Nicolay Sharankov | Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (original) (raw)
Papers by Nicolay Sharankov
Archaeologia Bulgarica 25/3, 2021
The paper publishes five official inscriptions from Herakleia on the Strymon / Heraclea Sintica f... more The paper publishes five official inscriptions from Herakleia on the Strymon / Heraclea Sintica found during recent excavations of the city: 1) dedication of an agoranomion, measuring instruments and a statue of Hermes to Emperor Tiberius and to the city by the three agoranomoi, dated to AD 34/35; 2) list of city officials, including an agonothete, five politarchs and a treasurer; 3) honorific inscription for D. Terentius Gentianus, censor of provincia Macedonia, of AD 121/122; 4) ephebic catalogue of AD 214/215, containing numerous Thracian names; 5) statue-base for Caesar Valerianus Iunior of ca. AD 256-258.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2020
The article proposes various revisions and corrections for inscriptions from the Middle Strymon V... more The article proposes various revisions and corrections for inscriptions from the Middle Strymon Valley published after the fifth volume of G. Mihailov's IGBulg (1997). The notes presented here are the result of the author's examination of inscriptions kept at the National History Museum in Sofia, the Regional History Museum in Blagoevgrad, the Archaeological Museum in Sandanski, the History Museum in Petrich, and the archaeological collections in Kresna and Strumyani. The more important new readings include some inscriptions related to the early history of Neine; a dedication of statues of Isis and Serapis by an imaginifer of the First Italian Legion; an inscription of two cavalrymen from a cohors Macedonica; a funerary inscription for a soldier or veteran of the Ninth Legion; an invitation for gladiatorial games in Parthicopolis; etc.
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Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 2020
The article proposes revised readings for two inscriptions from Lower Moesia which were read only... more The article proposes revised readings for two inscriptions from Lower Moesia which were read only partially by previous editors. Both are connected with Emperor Severus Alexander and the provincial governor Quintus Decius (the future emperor Decius). The first one, dated to AD 232/233, is about a military camp built for a recently created unit, cohors Gemina Dacorum. The second inscription, dated to AD 234, attests a previously unknown visit of the emperor and his mother Iulia Mamaea to the province.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2019
The paper examines a series of eleven milestones from the territory of Serdica honouring Emperor ... more The paper examines a series of eleven milestones from the territory of Serdica honouring Emperor Julian and dated to late AD 361. The columns have been found along the main road from Turres (modern Pirot in Serbia) to Serdica (modern Sofia in Bulgaria) and the occasion for their erection was seemingly the emperor's passage through the territory of Serdica on his way from Naissus, where he received the news of Constantius' death, to the imperial capital Constantinople. The most peculiar part of the text on the milestones is its end which praises the emperor for recovering the state which was 'infected to a fatal disaster' and restoring it to its 'ancient morality and dignity'. Subsequently, the phrase about the infection was intentionally - and carefully - erased, so there can be no doubt that it concerned Emperor Julian's actions against Christianity, often referred to as 'disease' in the writings of Julian and other pagan authors of the period. The emphasis on the emperor's religious policy in the text of the milestones could be connected with the flourishing of pagan cults in the territory of Serdica throughout the fourth century AD.
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The paper publishes a milestone from the road Oescus – Philippopolis found at the castellum of So... more The paper publishes a milestone from the road Oescus – Philippopolis found
at the castellum of Sostra. It was erected on a small paved alley (possibly a kind of a
sacred area) connected to the road and facing the eastern wall of the castellum. The
inscription on the milestone is in honour of Emperor Philip the Arab, who bears the
rare titles of Persicus Maximus and Parthicus Maximus, and his son Philip Caesar; the
date can be set to August – December AD 244. In late AD 249, the names of the two
Philippi were subjected to damnatio memoriae, and, shortly afterwards, most probably
during or immediately after the Gothic invasions of AD 250-251, this section of the
road was abandoned and the milestone was pulled down.
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Fragment of a Roman Military Diploma of 119 AD, 2019
A fragment of Roman Military diploma found in Villa Rustica near a village of Dragovishtitsa, Sof... more A fragment of Roman Military diploma found in Villa Rustica near a village of Dragovishtitsa, Sofia Region.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica XXII (2018), 3,, 2018
The paper publishes a recently discovered inscription from Novae honouring Emperor Gordian III wi... more The paper publishes a recently discovered inscription from Novae honouring Emperor Gordian III with a statue in the camp of legio I Italica. It is dedicated by the city of Dionysopolis as sign of gratitude to the emperor and the legion for saving all citizens, undoubtedly from a barbarian attack. The event must have taken place in 242 AD, when Gordian III was in Lower Moesia preparing his Eastern campaign and, according to Historia Augusta, destroyed all hostile forces there.
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Jubilaeus VII, 2018
The paper examines the epigraphic evidence on the Pythian Games in Serdica. The establishment of ... more The paper examines the epigraphic evidence on the Pythian Games in Serdica. The establishment of the festival, hitherto incorrectly dated to the late second or early third century AD, must be assigned to the reign of Emperor Gordian III.
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Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44, 2018
Thе article gives a short presentation of the results of the archaeological surveys of the theatr... more Thе article gives a short presentation of the results of the archaeological surveys of the theatre in Philippopolis as well as an outline of the information revealed from the epigraphic material found there. Built in its present form in the late 1st-early 2nd c. AD, the theatre was reconstructed several times and functioned until the end of the 4th c. AD. The rich epigraphic material consists of nine honorific inscriptions on statue-bases from two different periods - the late 1st to the early 2nd c., and the first half of the 3rd c.; at least four building inscriptions from the 2nd-4th centuries; numerous inscriptions denoting seats for eminent citizens or groups of persons; builders' marks, graffiti, etc.
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The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp... more The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp of Trimammium on the Lower Danube limes (the Late Antique province of Moesia Secunda). A six-line dipinto on the one side includes invocations and information about the content of the amphora. The dipinti on the other side are abbreviations, possibly for a personal name and for the name of Trimammium, where the amphora had been exported to. The amphora originated from the Eastern provinces and contained oil, which was possibly used during church services.
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Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute, 2018
The paper presents new information on ten governors of the province of Thrace from the early seco... more The paper presents new information on ten governors of the province of Thrace from the early second century AD to the Tetrarchic period. Examination of recently found inscriptions, revision of previous readings, and comparison of epigraphic and literary sources enable us to identify several unknown governors and to propose more precise chronology for others.
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![Research paper thumbnail of Епиграфски открития [Epigraphic discoveries in 2017] – В: Археологически открития и разкопки през 2017. София, 2018](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57175300/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2017
The paper makes an outline of the epigraphical situation in the Roman colony of Deultum in Thrace... more The paper makes an outline of the epigraphical situation in the Roman colony of Deultum in Thrace and provides a preliminary publication of the more important Latin and Greek inscriptions found there. Most numerous and well-preserved are the inscriptions honouring Roman emperors and members of their families, which stood under statues dedicated by the city authorities. The funerary inscriptions found so far are mostly fragments which were re-used as building material in the city during the Late antique period. In the earlier period, they used to be in Latin, but from the mid-second century Greek prevailed and Latin was in decline, so it was used only for the official inscriptions. There are numerous inscriptions on instrumentum – weights and measures, lead mirrors, graffiti and dipinti on amphoras, etc.
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![Research paper thumbnail of Надписи от Кабиле. Нови прочити и тълкувания [Inscriptions from Cabyle: New readings and interpretations]. – Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology, 7(2), 2017](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55368664/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The article proposes revised readings for Greek and Latin inscriptions from Cabyle. Two Hellenist... more The article proposes revised readings for Greek and Latin inscriptions from Cabyle. Two Hellenistic fragments are shown to belong to the same honorary decree. Two alleged mentions of Celts in Hellenistic fragments are proved to be misreading. In two inscriptions of AD 135-136, the nomen of the provincial governor ---rius Fronto is reconstructed as Cavarius. The restored consular date in one inscription provides a date for the governor of Thrace Q. Egnatius Proculus. A Greek inscription, which was incorrectly dated to the first half of the third century, actually belongs to the period of the First Tetrarchy and documents the building of the fortifications of Cabyle under the governor Domitius Domninus in AD 297. Another inscription, dated to AD 309-310, is about the construction of a gynaeceum (state textile workshop). The two tetrarchic inscriptions also reveal the new status of Cabyle in that period – previously a military camp (castra), it was raised to a city, with the title “the splendid city of Cabyle” (ἡ λαμπρὰ Καβυληνῶν πόλις). The main magistrate of the new city was the λογιστής
(= curator civitatis), and the first members of the city’s curia were called δεκάπρωτοι
(as a translation of the Latin decemprimi).
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2017
The paper publishes recently found Greek inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica (near the village of ... more The paper publishes recently found Greek inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica (near the village of Rupite, southwestern Bulgaria). A second-century AD funerary monument with verse epitaph recounts the story of the deceased Kasandros who was killed on the road; his dead body was found by his brother Pyrrhias, who erected the monument. The author of the text was influenced by Homer and Attic tragedy. Six Hellenistic funerary stelae contain several rare or previously unattested names. A statue-base from the mid-second century AD, found on the agora of the city, honours posthumously a citizen whose names present a peculiar combination of the local and Roman onomastic patterns.
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The article presents a revised edition of the medieval Bulgarian inscription from Yambol dated to... more The article presents a revised edition of the medieval Bulgarian inscription from Yambol dated to AD 1356–1357, now kept at the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia (inv. no. 555). The inscription was found in 1885 and has since been published and commented numerous times, but the readings of the text proposed by different editors are proven to have contained some inaccuracies.
It is now shown that Shishman, who erected the inscription, was not the son of a non-existing brother of Bulgarian king John Alexander named Michael, as believed before, but was himself brother of the king, with the title милос̣[т(иѫ)] б(ож)иѫ г(осподи)нь, ‘Lord by God’s grace’ (lines 2–3). He was apparently given the name Shishman after his maternal grandfather, the Vidin ruler Shishman.
Two signs after the name of the town in line 5, hitherto considered as ornaments/separation marks, are revealed to be two letters forming a case ending: прѣд дѫбилинwм.
Another correction is proposed for the reading of the protective clause in the second part of the inscription (line 7).
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![Research paper thumbnail of Епиграфски открития през 2016 г. [Epigraphic discoveries in 2016] – В: Археологически открития и разкопки през 2016. София, 2017](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53666921/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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The article examines the characteristics of medieval Greek verse inscriptions found on the territ... more The article examines the characteristics of medieval Greek verse inscriptions found on the territory of present Bulgaria. They are dated from 9th to 14th century and belong to various types – building inscriptions, epitaphs, invocations, inscriptions on objects, etc. However, many of them have not been recognised as written in verse, and even the recently published corpus of Byzantine epigrams includes only part of the inscriptions from Bulgaria. This has hampered the study and evaluation of these texts and has lead to misunderstandings and wrong interpretations. The article analyses ten selected texts of different types and shows that verse inscriptions are easily identifiable by their common characteristics, which – besides their having been composed in Byzantine twelve-syllable verse – include presence of rare/poetical words, peculiar word order, use of interpunction to emphasise the verse division, etc.
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The paper publishes a Latin inscription from the Roman fortress of Appiaria (near modern Ryahovo,... more The paper publishes a Latin inscription from the Roman fortress of Appiaria (near modern Ryahovo, Northern Bulgaria) on the Lower Danube limes. It was copied in 1883, but the copy, although quoted in a scholarly publication, was incorrectly considered too bad. Thus no attempt to read the text was made. Actually, the copy is rather good and allows an almost complete restoration of the text. It is a dedication to Mars erected by ala I Atectorigiana and provides definitive proof that this auxiliary unit was stationed in Appiaria.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica 25/3, 2021
The paper publishes five official inscriptions from Herakleia on the Strymon / Heraclea Sintica f... more The paper publishes five official inscriptions from Herakleia on the Strymon / Heraclea Sintica found during recent excavations of the city: 1) dedication of an agoranomion, measuring instruments and a statue of Hermes to Emperor Tiberius and to the city by the three agoranomoi, dated to AD 34/35; 2) list of city officials, including an agonothete, five politarchs and a treasurer; 3) honorific inscription for D. Terentius Gentianus, censor of provincia Macedonia, of AD 121/122; 4) ephebic catalogue of AD 214/215, containing numerous Thracian names; 5) statue-base for Caesar Valerianus Iunior of ca. AD 256-258.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2020
The article proposes various revisions and corrections for inscriptions from the Middle Strymon V... more The article proposes various revisions and corrections for inscriptions from the Middle Strymon Valley published after the fifth volume of G. Mihailov's IGBulg (1997). The notes presented here are the result of the author's examination of inscriptions kept at the National History Museum in Sofia, the Regional History Museum in Blagoevgrad, the Archaeological Museum in Sandanski, the History Museum in Petrich, and the archaeological collections in Kresna and Strumyani. The more important new readings include some inscriptions related to the early history of Neine; a dedication of statues of Isis and Serapis by an imaginifer of the First Italian Legion; an inscription of two cavalrymen from a cohors Macedonica; a funerary inscription for a soldier or veteran of the Ninth Legion; an invitation for gladiatorial games in Parthicopolis; etc.
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Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 2020
The article proposes revised readings for two inscriptions from Lower Moesia which were read only... more The article proposes revised readings for two inscriptions from Lower Moesia which were read only partially by previous editors. Both are connected with Emperor Severus Alexander and the provincial governor Quintus Decius (the future emperor Decius). The first one, dated to AD 232/233, is about a military camp built for a recently created unit, cohors Gemina Dacorum. The second inscription, dated to AD 234, attests a previously unknown visit of the emperor and his mother Iulia Mamaea to the province.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2019
The paper examines a series of eleven milestones from the territory of Serdica honouring Emperor ... more The paper examines a series of eleven milestones from the territory of Serdica honouring Emperor Julian and dated to late AD 361. The columns have been found along the main road from Turres (modern Pirot in Serbia) to Serdica (modern Sofia in Bulgaria) and the occasion for their erection was seemingly the emperor's passage through the territory of Serdica on his way from Naissus, where he received the news of Constantius' death, to the imperial capital Constantinople. The most peculiar part of the text on the milestones is its end which praises the emperor for recovering the state which was 'infected to a fatal disaster' and restoring it to its 'ancient morality and dignity'. Subsequently, the phrase about the infection was intentionally - and carefully - erased, so there can be no doubt that it concerned Emperor Julian's actions against Christianity, often referred to as 'disease' in the writings of Julian and other pagan authors of the period. The emphasis on the emperor's religious policy in the text of the milestones could be connected with the flourishing of pagan cults in the territory of Serdica throughout the fourth century AD.
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The paper publishes a milestone from the road Oescus – Philippopolis found at the castellum of So... more The paper publishes a milestone from the road Oescus – Philippopolis found
at the castellum of Sostra. It was erected on a small paved alley (possibly a kind of a
sacred area) connected to the road and facing the eastern wall of the castellum. The
inscription on the milestone is in honour of Emperor Philip the Arab, who bears the
rare titles of Persicus Maximus and Parthicus Maximus, and his son Philip Caesar; the
date can be set to August – December AD 244. In late AD 249, the names of the two
Philippi were subjected to damnatio memoriae, and, shortly afterwards, most probably
during or immediately after the Gothic invasions of AD 250-251, this section of the
road was abandoned and the milestone was pulled down.
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Fragment of a Roman Military Diploma of 119 AD, 2019
A fragment of Roman Military diploma found in Villa Rustica near a village of Dragovishtitsa, Sof... more A fragment of Roman Military diploma found in Villa Rustica near a village of Dragovishtitsa, Sofia Region.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica XXII (2018), 3,, 2018
The paper publishes a recently discovered inscription from Novae honouring Emperor Gordian III wi... more The paper publishes a recently discovered inscription from Novae honouring Emperor Gordian III with a statue in the camp of legio I Italica. It is dedicated by the city of Dionysopolis as sign of gratitude to the emperor and the legion for saving all citizens, undoubtedly from a barbarian attack. The event must have taken place in 242 AD, when Gordian III was in Lower Moesia preparing his Eastern campaign and, according to Historia Augusta, destroyed all hostile forces there.
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Jubilaeus VII, 2018
The paper examines the epigraphic evidence on the Pythian Games in Serdica. The establishment of ... more The paper examines the epigraphic evidence on the Pythian Games in Serdica. The establishment of the festival, hitherto incorrectly dated to the late second or early third century AD, must be assigned to the reign of Emperor Gordian III.
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Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute 44, 2018
Thе article gives a short presentation of the results of the archaeological surveys of the theatr... more Thе article gives a short presentation of the results of the archaeological surveys of the theatre in Philippopolis as well as an outline of the information revealed from the epigraphic material found there. Built in its present form in the late 1st-early 2nd c. AD, the theatre was reconstructed several times and functioned until the end of the 4th c. AD. The rich epigraphic material consists of nine honorific inscriptions on statue-bases from two different periods - the late 1st to the early 2nd c., and the first half of the 3rd c.; at least four building inscriptions from the 2nd-4th centuries; numerous inscriptions denoting seats for eminent citizens or groups of persons; builders' marks, graffiti, etc.
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The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp... more The paper publishes an amphora with dipinti from the sixth century AD, found in the military camp of Trimammium on the Lower Danube limes (the Late Antique province of Moesia Secunda). A six-line dipinto on the one side includes invocations and information about the content of the amphora. The dipinti on the other side are abbreviations, possibly for a personal name and for the name of Trimammium, where the amphora had been exported to. The amphora originated from the Eastern provinces and contained oil, which was possibly used during church services.
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Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute, 2018
The paper presents new information on ten governors of the province of Thrace from the early seco... more The paper presents new information on ten governors of the province of Thrace from the early second century AD to the Tetrarchic period. Examination of recently found inscriptions, revision of previous readings, and comparison of epigraphic and literary sources enable us to identify several unknown governors and to propose more precise chronology for others.
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2017
The paper makes an outline of the epigraphical situation in the Roman colony of Deultum in Thrace... more The paper makes an outline of the epigraphical situation in the Roman colony of Deultum in Thrace and provides a preliminary publication of the more important Latin and Greek inscriptions found there. Most numerous and well-preserved are the inscriptions honouring Roman emperors and members of their families, which stood under statues dedicated by the city authorities. The funerary inscriptions found so far are mostly fragments which were re-used as building material in the city during the Late antique period. In the earlier period, they used to be in Latin, but from the mid-second century Greek prevailed and Latin was in decline, so it was used only for the official inscriptions. There are numerous inscriptions on instrumentum – weights and measures, lead mirrors, graffiti and dipinti on amphoras, etc.
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The article proposes revised readings for Greek and Latin inscriptions from Cabyle. Two Hellenist... more The article proposes revised readings for Greek and Latin inscriptions from Cabyle. Two Hellenistic fragments are shown to belong to the same honorary decree. Two alleged mentions of Celts in Hellenistic fragments are proved to be misreading. In two inscriptions of AD 135-136, the nomen of the provincial governor ---rius Fronto is reconstructed as Cavarius. The restored consular date in one inscription provides a date for the governor of Thrace Q. Egnatius Proculus. A Greek inscription, which was incorrectly dated to the first half of the third century, actually belongs to the period of the First Tetrarchy and documents the building of the fortifications of Cabyle under the governor Domitius Domninus in AD 297. Another inscription, dated to AD 309-310, is about the construction of a gynaeceum (state textile workshop). The two tetrarchic inscriptions also reveal the new status of Cabyle in that period – previously a military camp (castra), it was raised to a city, with the title “the splendid city of Cabyle” (ἡ λαμπρὰ Καβυληνῶν πόλις). The main magistrate of the new city was the λογιστής
(= curator civitatis), and the first members of the city’s curia were called δεκάπρωτοι
(as a translation of the Latin decemprimi).
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Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2017
The paper publishes recently found Greek inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica (near the village of ... more The paper publishes recently found Greek inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica (near the village of Rupite, southwestern Bulgaria). A second-century AD funerary monument with verse epitaph recounts the story of the deceased Kasandros who was killed on the road; his dead body was found by his brother Pyrrhias, who erected the monument. The author of the text was influenced by Homer and Attic tragedy. Six Hellenistic funerary stelae contain several rare or previously unattested names. A statue-base from the mid-second century AD, found on the agora of the city, honours posthumously a citizen whose names present a peculiar combination of the local and Roman onomastic patterns.
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The article presents a revised edition of the medieval Bulgarian inscription from Yambol dated to... more The article presents a revised edition of the medieval Bulgarian inscription from Yambol dated to AD 1356–1357, now kept at the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia (inv. no. 555). The inscription was found in 1885 and has since been published and commented numerous times, but the readings of the text proposed by different editors are proven to have contained some inaccuracies.
It is now shown that Shishman, who erected the inscription, was not the son of a non-existing brother of Bulgarian king John Alexander named Michael, as believed before, but was himself brother of the king, with the title милос̣[т(иѫ)] б(ож)иѫ г(осподи)нь, ‘Lord by God’s grace’ (lines 2–3). He was apparently given the name Shishman after his maternal grandfather, the Vidin ruler Shishman.
Two signs after the name of the town in line 5, hitherto considered as ornaments/separation marks, are revealed to be two letters forming a case ending: прѣд дѫбилинwм.
Another correction is proposed for the reading of the protective clause in the second part of the inscription (line 7).
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The article examines the characteristics of medieval Greek verse inscriptions found on the territ... more The article examines the characteristics of medieval Greek verse inscriptions found on the territory of present Bulgaria. They are dated from 9th to 14th century and belong to various types – building inscriptions, epitaphs, invocations, inscriptions on objects, etc. However, many of them have not been recognised as written in verse, and even the recently published corpus of Byzantine epigrams includes only part of the inscriptions from Bulgaria. This has hampered the study and evaluation of these texts and has lead to misunderstandings and wrong interpretations. The article analyses ten selected texts of different types and shows that verse inscriptions are easily identifiable by their common characteristics, which – besides their having been composed in Byzantine twelve-syllable verse – include presence of rare/poetical words, peculiar word order, use of interpunction to emphasise the verse division, etc.
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The paper publishes a Latin inscription from the Roman fortress of Appiaria (near modern Ryahovo,... more The paper publishes a Latin inscription from the Roman fortress of Appiaria (near modern Ryahovo, Northern Bulgaria) on the Lower Danube limes. It was copied in 1883, but the copy, although quoted in a scholarly publication, was incorrectly considered too bad. Thus no attempt to read the text was made. Actually, the copy is rather good and allows an almost complete restoration of the text. It is a dedication to Mars erected by ala I Atectorigiana and provides definitive proof that this auxiliary unit was stationed in Appiaria.
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