Yuliya Kaspiarovich | Université de Genève (original) (raw)
Papers by Yuliya Kaspiarovich
BMJ Open
ObjectivesResearch on resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic has primarily focused on health system ... more ObjectivesResearch on resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic has primarily focused on health system resilience. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) develop a broader understanding of societal resilience to shocks by evaluating resilience in three systems: health, economic and fundamental rights and freedoms and (2) to further operationalise resilience in terms of robustness, resistance and recovery.Settings22 European countries were selected based on the availability of data in the health, fundamental rights and freedoms, and economic systems during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020.DesignThis study uses time series data to assess resilience in health, fundamental rights and freedoms, and economic systems. An overall resilience was estimated, as well as three of its components: robustness, resistance and recovery.ResultsSix countries exhibited an outlier excess mortality peak compared with the prepandemic period (2015–2019). All countries experienced economic reper...
The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements, Nov 5, 2020
Global Studies Institute, 2021
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the EU and its MS had to face very pragmatic is-... more In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the EU and its MS had to face very pragmatic is-sues: how to avoid the economic collapse of Greece, Portugal and Ireland? Decisions had to be taken quickly in any institutional or legal forum that was immediately available. For this specific reason, legal solutions consisting of the conclusion of international agreements by some of the EU MS outside the EU legal framework was taken as a new normal. Because of the close legal relationship between these new international treaties and the EU legal order, a decision was also taken to “borrow” already existing EU institutions and entrust them with new tasks. In this pa-per we question the role of EU institutions outside of the EU legal framework. We first address the evolution of the EU institutional framework in the context of the Euro crisis in relation to art. 13 TEU and paragraph 7 of the TEU preamble – and particularly with respect to the requirement of a “single institutional framework”. The first section shows that the “borrowing” of the EU institutions outside of the strictly EU legal framework does not seem to alter the nature of the single EU institutional setting. After all, the same institutions are charged with protecting the “general interest of the Union”. The second section questions whether the tasks entrusted to the EU institutions outside of the EU legal framework do not undermine the institutional equilibri-um as it exists within the EU legal order. Au lendemain de la crise financière de 2008, l’UE et ses États membres ont dû faire face à des problèmes très concrets : comment éviter l'effondrement économique de la Grèce, du Portugal et de l'Irlande ? Des décisions ont dû être prises rapidement dans n’importe quel cadre juridico-institutionnel à disposition. Les solutions juridiques impliquant la conclusion d'accords interna-tionaux par certains des États membres de l'UE en dehors du cadre juridique de l'UE ont ainsi commencé à être considérées comme une nouvelle normalité. Vu l'étroite relation juridique entre ces nouveaux traités internationaux et l'ordre juridique de l’UE, il a également été décidé de « réformer » les institutions européennes déjà existantes et de leur confier de nouvelles tâches. Dans ce papier, nous questionnons le rôle des institutions européennes en dehors du cadre juri-dique de l’UE. Nous nous penchons d'abord sur l’évolution du cadre institutionnel de l’UE dans le contexte de la crise de l'euro en relation avec l'art. 13 TUE et le paragraphe 7 du préambule du TUE, en particulier quant au caractère unique du cadre institutionnel de l’UE. La première sec-tion montre que « l’emprunt » des institutions de l’UE en dehors de son cadre juridique ne semble pas altérer la nature « unique » de ce cadre institutionnel. Après tout, les mêmes institu-tions sont chargées de protéger « l'intérêt général de l'Union ». La deuxième section examine la question de savoir si les tâches confiées aux institutions de l’UE en dehors du cadre juridique de l’UE ne compromettent pas l'équilibre institutionnel tel qu'il existe dans l'ordre juridique de l'UE
Lorsque l’ordre juridique de l’UE, au sein duquel les relations sont basees sur le principe de co... more Lorsque l’ordre juridique de l’UE, au sein duquel les relations sont basees sur le principe de confiance mutuelle, rencontre un systeme de droit qui est base sur une premisse de defiance envers des ordres juridiques nationaux etrangers, comme l’est le regime international de protection des investissements, la tension est inevitable. Les Etats concluent des traites bilateraux d’investissement entre eux dans l’objectif d’extraire le mecanisme de reglement des differends entre investisseurs etrangers et Etats du systeme juridique et juridictionnel de la partie hote de l’investissement. La logique derriere ce mecanisme de protection des investissements internationaux est ainsi diametralement opposee aux objectifs et a l’architecture-meme de l’ordre juridique l’UE. La conclusion de cette these est que la protection des investissements etrangers, selon les mecanismes du droit international public, est inutile pour ce qui releve des relations intra-UE, le droit de l’UE assurant par d’autre...
Les accords bilateraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont et... more Les accords bilateraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont ete penses comme une phase transitoire dans une perspective d’adhesion a long terme a l’UE. Depuis 1992, et le refus de la Suisse d’adherer a l’EEE, plus de 120 accords bilateraux ont ete conclus entre la Suisse et l’UE. Cependant, des 2008, le Conseil de l’UE exige de la Suisse d’etablir un cadre institutionnel horizontal pour l’ensemble des accords bilateraux d’acces au marche afin de garantir l’homogeneite du droit au sein du marche interieur et assurer ainsi la securite juridique des citoyens et des operateurs economiques. La recherche de solutions institutionnelles – gage de la poursuite de la voie bilaterale entre la Suisse et l’UE et de l’ouverture du nombre croissant de secteurs du marche interieur europeen – est un processus long et difficile qui a ete gele apres l’acceptation de l’initiative de l’UDC « contre l’immigration de masse ». Ce travail a ete realise en grande partie ava...
1. Introduction Qui fait les ecolabels europeens ? Telle est la question que nous nous sommes pos... more 1. Introduction Qui fait les ecolabels europeens ? Telle est la question que nous nous sommes posee en reflechissant a un exemple concret des « jeux du droit » dans le contexte de l’Union europeenne (UE). La production du cadre normatif pour les ecolabels et la multitude d’acteurs mobilises dans le cadre de ce processus illustrent parfaitement l’enchevetrement juridique complexe des interactions entre l’UE et ses Etats membres (EM) ainsi que des personnes physiques et morales, publiques et privees. Le processus d’attribution du label ecologique europeen illustre ainsi parfaitement ce « jeu du droit » auquel font reference Johanne Poirier et Nicolas Levrat dans l’introduction a ce numero special. Le jeu du droit qui renvoie, dans notre cas, aussi bien a l’enchevetrement normatif avec une multitudes d’acteurs impliques ; qu’au caractere « mecanique » de la notion du « jeu » qui sert d’articulation necessaire entre les differents ordres juridiques. A partir des annees 1990, dans la pol...
L’Union Europeenne est basee sur le principe d’attribution des competences, a partir du partage d... more L’Union Europeenne est basee sur le principe d’attribution des competences, a partir du partage de souverainete entre l’Europe et les Etats-nations. Ce principe visait a ce que l’essentiel des pouvoirs puisse etre exerce le plus proche des citoyens. Ce qui se produit en revanche dans l’UE est le contraire. Non seulement nous n’avons pas de traite constitutionnel, mais la frontiere entre les competences de l’Union et celles de ses Etats membres est tres floue et mouvante. Nous assistons a un accroissement des competences de l’UE au niveau horizontal, entre les institutions europeennes et les institutions nationales, ainsi qu’au niveau vertical, des competences materielles toujours croissantes sont exercees au niveau europeen. Cela constitue un probleme puisque les premieres victimes en sont les citoyens. Cet accroissement des competences de l’Union se fait au detriment de la democratie en Europe. D’ou resulte, sans surprise, le repli national, le populisme ambiant et les reflexions a...
Published online: 30 November 2021Since 1961, the EU and its predecessors have concluded many so-... more Published online: 30 November 2021Since 1961, the EU and its predecessors have concluded many so-called mixed agreements with states outside of its community. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its Member States, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage. It also helps to clear up the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its Member States. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar and novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit into any of the existing treaty law "categories", and the legal basis for the EU and its Member States' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation apply. However, Brexit has forced legal scholars to reconsider t...
This policy brief aims to promote a holistic mindset about the COVID-19 pandemic by 1) applying a... more This policy brief aims to promote a holistic mindset about the COVID-19 pandemic by 1) applying a complexity lens to understand its drivers, nature, and impact, 2) proposing actions to build resilient societies to pandemics, and 3) deriving principles to govern complex systemic crises. Building resilience to prevent, react to, and recover from systemic shocks need to become a core element of how societies are governed. This requires an integrated approach between health, social, economic, environmental, and institutional systems. The brief has been developed by a team of researchers coming from both the natural and social sciences.1 Reviewed by a group of policy actors,2 the brief aims to foster a dialogue between academic institutions and policymakers
The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements, 2022
The EU’s practice in signing and concluding “mixed agreements” alongside its member States – all ... more The EU’s practice in signing and concluding “mixed agreements” alongside its member States – all 29 legal subjects thus being parties to such agreements and accordingly each bound with one or several third parties – was not, and is still not, being properly considered by the rules of international law. Nevertheless, this practice exists and a huge number of third States have accepted it through conclusion of those “mixed agreements”. As long as a member State of the EU remains a member State, the problem may adequately be solved by the EU law which establishes a very clear hierarchical relationship between different kinds of legal norms within the EU’s legal order. EU mixed agreements are thus considered as being some kind of secondary legislation binding upon its institutions and member States (article 216(2) TFEU). However, when a member State is leaving the EU, as it is the case of the UK, the relationship between the EU and the UK as well as with third States parties to mixed ag...
BMJ Global Health, 2021
The current global systemic crisis reveals how globalised societies are unprepared to face a pand... more The current global systemic crisis reveals how globalised societies are unprepared to face a pandemic. Beyond the dramatic loss of human life, the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered widespread disturbances in health, social, economic, environmental and governance systems in many countries across the world. Resilience describes the capacities of natural and human systems to prevent, react to and recover from shocks. Societal resilience to the current COVID-19 pandemic relates to the ability of societies in maintaining their core functions while minimising the impact of the pandemic and other societal effects. Drawing on the emerging evidence about resilience in health, social, economic, environmental and governance systems, this paper delineates a multisystemic understanding of societal resilience to COVID-19. Such an understanding provides the foundation for an integrated approach to build societal resilience to current and future pandemics.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020
Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the E... more Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its member states, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage; it also helps managing over time the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its member states. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit in any of the existing treaty law 'categories', and the legal qualification for the EU and its member states' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation are applicable. However, Brexit forces legal scholars to reconsider the issue under international law: what happens when a member state leaves the EU regarding its commitments under mixed agreements? According to international law it shall remain a party to such agreements, as a State, bound by its international commitments. But how and under which conditions shall these agreements be implemented remain open questions. We propose to investigate these legal issues with regard of the UK's commitments under mixed agreements in the perspective of Brexit.
Introduction La capacite et les modalites selon lesquelles les sujets du droit international peuv... more Introduction La capacite et les modalites selon lesquelles les sujets du droit international peuvent s’engager dans des relations conventionnelles procedent de fort anciennes regles de droit international general1. Dans le cadre de la mission assignee a l’Assemblee generale des Nations Unies de developper le droit international2, la Commission du droit international3 va codifier ces regles coutumieres. Le processus aboutira a deux Conventions distinctes, suite a deux conferences diplomatiques tenues a Vienne respectivement en 1969 et en 1986. La premiere est la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traites entre Etats4, et la seconde la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traites entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations internationales5. Les regles de ces deux conventions, fort proches en substance, ne semblent pas permettre de correctement capter en droit international les pratiques d’engagement conventionnel de l’UE et de ses Etats membres ; en particu...
Europe and the World: A law review
In 1972 the UK signed an accession treaty with the EU while Switzerland and the EU concluded a fr... more In 1972 the UK signed an accession treaty with the EU while Switzerland and the EU concluded a free trade agreement. Nowadays, both countries have a very close relationship with the EU and are not (or not anymore) EU Member States. This article aims to analyse two complex legal paths taken by countries able but not willing (or no longer willing) to be part of the EU through institutional arrangements they have already negotiated or are currently negotiating with the EU. On the one hand, the UK was part of the EU legal order and is now extracting itself from the realm of EU law while switching to relations with the EU based on international law. On the other hand, Switzerland has built its relations with the EU on numerous bilateral agreements based on EU law without establishing a homogeneous institutional mechanism, which the EU has been insistently demanding since 2013. These two situations are paradoxically similar as for both of them the design of institutional arrangements depe...
Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the E... more Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its member states, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage; it also helps managing over time the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its member states. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit in any of the existing treaty law 'categories', and the legal qualification for the EU and its member states' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation are applicable. However, Brexit forces legal scholars to reconsider the issue under international law: what happens when a member state leaves the EU regarding its commitments under mixed agreements? According to international law it shall remain a party to such agreements, as a State, bound by its international commitments. But how and under which conditions shall these agreements be implemented remain open questions. We propose to investigate these legal issues with regard of the UK's commitments under mixed agreements in the perspective of Brexit.
Collection Euryopa, 2015
Les accords bilatéraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont ét... more Les accords bilatéraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont été pensés comme une phase transitoire dans une perspective d’adhésion à long terme à l’UE. Depuis 1992, et le refus de la Suisse d’adhérer à l’EEE, plus de 120 accords bilatéraux ont été conclus entre la Suisse et l’UE. Cependant, dès 2008, le Conseil de l’UE exige de la Suisse d’établir un cadre institutionnel horizontal pour l’ensemble des accords bilatéraux d’accès au marché afin de garantir l’homogénéité du droit au sein du marché intérieur et assurer ainsi la sécurité juridique des citoyens et des opérateurs économiques. La recherche de solutions institutionnelles – gage de la poursuite de la voie bilatérale entre la Suisse et l’UE et de l’ouverture du nombre croissant de secteurs du marché intérieur européen – est un processus long et difficile qui a été gelé après l’acceptation de l’initiative de l’UDC « contre l’immigration de masse ». Ce travail a été réalisé en grande partie avant la votation populaire du 9 février 2014 ou l’espoir d’une solution institutionnelle était encore vivant. Notre objectif a été d’analyser les solutions proposées par le Conseil fédéral aux enjeux institutionnels entre la Suisse et l’UE, ainsi que de voir de plus près les différents commentaires et critiques qui leur ont été adressés par des professeurs du droit de l’UE, des politiciens et des spécialistes des relations Suisse-UE.
BMJ Open
ObjectivesResearch on resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic has primarily focused on health system ... more ObjectivesResearch on resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic has primarily focused on health system resilience. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) develop a broader understanding of societal resilience to shocks by evaluating resilience in three systems: health, economic and fundamental rights and freedoms and (2) to further operationalise resilience in terms of robustness, resistance and recovery.Settings22 European countries were selected based on the availability of data in the health, fundamental rights and freedoms, and economic systems during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020.DesignThis study uses time series data to assess resilience in health, fundamental rights and freedoms, and economic systems. An overall resilience was estimated, as well as three of its components: robustness, resistance and recovery.ResultsSix countries exhibited an outlier excess mortality peak compared with the prepandemic period (2015–2019). All countries experienced economic reper...
The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements, Nov 5, 2020
Global Studies Institute, 2021
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the EU and its MS had to face very pragmatic is-... more In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the EU and its MS had to face very pragmatic is-sues: how to avoid the economic collapse of Greece, Portugal and Ireland? Decisions had to be taken quickly in any institutional or legal forum that was immediately available. For this specific reason, legal solutions consisting of the conclusion of international agreements by some of the EU MS outside the EU legal framework was taken as a new normal. Because of the close legal relationship between these new international treaties and the EU legal order, a decision was also taken to “borrow” already existing EU institutions and entrust them with new tasks. In this pa-per we question the role of EU institutions outside of the EU legal framework. We first address the evolution of the EU institutional framework in the context of the Euro crisis in relation to art. 13 TEU and paragraph 7 of the TEU preamble – and particularly with respect to the requirement of a “single institutional framework”. The first section shows that the “borrowing” of the EU institutions outside of the strictly EU legal framework does not seem to alter the nature of the single EU institutional setting. After all, the same institutions are charged with protecting the “general interest of the Union”. The second section questions whether the tasks entrusted to the EU institutions outside of the EU legal framework do not undermine the institutional equilibri-um as it exists within the EU legal order. Au lendemain de la crise financière de 2008, l’UE et ses États membres ont dû faire face à des problèmes très concrets : comment éviter l'effondrement économique de la Grèce, du Portugal et de l'Irlande ? Des décisions ont dû être prises rapidement dans n’importe quel cadre juridico-institutionnel à disposition. Les solutions juridiques impliquant la conclusion d'accords interna-tionaux par certains des États membres de l'UE en dehors du cadre juridique de l'UE ont ainsi commencé à être considérées comme une nouvelle normalité. Vu l'étroite relation juridique entre ces nouveaux traités internationaux et l'ordre juridique de l’UE, il a également été décidé de « réformer » les institutions européennes déjà existantes et de leur confier de nouvelles tâches. Dans ce papier, nous questionnons le rôle des institutions européennes en dehors du cadre juri-dique de l’UE. Nous nous penchons d'abord sur l’évolution du cadre institutionnel de l’UE dans le contexte de la crise de l'euro en relation avec l'art. 13 TUE et le paragraphe 7 du préambule du TUE, en particulier quant au caractère unique du cadre institutionnel de l’UE. La première sec-tion montre que « l’emprunt » des institutions de l’UE en dehors de son cadre juridique ne semble pas altérer la nature « unique » de ce cadre institutionnel. Après tout, les mêmes institu-tions sont chargées de protéger « l'intérêt général de l'Union ». La deuxième section examine la question de savoir si les tâches confiées aux institutions de l’UE en dehors du cadre juridique de l’UE ne compromettent pas l'équilibre institutionnel tel qu'il existe dans l'ordre juridique de l'UE
Lorsque l’ordre juridique de l’UE, au sein duquel les relations sont basees sur le principe de co... more Lorsque l’ordre juridique de l’UE, au sein duquel les relations sont basees sur le principe de confiance mutuelle, rencontre un systeme de droit qui est base sur une premisse de defiance envers des ordres juridiques nationaux etrangers, comme l’est le regime international de protection des investissements, la tension est inevitable. Les Etats concluent des traites bilateraux d’investissement entre eux dans l’objectif d’extraire le mecanisme de reglement des differends entre investisseurs etrangers et Etats du systeme juridique et juridictionnel de la partie hote de l’investissement. La logique derriere ce mecanisme de protection des investissements internationaux est ainsi diametralement opposee aux objectifs et a l’architecture-meme de l’ordre juridique l’UE. La conclusion de cette these est que la protection des investissements etrangers, selon les mecanismes du droit international public, est inutile pour ce qui releve des relations intra-UE, le droit de l’UE assurant par d’autre...
Les accords bilateraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont et... more Les accords bilateraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont ete penses comme une phase transitoire dans une perspective d’adhesion a long terme a l’UE. Depuis 1992, et le refus de la Suisse d’adherer a l’EEE, plus de 120 accords bilateraux ont ete conclus entre la Suisse et l’UE. Cependant, des 2008, le Conseil de l’UE exige de la Suisse d’etablir un cadre institutionnel horizontal pour l’ensemble des accords bilateraux d’acces au marche afin de garantir l’homogeneite du droit au sein du marche interieur et assurer ainsi la securite juridique des citoyens et des operateurs economiques. La recherche de solutions institutionnelles – gage de la poursuite de la voie bilaterale entre la Suisse et l’UE et de l’ouverture du nombre croissant de secteurs du marche interieur europeen – est un processus long et difficile qui a ete gele apres l’acceptation de l’initiative de l’UDC « contre l’immigration de masse ». Ce travail a ete realise en grande partie ava...
1. Introduction Qui fait les ecolabels europeens ? Telle est la question que nous nous sommes pos... more 1. Introduction Qui fait les ecolabels europeens ? Telle est la question que nous nous sommes posee en reflechissant a un exemple concret des « jeux du droit » dans le contexte de l’Union europeenne (UE). La production du cadre normatif pour les ecolabels et la multitude d’acteurs mobilises dans le cadre de ce processus illustrent parfaitement l’enchevetrement juridique complexe des interactions entre l’UE et ses Etats membres (EM) ainsi que des personnes physiques et morales, publiques et privees. Le processus d’attribution du label ecologique europeen illustre ainsi parfaitement ce « jeu du droit » auquel font reference Johanne Poirier et Nicolas Levrat dans l’introduction a ce numero special. Le jeu du droit qui renvoie, dans notre cas, aussi bien a l’enchevetrement normatif avec une multitudes d’acteurs impliques ; qu’au caractere « mecanique » de la notion du « jeu » qui sert d’articulation necessaire entre les differents ordres juridiques. A partir des annees 1990, dans la pol...
L’Union Europeenne est basee sur le principe d’attribution des competences, a partir du partage d... more L’Union Europeenne est basee sur le principe d’attribution des competences, a partir du partage de souverainete entre l’Europe et les Etats-nations. Ce principe visait a ce que l’essentiel des pouvoirs puisse etre exerce le plus proche des citoyens. Ce qui se produit en revanche dans l’UE est le contraire. Non seulement nous n’avons pas de traite constitutionnel, mais la frontiere entre les competences de l’Union et celles de ses Etats membres est tres floue et mouvante. Nous assistons a un accroissement des competences de l’UE au niveau horizontal, entre les institutions europeennes et les institutions nationales, ainsi qu’au niveau vertical, des competences materielles toujours croissantes sont exercees au niveau europeen. Cela constitue un probleme puisque les premieres victimes en sont les citoyens. Cet accroissement des competences de l’Union se fait au detriment de la democratie en Europe. D’ou resulte, sans surprise, le repli national, le populisme ambiant et les reflexions a...
Published online: 30 November 2021Since 1961, the EU and its predecessors have concluded many so-... more Published online: 30 November 2021Since 1961, the EU and its predecessors have concluded many so-called mixed agreements with states outside of its community. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its Member States, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage. It also helps to clear up the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its Member States. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar and novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit into any of the existing treaty law "categories", and the legal basis for the EU and its Member States' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation apply. However, Brexit has forced legal scholars to reconsider t...
This policy brief aims to promote a holistic mindset about the COVID-19 pandemic by 1) applying a... more This policy brief aims to promote a holistic mindset about the COVID-19 pandemic by 1) applying a complexity lens to understand its drivers, nature, and impact, 2) proposing actions to build resilient societies to pandemics, and 3) deriving principles to govern complex systemic crises. Building resilience to prevent, react to, and recover from systemic shocks need to become a core element of how societies are governed. This requires an integrated approach between health, social, economic, environmental, and institutional systems. The brief has been developed by a team of researchers coming from both the natural and social sciences.1 Reviewed by a group of policy actors,2 the brief aims to foster a dialogue between academic institutions and policymakers
The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements, 2022
The EU’s practice in signing and concluding “mixed agreements” alongside its member States – all ... more The EU’s practice in signing and concluding “mixed agreements” alongside its member States – all 29 legal subjects thus being parties to such agreements and accordingly each bound with one or several third parties – was not, and is still not, being properly considered by the rules of international law. Nevertheless, this practice exists and a huge number of third States have accepted it through conclusion of those “mixed agreements”. As long as a member State of the EU remains a member State, the problem may adequately be solved by the EU law which establishes a very clear hierarchical relationship between different kinds of legal norms within the EU’s legal order. EU mixed agreements are thus considered as being some kind of secondary legislation binding upon its institutions and member States (article 216(2) TFEU). However, when a member State is leaving the EU, as it is the case of the UK, the relationship between the EU and the UK as well as with third States parties to mixed ag...
BMJ Global Health, 2021
The current global systemic crisis reveals how globalised societies are unprepared to face a pand... more The current global systemic crisis reveals how globalised societies are unprepared to face a pandemic. Beyond the dramatic loss of human life, the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered widespread disturbances in health, social, economic, environmental and governance systems in many countries across the world. Resilience describes the capacities of natural and human systems to prevent, react to and recover from shocks. Societal resilience to the current COVID-19 pandemic relates to the ability of societies in maintaining their core functions while minimising the impact of the pandemic and other societal effects. Drawing on the emerging evidence about resilience in health, social, economic, environmental and governance systems, this paper delineates a multisystemic understanding of societal resilience to COVID-19. Such an understanding provides the foundation for an integrated approach to build societal resilience to current and future pandemics.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020
Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the E... more Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its member states, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage; it also helps managing over time the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its member states. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit in any of the existing treaty law 'categories', and the legal qualification for the EU and its member states' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation are applicable. However, Brexit forces legal scholars to reconsider the issue under international law: what happens when a member state leaves the EU regarding its commitments under mixed agreements? According to international law it shall remain a party to such agreements, as a State, bound by its international commitments. But how and under which conditions shall these agreements be implemented remain open questions. We propose to investigate these legal issues with regard of the UK's commitments under mixed agreements in the perspective of Brexit.
Introduction La capacite et les modalites selon lesquelles les sujets du droit international peuv... more Introduction La capacite et les modalites selon lesquelles les sujets du droit international peuvent s’engager dans des relations conventionnelles procedent de fort anciennes regles de droit international general1. Dans le cadre de la mission assignee a l’Assemblee generale des Nations Unies de developper le droit international2, la Commission du droit international3 va codifier ces regles coutumieres. Le processus aboutira a deux Conventions distinctes, suite a deux conferences diplomatiques tenues a Vienne respectivement en 1969 et en 1986. La premiere est la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traites entre Etats4, et la seconde la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traites entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations internationales5. Les regles de ces deux conventions, fort proches en substance, ne semblent pas permettre de correctement capter en droit international les pratiques d’engagement conventionnel de l’UE et de ses Etats membres ; en particu...
Europe and the World: A law review
In 1972 the UK signed an accession treaty with the EU while Switzerland and the EU concluded a fr... more In 1972 the UK signed an accession treaty with the EU while Switzerland and the EU concluded a free trade agreement. Nowadays, both countries have a very close relationship with the EU and are not (or not anymore) EU Member States. This article aims to analyse two complex legal paths taken by countries able but not willing (or no longer willing) to be part of the EU through institutional arrangements they have already negotiated or are currently negotiating with the EU. On the one hand, the UK was part of the EU legal order and is now extracting itself from the realm of EU law while switching to relations with the EU based on international law. On the other hand, Switzerland has built its relations with the EU on numerous bilateral agreements based on EU law without establishing a homogeneous institutional mechanism, which the EU has been insistently demanding since 2013. These two situations are paradoxically similar as for both of them the design of institutional arrangements depe...
Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the E... more Since 1961, the EEC has concluded so-called mixed agreements with the rest of the world. On the EU side, such agreements are concluded both by the EU and by its member states, acting jointly. This is a consequence of the principle of conferral, which sometimes limits EU capacity to act on the international stage; it also helps managing over time the evolving distribution of competencies between the EU and its member states. If mixed agreements are consistent with the EU legal order, they constitute a peculiar novel practice under general international law. Such agreements do not fit in any of the existing treaty law 'categories', and the legal qualification for the EU and its member states' commitments under mixed agreements may appear problematic according to international law. Under EU law, the principles of pre-emption and sincere cooperation are applicable. However, Brexit forces legal scholars to reconsider the issue under international law: what happens when a member state leaves the EU regarding its commitments under mixed agreements? According to international law it shall remain a party to such agreements, as a State, bound by its international commitments. But how and under which conditions shall these agreements be implemented remain open questions. We propose to investigate these legal issues with regard of the UK's commitments under mixed agreements in the perspective of Brexit.
Collection Euryopa, 2015
Les accords bilatéraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont ét... more Les accords bilatéraux entre la Suisse et l’UE, tels que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui, ont été pensés comme une phase transitoire dans une perspective d’adhésion à long terme à l’UE. Depuis 1992, et le refus de la Suisse d’adhérer à l’EEE, plus de 120 accords bilatéraux ont été conclus entre la Suisse et l’UE. Cependant, dès 2008, le Conseil de l’UE exige de la Suisse d’établir un cadre institutionnel horizontal pour l’ensemble des accords bilatéraux d’accès au marché afin de garantir l’homogénéité du droit au sein du marché intérieur et assurer ainsi la sécurité juridique des citoyens et des opérateurs économiques. La recherche de solutions institutionnelles – gage de la poursuite de la voie bilatérale entre la Suisse et l’UE et de l’ouverture du nombre croissant de secteurs du marché intérieur européen – est un processus long et difficile qui a été gelé après l’acceptation de l’initiative de l’UDC « contre l’immigration de masse ». Ce travail a été réalisé en grande partie avant la votation populaire du 9 février 2014 ou l’espoir d’une solution institutionnelle était encore vivant. Notre objectif a été d’analyser les solutions proposées par le Conseil fédéral aux enjeux institutionnels entre la Suisse et l’UE, ainsi que de voir de plus près les différents commentaires et critiques qui leur ont été adressés par des professeurs du droit de l’UE, des politiciens et des spécialistes des relations Suisse-UE.