%; P <0.05). Finally, we observed a reduction of the YLLs per death from 17.4 years in 1999 to 9 years in 2015 (AAPC, –4%; P <0.05). All trends were significant for both men and women.
CONCLUSIONS In the 17‑year follow‑up, we showed significant changes in analyzed trends, in particular a reduction in the YLLs per death.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2019

The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to cardiovascular diseases in the group o... more The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to cardiovascular diseases in the
group of people aged 65 and more in Poland in 2000–2014 using the Standard Expected Years of Life
Lost. In the study there was used a database containing 2,148,871 deaths cards for older Polish citizens
who died in the years 2000–2014 due to cardiovascular diseases. Years of life lost were calculated
using the SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person). The joinpoint models were
used to analyze trends. The SEYLLp ratio (per 10,000) due to cardiovascular diseases in Poland in the
population aged 65 and over decreased in the analyzed period. Among men, from 4619.0 in 2000
to 3067.0 in 2014 (AAPC = –2.4%, p < 0.05), and in the group of women from 3038.0 to 2065.0
(AAPC = –2.5%, p < 0.05). In 2014, the largest number of years of life lost among men the ischemic
heart disease caused (819.0), while in women, diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries (489.0). Unfavorable
trends (in the group of men and women) were reported for heart failure (AAPC, respectively,
3.3% and 2.8%, p < 0.05). Despite the positive tendency of the studied phenomenon, it is necessary
to increase the emphasis on cardiological problems of elderly people in order to eliminate inequities
in health and unfavorable differences in the average life expectancy.

BMJ Open, 2019

Objectives To analyse years of life lost (YLLs) due to digestive diseases in Poland according to:... more Objectives To analyse years of life lost (YLLs) due to
digestive diseases in Poland according to: marital status,
education, working status and place of residence.
Design A cross-sectional study.
Setting The study was based on a dataset containing
information from death certificates of Poles who died in
2002 and in 2011.
Participants The analysis covered records with codes
K00–K93 according to the International Classification of
Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision.
Outcome measures YLL values were calculated using the
Standard Expected Years of Life Lost measure. For each
socioeconomic variable, the rate ratio (RR) was calculated
as the quotient of YLLs in the less privileged group to the
more privileged group.
Results Among the categories of marital status, the
smallest YLL values (per 10 000) were recorded among
singles (men: 100.63 years in 2002, 121.10 years in 2011;
women: 26.99, 33.33, respectively), and the most among
divorced men (657.87, 689.32) and widowed women
(173.97, 169.46). YLL analysis according to education
level revealed the lowest values in people with higher
education (men: 54.20, 57.66; women: 17.31, 18.31) and
the highest in people with lower than secondary education
(men: 178.85, 198.32; women: 104.95, 125.76). Being
economically active was associated with a smaller YLL
score (men: 39.93, 59.51; women: 10.31, 14.96) than
being inactive (men: 340.54, 219.93; women: 126.86,
96.80). Urban residents had higher YLL score (men:
159.46, 174.18, women: 73.03, 78.12) than rural ones
(men: 126.83, 137.11, women: 57.32, 57.56).
In both sexes, RR according to education level and place of
residence increased, and those according to marital status
and working status decreased with time.
Conclusions Activities aimed at reducing health
inequalities in terms of YLL due to digestive diseases
should be primarily addressed to inhabitants with lower
than secondary education, divorced and widowed people,
urban residents and those who are economically inactive.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2019

The aim of the study is the analysis of mortality due to cancer diseases of men and women aged 65... more The aim of the study is the analysis of mortality due to cancer diseases of men and women
aged 65+ in the Lodz region in the period 1999–2014, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon
of excess male mortality. The analysis included information on 501,124 deaths reported in the Lodz
region from 1999 to 2014. Crude and standardized death rates according to the causes of death based
on ICD–10 and excess mortality rates were calculated. An analysis of time trends was performed with
the use of joinpoint models. In the period under study a slight decrease in standardized mortality rates
(per 10,000) caused by cancer among people aged 65 and more was observed – from 171.7 to 166.8
among males and from 83.9 to 81.7 among females. The excess mortality rate at the beginning and
end of the study period was 2.0. The main causes of deaths in the C00‑C97 class among men aged
65+ in 2014 were cancers of (rates per 10,000): trachea, bronchus and lung (46.0); colon, rectum and
anus (19.0); prostate (18.4). While among women aged 65 and more, these were cancers of: trachea,
bronchus and lung (12.6); colon, rectum and anus (11.3); breast (8.8). The phenomenon of excess mortality
of males aged 65 and more due to cancer diseases in the Lodz region in 2014 was determined
mainly by malignant neoplasms of: bladder; trachea, bronchus and lung; stomach.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and years of life lost due to prostate can... more The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and years of life lost due to prostate cancer (PCa) in Poland in 2000-2015. The crude death rates (CDR), standardised death rates (SDR), standard expected years of life lost per living person (SEYLL p) and per death (SEYLL d) values were calculated. Joinpoint models were used to analyse time trends. In the study period, 61,928 men died of PCa. The values of mortality rates in 2000 (per 100,000) were: CDR = 16.97, SDR = 16.17, SEYLL p = 332.1. In 2015, the values of all rates increased: CDR = 26.22, SDR = 16.69, SEYLL p = 429.5. However, the SEYLL d value decreased from 15.62 to one man who died due to PCa in 2000 to 13.78 in 2015. The highest SEYLL p values occurred in the group of men with primary education (619.5 in 2000 and 700.7 in 2015). They were respectively 2.24 and 2.96 times higher than in men with higher education (275.7 and 237.1). SEYLL p values increased in urban areas (from 295.7 to 449.4), slightly changed in the rural areas (from 391.5 to 400.2). Unfavorable trends in mortality due to PCa in Poland require explanation of the causes and implementation of appropriate actions aimed at mortality reducing.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in th... more The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in the period 2000 to 2015 with consideration given to differences related to education and place of residence. The study material was 28,274 death certificates of all female inhabitants of Poland, who died in 2000 to 2015 due to cervical cancer. In order to calculate years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLL p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLL d (per deaths) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL p index (per 100,000) due to cervical cancer in Poland decreased from 394.3 in 2000 to 220.9 years of life in 2015 (AAPC = −3.6%). Women with university education lost the smallest number of years of life (SEYLL p = 139.0 in 2000 and 53.7 in 2015; AAPC = −5.4%), whereas those with elementary education had the greatest number of years of life lost (524.2 and 312.8; AAPC = −3.4%). Women living in rural areas lost on average 329.5 years in 2000 and 177.0 in 2015 (AAPC = −3.8%). In city areas, the values were 428.6 and 247.1 (AAPC = −3.4%). Many of the years of life lost could have been avoided by including more women, particularly those with elementary education, in screening examinations.

PLoS ONE, 2019

Purpose The aim of the study is to analyze the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) due t... more Purpose The aim of the study is to analyze the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Poland from 1999 to 2014 by sex and place of residence. Methods The number of deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J40-J44 and J47 according to ICD-10) over the period 1999 to 2014 was analyzed based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office in Poland. Standard expected years of life lost due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were calculated by sex and place of residence according to the living population (SEYLL p) and the number of deaths caused by the disease (SEYLL d). Changes in the calculated measures were evaluated using joinpoint models. The annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) were also calculated.
Results
The study revealed that COPD contributed to 1.8% of the total number of deaths which
occurred between 1999 and 2014. The greatest decrease in the analyzed measures was
observed among males from rural areas (p<0.05) (SEYLL: AAPC = -1.6; 95%CI: -3.0;-0.2;
SEYLLp: AAPC = -2.0; 95%CI: -3.4;-0.6; SEYLLd: AAPC = -1.1; 95%CI: -1.2;-0.9). A statistically
significant increase in the SEYLL and SEYLLp indices was observed among female
city dwellers (SEYLL: AAPC = 2.4; 95%CI:0.7;4.0 and SEYLLp: AAPC = 2.4; 95%CI:
0.8;4.1).
Conclusions
All studied measures were higher in the male group than in the female group, regardless of
the place of residence. A male who died of COPD in Poland in 2014 potentially lost 14.9
years of life, whereas a female lost 14.2 years.

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2018

Background & Aims: Diseases of the digestive system substantially contribute to premature mortali... more Background & Aims: Diseases of the digestive system substantially contribute to premature mortality of the
Polish population. Years of Life Lost (YLLs) are more and more commonly used in order to evaluate social and
economic aspects of these deaths. The aim of the study was to analyse YLLs due to diseases of the digestive
system in Poland between 2000-2014.
Methods: The study material included a database which contained information gathered from 5,601,568
death certificates of Poles who died between 2000-2014. Data on deaths due to diseases of the digestive
system were used for the analysis (i.e. coded as K00-K93 according to International Statistical Classification
of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision). Standard Expected Years of Life Lost (SEYLL) was
used to calculate YLLs.
Results: In 2000-2014 diseases of the digestive system contributed to 239,176 deaths of Poles (4.3% of all
deaths), which corresponded to 5,470,096.8 YLLs (95.2 years per 10,000 population). Each death due to the
above cause was responsible for the average loss of 22.9 years. Diseases of the liver, including alcoholic liver
disease and fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver, contributed to the highest number of YLLs (54.1%).
Conclusions: Of all digestive diseases, the dominant causes of YLLs are alcohol-related liver diseases. In
order to minimize this phenomenon, it is important to intensify public health activities, aimed at combating
alcohol addiction in Poland.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2018

Background. colorectal cancers (crcs) are among the most important oncological causes of death in... more Background. colorectal cancers (crcs) are among the most important oncological causes of death in europe. Poland belongs to countries where the mortality rates due to this cause exceed the average values for eu-28. Objectives. comparison of the number of years of life lost (ylls) due to crc between 2000 and 2014 in Poland by voivodships. Material and methods. the study was based on a dataset containing information from the death certificates of Poles who died in 2000 and 2014 (368,028 and 376,467 records, respectively). the data on deaths caused by crc (c18–c21 according to icD-10) was used for the analysis (8,517 deaths in 2000 and 11,411 deaths in 2014). seyll (standard expected years of life lost) was implemented to assess ylls. Results. in 2000, the highest number of ylls per 10,000 men was recorded in zachodniopomorskie (55.7 years), and in 2014 – in opol-skie (77.5 years). the increasing tendency of this measure between 2000 and 2014 in the group of men was observed in all voivodships. in the group of women, in 2000 the highest number of ylls per 10,000 was reported in lodzkie (46 years), and in 2014 – in warminsko-Mazurskie (49.6 years). in women, an seyll p decline over time was noted only in lodzkie and Dolnoslaskie, and in other voivodships, its values increased. Conclusions. between 2000 and 2014, an upward tendency of ylls due to crc was observed in Poland, though with territorial differentiation. it is advisable to search for more effective methods of reducing existing inequalities between individual provinces of Poland.

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2018

Background. In Poland, as in most other European countries, diseases of the respiratory system ar... more Background. In Poland, as in most other European countries, diseases of the respiratory system are the
4th leading cause of mortality; they are responsible for about 8% of all deaths in the European Union (EU)
annually. To assess the socio-economic aspects of mortality, it has become increasingly common to apply
potential measures rather than conventionally used ratios.
Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyze years of life lost due to premature deaths caused by diseases
of the respiratory system in Poland from 1999 to 2013.
Material and methods. The study was based on a dataset of 5,606,516 records, obtained from the death
certificates of Polish residents who died between 1999 and 2013. The information on deaths caused by diseases
of the respiratory system, i.e., coded as J00–J99 according to the International Statistical Classification
of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10), was analyzed. The Standard Expected Years
of Life Lost (SEYLL) indicator was used in the study.
Results. In the years 1999–2013, the Polish population suffered 280,519 deaths caused by diseases of the
respiratory system (4.69% of all deaths). In the period analyzed, a gradual decrease in the standardized
death rate was observed – from 46.31 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1999 to 41.02 in 2013. The dominant
causes of death were influenza and pneumonia (J09–J18) and chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40–J47).
Diseases of the respiratory system were the cause of 4,474,548.92 lost life years. The Standard Expected Years
of Life Lost per person (SEYLLp) was 104.72 per 10,000 males and 52.85 per 10,000 females. The Standard
Expected Years of Life Lost per death (SEYLLd) for people who died due to diseases of the respiratory system
was 17.54 years of life on average for men and 13.65 years on average for women.
Conclusions. The use of the SEYLL indicator provided significant information on premature mortality due
to diseases of the respiratory system, indicating the fact that they play a large role in the health status of the
Polish population.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2017

Celem pracy jest analiza trendów umieralności mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku 65 lat i więcej w woj. łó... more Celem pracy jest analiza trendów umieralności mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku 65 lat i więcej
w woj. łódzkim w latach 1999–2013, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zjawiska nadumieralności
mężczyzn. Materiał badawczy stanowiła kompletna baza zgonów (471 397) odnotowanych w woj.
łódzkim w latach 1999–2013. Obliczono rzeczywiste współczynniki zgonów wg płci. Standaryzację
przeprowadzono metodą bezpośrednią. Jako standard przyjęto populację europejską. Ponadto obliczono
współczynniki umieralności szczegółowej wg przyczyn zgonów w oparciu o ICD–10 i wskaźniki
nadumieralności. Analizę trendów czasowych przeprowadzono za pomocą modeli joinpoint. Oszacowane
zostały średnioroczne procentowe tempa zmian. Obliczenia własne pozwoliły na określenie
najważniejszych przyczyn zgonów wśród osób w wieku 65 lat i więcej w 2013 roku. W grupie mężczyzn
były to (wskaźnik na 10 000): choroby układu krążenia (301,2), nowotwory złośliwe (160,2), choroby
układu oddechowego (56,0), choroby układu trawiennego (24,4) i zewnętrzne przyczyny (19,4).
Analogiczny rozkład przyczyn zaobserwowano wśród kobiet, gdzie współczynnik natężenia osiągał kolejno wartości: 270,1; 82,9; 32,0; 19,6; 11,2. W porównaniu z rokiem 1999 największy spadek natężenia
zgonów, zarówno w grupie mężczyzn, jak i kobiet, odnotowano w odniesieniu do chorób układu krążenia.
Wskaźnik nadumieralności mężczyzn powyżej 65. r.ż. w całym badanym okresie najwyższe wartości
(2,2–2,6) osiągał w grupie wieku 65–69 lat, najniższe natomiast (1,1–1,3) w przedziale 85 lat i więcej.
Największe tempo zmian (2,5% rocznie), odnotowano w latach 1999–2007 w grupie wieku 70–74 lata.
Mimo obserwowanego spadku natężenia zgonów, nadumieralność mężczyzn w wieku 65 lat i więcej
nie zmieniła się znacząco na przestrzeni lat 1999–2013 i była warunkowana w największym stopniu
nowotworami złośliwymi, chorobami układu oddechowego i zewnętrznymi przyczynami.

Central European Journal of Urology, 2017

Introduction The aim of the study is to evaluate the number of years of life lost in inhabitants ... more Introduction The aim of the study is to evaluate the number of years of life lost in inhabitants of Poland
due to bladder cancer (BC), identify trends of the mortality and calculate the pace of change which has
happened over the period of the first fifteen years of the 21st century.
Material and methods The study material was a database including 44,283 death certificates of Polish
inhabitants who died due to bladder cancer in the period 2000–2014. The number of years of life lost
were calculated using the SEYLL indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person)
and SEYLLd (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per death).
Results The crude death rates (CDR) index increased from 10.79 per 100,000 males in 2000 to 14.30
in 2014 (Annual Percentage Change [APC] = 2.1%, p <0.05). In women, the group value of the CDR index
increased from 2.50 in 2000 to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 2.9%, p <0.05). The standardized death rates (SDR)
index fell from 23.27 in 2000 to 22.48 in 2014 (APC = -0.1%, p >0.05) in men, but rose from 3.54 in 2000
to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 0.4%, p <0.05) in women.
The SEYLLp index (per 100,000 population) due to bladder cancer in Poland increased from 202.9
in 2000 to 243.4 in 2014 (APC = 1.3%, p <0.05) in men, and from 40.4 in 2000 to 60.1 in 2014
(APC = 2.7%, p <0.05) in women.
Conclusions Despite the prolongation of patient life, as shown by the SEYLLd factor, Polish patients still
lose too many years of life due to BC than compared to United States patients.

Kardiologia Polska, 2017

Background: Measures presenting the number of years of lost life point out social and economic as... more Background: Measures presenting the number of years of lost life point out social and economic aspects of premature mortality. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine trends and pace of changes in years of life lost, in inhabitants of Poland, in 2000–2014, due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: The study material was a database including 2,587,141 death certificates of Polish inhabitants who died of CVD in 2000–2014. We applied the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) indicators per living person (SEYLL p) and per death (SEYLL d) to calculate life years lost. We also estimated annual percentage changes (APC) and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) in the SEYLL indicators. Results: In 2000 the SEYLLp index due to CVD was 860.3 years per 10,000 males and 586.9 years per 10,000 females. In 2000–2004 the indices were decreasing and the average annual rate was –0.8% in the male group and –1.2% in the female group. Eventually, in 2014 its values were 721.4 years per 10,000 males and 475.6 years per 10,000 females. The respondents were losing years of life due to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) most rapidly (AAPC = –3.3% in the male group and –3.2% in the female group) and due to cerebrovascular diseases (AAPC = –2.5% in the male group and AAPC = –3.3% in the female group). On the other hand, there was an increase in the number of years of life lost due to heart failure (HF) (AAPC = 5.7% in the male group and AAPC = 4.4% in the female group). In 2014 SEYLLp due to IHD were 207.3 per 10,000 males and 99.1 per 10,000 females, due to cerebrovascular diseases — 124.3 and 102.2, and due to HF — 155.3 and 104.9. Each male who died of CVD lost on average 19.1 years in the year 2000 and 17.0 years in the year 2014 (AAPC = –0.5%). Regarding women, SEYLLd values were 12.6 years in 2000 and 10.4 years in 2014 (AAPC = –1.4%). A decrease in the SEYLLd value was observed in all analysed causes of mortality, in both males and females. Conclusions: Among CVDs, IHD and cerebrovascular diseases contribute to the highest number of years of life lost in inhabitants of Poland. The constant decline in the average number of years of life lost by each person who died of CVD might result from implementation of more effective prophylaxis and more effective treatment, which extend lifespan.

Medycyna Pracy, 2017

Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena zależności między wykształceniem, stanem cywilnym, statusem zatrudn... more Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena zależności między wykształceniem, stanem cywilnym, statusem zatrudnienia i miejscem zamieszkania
a umieralnością mieszkańców Polski w wieku produkcyjnym w latach 2002 i 2011. Materiał i metody: Analizą objęto
zgony mieszkańców Polski w wieku 25–64 lat w 2002 r. (N = 97 004) i 2011 r. (N = 104 598). Dla poszczególnych grup społeczno
-ekonomicznych obliczono standaryzowane współczynniki umieralności (SDR) na 100 000 mieszkańców i wskaźniki nierówności
(rate ratio – RR). Wyniki: W grupie mężczyzn biernych zawodowo SDR zmniejszył się z 2244,3 w 2002 r. do 1781,9 w 2011 r.,
natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo wzrósł z 253,8 do 298,9 (spadek RR z 8,8 do 6). W grupie kobiet biernych zawodowo
SDR zmniejszył się z 579,5 do 495,2, natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo zwiększył się z 78,8 do 90,9 (spadek RR z 7,4 do 5,4).
W grupie mężczyzn z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 285,7 do 246, a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym
wzrósł z 1141 do 1183 (wzrost RR z 4 do 4,8). W grupie kobiet z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 127,2 do 115,6,
a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym zwiększył się z 375,8 do 423,1 (wzrost RR z 3 do 3,7). W grupie rozwiedzionych/
/separowanych również wzrosły SDR – z 1521,4 do 1729,8 wśród mężczyzn i z 365,5 do 410,8 wśród kobiet. Wnioski: Przyszłe programy
profilaktyczne i edukacyjne w zakresie ochrony zdrowia należy adresować przede wszystkim do osób biernych zawodowo,
z wykształceniem podstawowym oraz rozwiedzionych lub żyjących w separacji.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2017

Background. alcohol is one of the most serious public health threats facing the global population... more Background. alcohol is one of the most serious public health threats facing the global population. Of all disease risk factors , alcohol ranks ninth place globally and sixth in Poland, with regards to DaLys (Disability-Adjusted Life Years). DaLys consist of two components: yLL (Years of Life Lost) and yLD (Years of Life with Disability). Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the number of years of life lost due to alcohol-related diseases of the liver in the Polish population in 2013 according to voivodships. Material and methods. The study was based on 387,312 records obtained from the death certificates of Poles who died in 2013. The data on deaths caused by alcohol-related diseases of the liver (alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver) were used for the analysis. The SeyLL (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost) was used to calculate the years of life lost. Results. In 2013, alcohol-related diseases of the liver caused 6,126 deaths of Poles, resulting in a loss of 129,578.8 years of life in the group of men (69.5 per 10,000) and 51,280.3 years in the group of women (25.8 per 10,000). The highest number of years of life lost was noted in the voivodships of Śląskie (102.5 per 10,000 males and 45.9 per 10,000 females) and łódzkie (97.3 and 33.6, respectively), and the lowest in Podkarpackie (49.3 and 10.4, respectively). Conclusions. Premature deaths caused by alcohol-related diseases of the liver are a considerable problem in the Polish population. The particular challenge in public health activities is to reduce the inconsistencies in health between voivodships.

We współczesnym świecie obserwuje się coraz większą liczbę osób starszych, przy jednoczesnym spad... more We współczesnym świecie obserwuje się coraz większą liczbę osób starszych, przy jednoczesnym spadku możliwości sprawowania nad nimi opieki, na co znaczący wpływ mają zmiany demograficzne rodziny. Celem niniejszego badania była ocena jakości życia osób starszych korzystających z pomocy instytucjonalnej. Badanie przeprowadzono od kwietnia do czerwca 2015 r. po uzyskaniu zgody Komisji Bioetycznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi. Badaną populację stanowili pensjonariusze 5 losowo dobranych do badania domów pomocy społecznej na terenie województwa łódzkiego Do oceny stanu umysłowego badanych wykorzystano Skrócony Test Sprawności Umysłowej wg Hodgkinsona. Finalnie analizą statystyczną objęto 117 osób. Narzędziem badania był anonimowy kwestionariusz wywiadu (49 pytań dotyczących stylu życia, relacji rodzinnych, samooceny stanu zdrowia i jakości życia). Uzyskane dane wprowadzone zostały do bazy w programie Microsoft Excel i Statistica. W analizie statystycznej wykorzystano miary z zakresu statystyki opisowej i analitycznej. Do oceny zależności pomiędzy analizowanymi zmiennymi a samooceną jakości życia wykorzystano test Chi² (p < 0,05). 62,1% badanych deklarowało złą samoocenę jakości życia – częściej kobiety (Chi² = 0,919). 69,2% seniorów deklarowało niesamodzielne podjęcie decyzji o zamieszkaniu w dps. Czynnikami istotnie związanymi z samooceną jakości życia badanych były: czas pobytu w placówce, częstość spotkań z rodziną, wynik skali ADL i samoocena stanu zdrowia. Pielęgnowanie
kontaktów rodzinnych wpływa na poczucie jakości życia seniorów zamieszkujących domy pomocy społecznej. Migracje ludzi młodych ograniczają udzielanie wsparcia seniorom przez rodzinę, prowadząc do wzmożonego zaangażowania placówek instytucjonalnych w pomoc ludziom starszym.

Journal of Health Study and Medicine, 2019

Introduction: The demographic situation in Poland shows that the ageing process is advanced. One ... more Introduction: The demographic situation in Poland shows that the ageing process
is advanced. One of the most essential strategies and solutions in the area
of social and health policy created for the elderly includes creating conditions
which would enable this generation of people to remain fit and healthy, and
stay self-reliant for as long as possible
Aim: The aim of the study was to establish a hierarchy of conditions for happy
life in recipients of social services.
Material and methods: A group of 466 social services recipients aged 65 or
over living in Łódź, central Poland, were surveyed with a questionnaire containing
questions on their socio-demographic situation, the quality of their life,
the conditions needed for a happy life and whether life was better before or
after the year 1989: a year marked by great economic and political transformations
in Poland. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the arithmetic
mean, median and modal ages, as well as structure indicators (percentages
and fractions). The χ2 independence test (p<0.05) was used to evaluate the relationship
between the characteristics.
Results: In most cases the subjects claimed that health (86.5%) and children
(35.8%) are the most important conditions of a satisfying and happy life. Further
positions were occupied by God (27.5%) and money (25.5%). In total,
72.5% of the studied respondents claimed that their life had been better before
1989. Only 7.5% of the subjects believed that the economic and political
transformations of 1989 had contributed to a better life.
Conclusions: An understanding of the conditions needed for a happy life as understood
by elderly people applying for social help should enable the creation of
tailored programmes of help aimed at improving the quality of life of the elderly.
Key words: values, happiness, social help, Poland

Journal of Health Study and Medicine, 2019

Introduction: Assessment of population health lies in the centre of attention of medical and soci... more Introduction: Assessment of population health lies in the centre of attention
of medical and social sciences. Medical advancement prolongs life span and
contributes to an increasing number of the elderly.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the disability phenomenon
as a determinant of the health status of the Polish population, including
socioeconomic variables, causes of disability, its severity and territorial
differences in this aspect.
Material and methods: The research material was a database containing information
on population aged 18. and over with a disability certificate issued
in 2010-2017 (data from the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Policy). The
analysis of empirical data enabled a detailed analysis of the prevalence of the
phenomenon of legal disability in Poland in the context of new cases in the period
covered by the study.
Results: In the analyzed period, the percentage of newly issued certificates increased
until 2015, when it amounted to 1.81%, after which it began to decrease.
In 2017 this percentage amounted to 1.44% (553 674 of issued certificates).
The most common cause of disability in both men and women was
the locomotor disorder – 27.0% and 33.0% respectively. In terms of issued
certificates, a moderate degree of disability prevailed – 50.1%. Territorial differentiation
in the scope of issuing decisions about disability was observed. In
2017 the highest percentage of new disability occurred in the świętokrzyskie
province, where it accounted for 2.5% of the total population, while the lowest
was in mazowieckie, where it accounted for 0.9% of these region population.
Conclusions: An in-depth, reliable evaluation of epidemiological situation,
disease burden and burden-related disability is the reason for implementing
activities which aim at improving health in societies, eliminating health differences
and providing the disabled with equal opportunities.
Key words: disability, health status, Poland

BMC Public Health, 2020

Background: The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years o... more Background: The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and the number of lost years of life due to breast cancer in the female population in the years 2000-2016, with consideration given to differences regarding the level of education and place of residence. Methods: The analysis was based on a database of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, containing information gathered from 92,154 death certificates of all Polish female inhabitants who died in the period 2000-2016 due to breast cancer. The SEYLL p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), the SEYLL d (per deaths), the APC (Annual Percentage Change), the AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change) were calculated to determine years of life lost. Results: The mean age of women who died from breast cancer increased in the study period from 64.7 years to 69.7. The SEYLL p index (per 100,000) increased to 776.8 years in 2016 (AAPC = 0.5%). The most unfavorable changes were observed in the group of women with secondary education. In 2004, the SEYLL p values started to grow at a rate of 2.3% and since 2011, they have been higher than amongst women with elementary education. In the years 2000-2016, the authors observed that SEYLL p was steadily declining (APC =-1.0%) in the group of inhabitants of rural areas, whereas with regards to city dwellers, the SEYLL p index has been increasing since 2004 (APC = 0.5%), which has resulted in increased disproportions regarding the place of residence. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that breast cancer is becoming a serious epidemiological problem in Poland. There is the need to intensify activities among women at highest risk group and it should be the starting point for making key decision in combating breast cancer.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was an analysis of mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms in Poland. Th... more The aim of the study was an analysis of mortality trends due to malignant neoplasms in Poland. The study material was a database, consisting of 1,367,364 death certificates of inhabitants of Poland who died during the period 2000-2014 due to malignant cancer. To calculate years of life lost, the SEYLL p index (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person) was applied. We also calculated AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL p index (per 10,000 population) due to malignant neoplasms in Poland in males decreased from 586.3 in 2000 to 575.5 in 2014, whereas in females it increased from 398.6 in 2000 to 418.3 in 2014. The greatest number of lost years of life in 2014 was attributed to lung cancer (174.7 per 10,000 males and 77.3 per 10,000 females), breast cancer in females (64.5) and colorectal cancer in males (39.0). The most negative trends were observed for lung cancer in females (AAPC = 3.5%) and for colorectal cancer (AAPC = 1.8%) and prostate cancer (AAPC = 1.6%) in males. Many lost years could have been prevented by including a greater number of Polish inhabitants in screening examinations, mostly targeted at malignant neoplasm, whose incidence is closely connected with modifiable risk factors.

KARDIOLOGIA POLSKA, 2019

BACKGROUND Pacemakers have become the standard of care in patients with severe bradycardia and co... more BACKGROUND Pacemakers have become the standard of care in patients with severe bradycardia and conduction abnormalities. The survival and premature mortality can be assessed using the years of life lost (YLLs).
AIMS The aim of the study was to analyze mortality trends over the period from 1999 to 2015 among patients implanted with a dual‑chamber (DDD) pacemaker who were inhabitants of Małopolska Province.
METHODS This was a retrospective study of records collected from consecutive patients who underwent de novo DDD pacemaker implantation at a single center between 1984 and 2014. Inclusion criteria were residence status in Małopolska Province at the latest follow‑up visit and death between 1999 and 2015. The standard expected years of life lost per death was used to calculate YLLs. Time trends were evaluated with joinpoint models and presented as an average annual percentage change (AAPC).
RESULTS Among a total of 3932 consecutive patients implanted with a DDD pacemaker, 1211 patients met the inclusion criteria. We noted an increase in the mean age at implant from 70 years in 1999 to 75.5 years in 2015 (AAPC, 0.6%; P <0.05), the number of years lived after DDD pacemaker implantation from 2.6 years to 8.2 years (AAPC, 7.4%; P <0.05), and the mean age at death from 72.6 years to 83.8 years (AAPC, 0.89%; P <0.05). Finally, we observed a reduction of the YLLs per death from 17.4 years in 1999 to 9 years in 2015 (AAPC, –4%; P <0.05). All trends were significant for both men and women.
CONCLUSIONS In the 17‑year follow‑up, we showed significant changes in analyzed trends, in particular a reduction in the YLLs per death.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2019

The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to cardiovascular diseases in the group o... more The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends due to cardiovascular diseases in the
group of people aged 65 and more in Poland in 2000–2014 using the Standard Expected Years of Life
Lost. In the study there was used a database containing 2,148,871 deaths cards for older Polish citizens
who died in the years 2000–2014 due to cardiovascular diseases. Years of life lost were calculated
using the SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person). The joinpoint models were
used to analyze trends. The SEYLLp ratio (per 10,000) due to cardiovascular diseases in Poland in the
population aged 65 and over decreased in the analyzed period. Among men, from 4619.0 in 2000
to 3067.0 in 2014 (AAPC = –2.4%, p < 0.05), and in the group of women from 3038.0 to 2065.0
(AAPC = –2.5%, p < 0.05). In 2014, the largest number of years of life lost among men the ischemic
heart disease caused (819.0), while in women, diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries (489.0). Unfavorable
trends (in the group of men and women) were reported for heart failure (AAPC, respectively,
3.3% and 2.8%, p < 0.05). Despite the positive tendency of the studied phenomenon, it is necessary
to increase the emphasis on cardiological problems of elderly people in order to eliminate inequities
in health and unfavorable differences in the average life expectancy.

BMJ Open, 2019

Objectives To analyse years of life lost (YLLs) due to digestive diseases in Poland according to:... more Objectives To analyse years of life lost (YLLs) due to
digestive diseases in Poland according to: marital status,
education, working status and place of residence.
Design A cross-sectional study.
Setting The study was based on a dataset containing
information from death certificates of Poles who died in
2002 and in 2011.
Participants The analysis covered records with codes
K00–K93 according to the International Classification of
Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision.
Outcome measures YLL values were calculated using the
Standard Expected Years of Life Lost measure. For each
socioeconomic variable, the rate ratio (RR) was calculated
as the quotient of YLLs in the less privileged group to the
more privileged group.
Results Among the categories of marital status, the
smallest YLL values (per 10 000) were recorded among
singles (men: 100.63 years in 2002, 121.10 years in 2011;
women: 26.99, 33.33, respectively), and the most among
divorced men (657.87, 689.32) and widowed women
(173.97, 169.46). YLL analysis according to education
level revealed the lowest values in people with higher
education (men: 54.20, 57.66; women: 17.31, 18.31) and
the highest in people with lower than secondary education
(men: 178.85, 198.32; women: 104.95, 125.76). Being
economically active was associated with a smaller YLL
score (men: 39.93, 59.51; women: 10.31, 14.96) than
being inactive (men: 340.54, 219.93; women: 126.86,
96.80). Urban residents had higher YLL score (men:
159.46, 174.18, women: 73.03, 78.12) than rural ones
(men: 126.83, 137.11, women: 57.32, 57.56).
In both sexes, RR according to education level and place of
residence increased, and those according to marital status
and working status decreased with time.
Conclusions Activities aimed at reducing health
inequalities in terms of YLL due to digestive diseases
should be primarily addressed to inhabitants with lower
than secondary education, divorced and widowed people,
urban residents and those who are economically inactive.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2019

The aim of the study is the analysis of mortality due to cancer diseases of men and women aged 65... more The aim of the study is the analysis of mortality due to cancer diseases of men and women
aged 65+ in the Lodz region in the period 1999–2014, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon
of excess male mortality. The analysis included information on 501,124 deaths reported in the Lodz
region from 1999 to 2014. Crude and standardized death rates according to the causes of death based
on ICD–10 and excess mortality rates were calculated. An analysis of time trends was performed with
the use of joinpoint models. In the period under study a slight decrease in standardized mortality rates
(per 10,000) caused by cancer among people aged 65 and more was observed – from 171.7 to 166.8
among males and from 83.9 to 81.7 among females. The excess mortality rate at the beginning and
end of the study period was 2.0. The main causes of deaths in the C00‑C97 class among men aged
65+ in 2014 were cancers of (rates per 10,000): trachea, bronchus and lung (46.0); colon, rectum and
anus (19.0); prostate (18.4). While among women aged 65 and more, these were cancers of: trachea,
bronchus and lung (12.6); colon, rectum and anus (11.3); breast (8.8). The phenomenon of excess mortality
of males aged 65 and more due to cancer diseases in the Lodz region in 2014 was determined
mainly by malignant neoplasms of: bladder; trachea, bronchus and lung; stomach.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and years of life lost due to prostate can... more The aim of the study was to assess trends in mortality and years of life lost due to prostate cancer (PCa) in Poland in 2000-2015. The crude death rates (CDR), standardised death rates (SDR), standard expected years of life lost per living person (SEYLL p) and per death (SEYLL d) values were calculated. Joinpoint models were used to analyse time trends. In the study period, 61,928 men died of PCa. The values of mortality rates in 2000 (per 100,000) were: CDR = 16.97, SDR = 16.17, SEYLL p = 332.1. In 2015, the values of all rates increased: CDR = 26.22, SDR = 16.69, SEYLL p = 429.5. However, the SEYLL d value decreased from 15.62 to one man who died due to PCa in 2000 to 13.78 in 2015. The highest SEYLL p values occurred in the group of men with primary education (619.5 in 2000 and 700.7 in 2015). They were respectively 2.24 and 2.96 times higher than in men with higher education (275.7 and 237.1). SEYLL p values increased in urban areas (from 295.7 to 449.4), slightly changed in the rural areas (from 391.5 to 400.2). Unfavorable trends in mortality due to PCa in Poland require explanation of the causes and implementation of appropriate actions aimed at mortality reducing.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in th... more The aim of the study was an analysis of years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in the period 2000 to 2015 with consideration given to differences related to education and place of residence. The study material was 28,274 death certificates of all female inhabitants of Poland, who died in 2000 to 2015 due to cervical cancer. In order to calculate years of life lost, the authors used indices: SEYLL p (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person), SEYLL d (per deaths) and AAPC (Average Annual Percentage Change). The SEYLL p index (per 100,000) due to cervical cancer in Poland decreased from 394.3 in 2000 to 220.9 years of life in 2015 (AAPC = −3.6%). Women with university education lost the smallest number of years of life (SEYLL p = 139.0 in 2000 and 53.7 in 2015; AAPC = −5.4%), whereas those with elementary education had the greatest number of years of life lost (524.2 and 312.8; AAPC = −3.4%). Women living in rural areas lost on average 329.5 years in 2000 and 177.0 in 2015 (AAPC = −3.8%). In city areas, the values were 428.6 and 247.1 (AAPC = −3.4%). Many of the years of life lost could have been avoided by including more women, particularly those with elementary education, in screening examinations.

PLoS ONE, 2019

Purpose The aim of the study is to analyze the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) due t... more Purpose The aim of the study is to analyze the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Poland from 1999 to 2014 by sex and place of residence. Methods The number of deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J40-J44 and J47 according to ICD-10) over the period 1999 to 2014 was analyzed based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office in Poland. Standard expected years of life lost due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were calculated by sex and place of residence according to the living population (SEYLL p) and the number of deaths caused by the disease (SEYLL d). Changes in the calculated measures were evaluated using joinpoint models. The annual percentage change (APC) and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) were also calculated.
Results
The study revealed that COPD contributed to 1.8% of the total number of deaths which
occurred between 1999 and 2014. The greatest decrease in the analyzed measures was
observed among males from rural areas (p<0.05) (SEYLL: AAPC = -1.6; 95%CI: -3.0;-0.2;
SEYLLp: AAPC = -2.0; 95%CI: -3.4;-0.6; SEYLLd: AAPC = -1.1; 95%CI: -1.2;-0.9). A statistically
significant increase in the SEYLL and SEYLLp indices was observed among female
city dwellers (SEYLL: AAPC = 2.4; 95%CI:0.7;4.0 and SEYLLp: AAPC = 2.4; 95%CI:
0.8;4.1).
Conclusions
All studied measures were higher in the male group than in the female group, regardless of
the place of residence. A male who died of COPD in Poland in 2014 potentially lost 14.9
years of life, whereas a female lost 14.2 years.

Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2018

Background & Aims: Diseases of the digestive system substantially contribute to premature mortali... more Background & Aims: Diseases of the digestive system substantially contribute to premature mortality of the
Polish population. Years of Life Lost (YLLs) are more and more commonly used in order to evaluate social and
economic aspects of these deaths. The aim of the study was to analyse YLLs due to diseases of the digestive
system in Poland between 2000-2014.
Methods: The study material included a database which contained information gathered from 5,601,568
death certificates of Poles who died between 2000-2014. Data on deaths due to diseases of the digestive
system were used for the analysis (i.e. coded as K00-K93 according to International Statistical Classification
of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision). Standard Expected Years of Life Lost (SEYLL) was
used to calculate YLLs.
Results: In 2000-2014 diseases of the digestive system contributed to 239,176 deaths of Poles (4.3% of all
deaths), which corresponded to 5,470,096.8 YLLs (95.2 years per 10,000 population). Each death due to the
above cause was responsible for the average loss of 22.9 years. Diseases of the liver, including alcoholic liver
disease and fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver, contributed to the highest number of YLLs (54.1%).
Conclusions: Of all digestive diseases, the dominant causes of YLLs are alcohol-related liver diseases. In
order to minimize this phenomenon, it is important to intensify public health activities, aimed at combating
alcohol addiction in Poland.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2018

Background. colorectal cancers (crcs) are among the most important oncological causes of death in... more Background. colorectal cancers (crcs) are among the most important oncological causes of death in europe. Poland belongs to countries where the mortality rates due to this cause exceed the average values for eu-28. Objectives. comparison of the number of years of life lost (ylls) due to crc between 2000 and 2014 in Poland by voivodships. Material and methods. the study was based on a dataset containing information from the death certificates of Poles who died in 2000 and 2014 (368,028 and 376,467 records, respectively). the data on deaths caused by crc (c18–c21 according to icD-10) was used for the analysis (8,517 deaths in 2000 and 11,411 deaths in 2014). seyll (standard expected years of life lost) was implemented to assess ylls. Results. in 2000, the highest number of ylls per 10,000 men was recorded in zachodniopomorskie (55.7 years), and in 2014 – in opol-skie (77.5 years). the increasing tendency of this measure between 2000 and 2014 in the group of men was observed in all voivodships. in the group of women, in 2000 the highest number of ylls per 10,000 was reported in lodzkie (46 years), and in 2014 – in warminsko-Mazurskie (49.6 years). in women, an seyll p decline over time was noted only in lodzkie and Dolnoslaskie, and in other voivodships, its values increased. Conclusions. between 2000 and 2014, an upward tendency of ylls due to crc was observed in Poland, though with territorial differentiation. it is advisable to search for more effective methods of reducing existing inequalities between individual provinces of Poland.

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2018

Background. In Poland, as in most other European countries, diseases of the respiratory system ar... more Background. In Poland, as in most other European countries, diseases of the respiratory system are the
4th leading cause of mortality; they are responsible for about 8% of all deaths in the European Union (EU)
annually. To assess the socio-economic aspects of mortality, it has become increasingly common to apply
potential measures rather than conventionally used ratios.
Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyze years of life lost due to premature deaths caused by diseases
of the respiratory system in Poland from 1999 to 2013.
Material and methods. The study was based on a dataset of 5,606,516 records, obtained from the death
certificates of Polish residents who died between 1999 and 2013. The information on deaths caused by diseases
of the respiratory system, i.e., coded as J00–J99 according to the International Statistical Classification
of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10), was analyzed. The Standard Expected Years
of Life Lost (SEYLL) indicator was used in the study.
Results. In the years 1999–2013, the Polish population suffered 280,519 deaths caused by diseases of the
respiratory system (4.69% of all deaths). In the period analyzed, a gradual decrease in the standardized
death rate was observed – from 46.31 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1999 to 41.02 in 2013. The dominant
causes of death were influenza and pneumonia (J09–J18) and chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40–J47).
Diseases of the respiratory system were the cause of 4,474,548.92 lost life years. The Standard Expected Years
of Life Lost per person (SEYLLp) was 104.72 per 10,000 males and 52.85 per 10,000 females. The Standard
Expected Years of Life Lost per death (SEYLLd) for people who died due to diseases of the respiratory system
was 17.54 years of life on average for men and 13.65 years on average for women.
Conclusions. The use of the SEYLL indicator provided significant information on premature mortality due
to diseases of the respiratory system, indicating the fact that they play a large role in the health status of the
Polish population.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 2017

Celem pracy jest analiza trendów umieralności mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku 65 lat i więcej w woj. łó... more Celem pracy jest analiza trendów umieralności mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku 65 lat i więcej
w woj. łódzkim w latach 1999–2013, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zjawiska nadumieralności
mężczyzn. Materiał badawczy stanowiła kompletna baza zgonów (471 397) odnotowanych w woj.
łódzkim w latach 1999–2013. Obliczono rzeczywiste współczynniki zgonów wg płci. Standaryzację
przeprowadzono metodą bezpośrednią. Jako standard przyjęto populację europejską. Ponadto obliczono
współczynniki umieralności szczegółowej wg przyczyn zgonów w oparciu o ICD–10 i wskaźniki
nadumieralności. Analizę trendów czasowych przeprowadzono za pomocą modeli joinpoint. Oszacowane
zostały średnioroczne procentowe tempa zmian. Obliczenia własne pozwoliły na określenie
najważniejszych przyczyn zgonów wśród osób w wieku 65 lat i więcej w 2013 roku. W grupie mężczyzn
były to (wskaźnik na 10 000): choroby układu krążenia (301,2), nowotwory złośliwe (160,2), choroby
układu oddechowego (56,0), choroby układu trawiennego (24,4) i zewnętrzne przyczyny (19,4).
Analogiczny rozkład przyczyn zaobserwowano wśród kobiet, gdzie współczynnik natężenia osiągał kolejno wartości: 270,1; 82,9; 32,0; 19,6; 11,2. W porównaniu z rokiem 1999 największy spadek natężenia
zgonów, zarówno w grupie mężczyzn, jak i kobiet, odnotowano w odniesieniu do chorób układu krążenia.
Wskaźnik nadumieralności mężczyzn powyżej 65. r.ż. w całym badanym okresie najwyższe wartości
(2,2–2,6) osiągał w grupie wieku 65–69 lat, najniższe natomiast (1,1–1,3) w przedziale 85 lat i więcej.
Największe tempo zmian (2,5% rocznie), odnotowano w latach 1999–2007 w grupie wieku 70–74 lata.
Mimo obserwowanego spadku natężenia zgonów, nadumieralność mężczyzn w wieku 65 lat i więcej
nie zmieniła się znacząco na przestrzeni lat 1999–2013 i była warunkowana w największym stopniu
nowotworami złośliwymi, chorobami układu oddechowego i zewnętrznymi przyczynami.

Central European Journal of Urology, 2017

Introduction The aim of the study is to evaluate the number of years of life lost in inhabitants ... more Introduction The aim of the study is to evaluate the number of years of life lost in inhabitants of Poland
due to bladder cancer (BC), identify trends of the mortality and calculate the pace of change which has
happened over the period of the first fifteen years of the 21st century.
Material and methods The study material was a database including 44,283 death certificates of Polish
inhabitants who died due to bladder cancer in the period 2000–2014. The number of years of life lost
were calculated using the SEYLL indices: SEYLLp (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per living person)
and SEYLLd (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost per death).
Results The crude death rates (CDR) index increased from 10.79 per 100,000 males in 2000 to 14.30
in 2014 (Annual Percentage Change [APC] = 2.1%, p <0.05). In women, the group value of the CDR index
increased from 2.50 in 2000 to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 2.9%, p <0.05). The standardized death rates (SDR)
index fell from 23.27 in 2000 to 22.48 in 2014 (APC = -0.1%, p >0.05) in men, but rose from 3.54 in 2000
to 3.83 in 2014 (APC = 0.4%, p <0.05) in women.
The SEYLLp index (per 100,000 population) due to bladder cancer in Poland increased from 202.9
in 2000 to 243.4 in 2014 (APC = 1.3%, p <0.05) in men, and from 40.4 in 2000 to 60.1 in 2014
(APC = 2.7%, p <0.05) in women.
Conclusions Despite the prolongation of patient life, as shown by the SEYLLd factor, Polish patients still
lose too many years of life due to BC than compared to United States patients.

Kardiologia Polska, 2017

Background: Measures presenting the number of years of lost life point out social and economic as... more Background: Measures presenting the number of years of lost life point out social and economic aspects of premature mortality. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine trends and pace of changes in years of life lost, in inhabitants of Poland, in 2000–2014, due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: The study material was a database including 2,587,141 death certificates of Polish inhabitants who died of CVD in 2000–2014. We applied the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) indicators per living person (SEYLL p) and per death (SEYLL d) to calculate life years lost. We also estimated annual percentage changes (APC) and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) in the SEYLL indicators. Results: In 2000 the SEYLLp index due to CVD was 860.3 years per 10,000 males and 586.9 years per 10,000 females. In 2000–2004 the indices were decreasing and the average annual rate was –0.8% in the male group and –1.2% in the female group. Eventually, in 2014 its values were 721.4 years per 10,000 males and 475.6 years per 10,000 females. The respondents were losing years of life due to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) most rapidly (AAPC = –3.3% in the male group and –3.2% in the female group) and due to cerebrovascular diseases (AAPC = –2.5% in the male group and AAPC = –3.3% in the female group). On the other hand, there was an increase in the number of years of life lost due to heart failure (HF) (AAPC = 5.7% in the male group and AAPC = 4.4% in the female group). In 2014 SEYLLp due to IHD were 207.3 per 10,000 males and 99.1 per 10,000 females, due to cerebrovascular diseases — 124.3 and 102.2, and due to HF — 155.3 and 104.9. Each male who died of CVD lost on average 19.1 years in the year 2000 and 17.0 years in the year 2014 (AAPC = –0.5%). Regarding women, SEYLLd values were 12.6 years in 2000 and 10.4 years in 2014 (AAPC = –1.4%). A decrease in the SEYLLd value was observed in all analysed causes of mortality, in both males and females. Conclusions: Among CVDs, IHD and cerebrovascular diseases contribute to the highest number of years of life lost in inhabitants of Poland. The constant decline in the average number of years of life lost by each person who died of CVD might result from implementation of more effective prophylaxis and more effective treatment, which extend lifespan.

Medycyna Pracy, 2017

Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena zależności między wykształceniem, stanem cywilnym, statusem zatrudn... more Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena zależności między wykształceniem, stanem cywilnym, statusem zatrudnienia i miejscem zamieszkania
a umieralnością mieszkańców Polski w wieku produkcyjnym w latach 2002 i 2011. Materiał i metody: Analizą objęto
zgony mieszkańców Polski w wieku 25–64 lat w 2002 r. (N = 97 004) i 2011 r. (N = 104 598). Dla poszczególnych grup społeczno
-ekonomicznych obliczono standaryzowane współczynniki umieralności (SDR) na 100 000 mieszkańców i wskaźniki nierówności
(rate ratio – RR). Wyniki: W grupie mężczyzn biernych zawodowo SDR zmniejszył się z 2244,3 w 2002 r. do 1781,9 w 2011 r.,
natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo wzrósł z 253,8 do 298,9 (spadek RR z 8,8 do 6). W grupie kobiet biernych zawodowo
SDR zmniejszył się z 579,5 do 495,2, natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo zwiększył się z 78,8 do 90,9 (spadek RR z 7,4 do 5,4).
W grupie mężczyzn z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 285,7 do 246, a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym
wzrósł z 1141 do 1183 (wzrost RR z 4 do 4,8). W grupie kobiet z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 127,2 do 115,6,
a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym zwiększył się z 375,8 do 423,1 (wzrost RR z 3 do 3,7). W grupie rozwiedzionych/
/separowanych również wzrosły SDR – z 1521,4 do 1729,8 wśród mężczyzn i z 365,5 do 410,8 wśród kobiet. Wnioski: Przyszłe programy
profilaktyczne i edukacyjne w zakresie ochrony zdrowia należy adresować przede wszystkim do osób biernych zawodowo,
z wykształceniem podstawowym oraz rozwiedzionych lub żyjących w separacji.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2017

Background. alcohol is one of the most serious public health threats facing the global population... more Background. alcohol is one of the most serious public health threats facing the global population. Of all disease risk factors , alcohol ranks ninth place globally and sixth in Poland, with regards to DaLys (Disability-Adjusted Life Years). DaLys consist of two components: yLL (Years of Life Lost) and yLD (Years of Life with Disability). Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the number of years of life lost due to alcohol-related diseases of the liver in the Polish population in 2013 according to voivodships. Material and methods. The study was based on 387,312 records obtained from the death certificates of Poles who died in 2013. The data on deaths caused by alcohol-related diseases of the liver (alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver) were used for the analysis. The SeyLL (Standard Expected Years of Life Lost) was used to calculate the years of life lost. Results. In 2013, alcohol-related diseases of the liver caused 6,126 deaths of Poles, resulting in a loss of 129,578.8 years of life in the group of men (69.5 per 10,000) and 51,280.3 years in the group of women (25.8 per 10,000). The highest number of years of life lost was noted in the voivodships of Śląskie (102.5 per 10,000 males and 45.9 per 10,000 females) and łódzkie (97.3 and 33.6, respectively), and the lowest in Podkarpackie (49.3 and 10.4, respectively). Conclusions. Premature deaths caused by alcohol-related diseases of the liver are a considerable problem in the Polish population. The particular challenge in public health activities is to reduce the inconsistencies in health between voivodships.

We współczesnym świecie obserwuje się coraz większą liczbę osób starszych, przy jednoczesnym spad... more We współczesnym świecie obserwuje się coraz większą liczbę osób starszych, przy jednoczesnym spadku możliwości sprawowania nad nimi opieki, na co znaczący wpływ mają zmiany demograficzne rodziny. Celem niniejszego badania była ocena jakości życia osób starszych korzystających z pomocy instytucjonalnej. Badanie przeprowadzono od kwietnia do czerwca 2015 r. po uzyskaniu zgody Komisji Bioetycznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi. Badaną populację stanowili pensjonariusze 5 losowo dobranych do badania domów pomocy społecznej na terenie województwa łódzkiego Do oceny stanu umysłowego badanych wykorzystano Skrócony Test Sprawności Umysłowej wg Hodgkinsona. Finalnie analizą statystyczną objęto 117 osób. Narzędziem badania był anonimowy kwestionariusz wywiadu (49 pytań dotyczących stylu życia, relacji rodzinnych, samooceny stanu zdrowia i jakości życia). Uzyskane dane wprowadzone zostały do bazy w programie Microsoft Excel i Statistica. W analizie statystycznej wykorzystano miary z zakresu statystyki opisowej i analitycznej. Do oceny zależności pomiędzy analizowanymi zmiennymi a samooceną jakości życia wykorzystano test Chi² (p < 0,05). 62,1% badanych deklarowało złą samoocenę jakości życia – częściej kobiety (Chi² = 0,919). 69,2% seniorów deklarowało niesamodzielne podjęcie decyzji o zamieszkaniu w dps. Czynnikami istotnie związanymi z samooceną jakości życia badanych były: czas pobytu w placówce, częstość spotkań z rodziną, wynik skali ADL i samoocena stanu zdrowia. Pielęgnowanie
kontaktów rodzinnych wpływa na poczucie jakości życia seniorów zamieszkujących domy pomocy społecznej. Migracje ludzi młodych ograniczają udzielanie wsparcia seniorom przez rodzinę, prowadząc do wzmożonego zaangażowania placówek instytucjonalnych w pomoc ludziom starszym.