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Papers by Riccardo Cappellin

Research paper thumbnail of The COVID Crisis and a New Industrial Strategy for Europe

Contributions To Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Jul 10, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Learning economy, tecnologie dell'informazione e sistemi produttivi regionali

Learning Economy, tecnologie dell'informazione e sistemi produttivi regionali, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of The Governance of Regional Knowledge Networks

SCIENZE REGIONALI, 2010

This article aims to illustrate the factors determining the process of knowledge creation and inn... more This article aims to illustrate the factors determining the process of knowledge creation and innovation, focusing on interactive learning, the sharing of tacit knowledge and the development of creativity. It then compares three different forms of regulation of economic relationships - the free market, governance, and government models - focusing on promoting a greater speed of change more than the static factors of competitiveness. Finally, it illustrates the characteristics of competence centres as a new tool of innovation policy which may be appropriate in the evolution of European industry towards the knowledge economy.

Research paper thumbnail of La città nell’economia della conoscenza

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation and investments in a regional cross-sectoral growth model: A change is needed in European cohesion policies

This paper aims to indicate that an economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an... more This paper aims to indicate that an economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an increase of the aggregate demand and by the adoption of a new European cohesion policy having an industrial and a territorial dimension. The paper illustrates a theoretical model: the model of the 'cross-sectoral demand' and the 'cross-sectoral supply', where growth is based on the interdependent changes of the sectoral structure of the supply and the demand. A crucial role is attributed to the flows of new knowledge, innovation and investment, as factors which affect both the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand. The paper illustrates the characteristics of the equilibrium and the pattern of growth in the model of the 'cross-sectoral demand' and the 'cross-sectoral supply' and it compares this model with the traditional macroeconomic 'AD-AS model'. Then, it indicates that industrial and regional policies are complementary to the monetary and...

Research paper thumbnail of The New European Industrial Strategy and the Company’s Organization Models

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2020

A new growth strategy for the European economy should be based on the following principles: ‒ new... more A new growth strategy for the European economy should be based on the following principles: ‒ new production must be driven by the internal demand for investment and consumption, both private and public, and not only by exports, given an increasingly fragmented and declining global market, ‒ industrial policies and the companies should be tightly embedded in the various regions and cities of the European territory and aim to respond to the emerging and still latent needs of the citizens and to a better environmental quality and quality life of the citizens. ‒ the reconversion from productions to new productions, where the demand increases, require a greater effort in not only technological innovations, but also organizational, social and institutional innovation, based on improved education of the workers and on networks of collaborations between companies, universities, public administration and communities of citizens.

Research paper thumbnail of La rilevanza delle scienze regionali nelle università italiane

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin, R. (2014), Il ruolo della politica industriale e regionale e la crisi delle politiche macroeconomiche, Eyesreg, Giornale di Scienze Regionali, Volume 4, Numero 6 – novembre 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation and investments in an urban cross-sectoral growth model: a change of course is needed in macroeconomic policies

The paper illustrates a theoretical model, where growth is based on the interdependent changes of... more The paper illustrates a theoretical model, where growth is based on the interdependent changes of the sectoral structure of the supply and the demand. A crucial role is attributed to the flows of new knowledge, innovation and investment, as factors which affect both the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand. The paper first illustrates the role of new knowledge in determining the level of investment and the aggregate demand. Then, it illustrates the model of the cross-sectoral demand and of the cross-sectoral supply and the characteristics of their equilibrium and it compares this model with the traditional macroeconomic AD-AS model. Finally, it indicates that industrial and regional policies are complementary to the monetary and fiscal policies, as they may promote the creation of new productions, such as high-tech or low-tech products or also public goods and they may determine an increase of GDP and employment, in the perspective of short-medium term stabilization policies an...

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A. (2014), a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali , Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin, R. (2014), Strategie di crescita e reti di innovazione nel territorio, in Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A., a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali, Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

Cappellin, R. (2014), Strategie di crescita e reti di innovazione nel territorio, in Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A., a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali, Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

FOR DOWNLOAD SEE: https://uniroma2.academia.edu/RiccardoCappellin Non ci può essere crescita dell... more FOR DOWNLOAD SEE: https://uniroma2.academia.edu/RiccardoCappellin Non ci può essere crescita dell’economia se non con una ripresa degli investimenti. Infatti, il fattore fondamentale di una nuova politica di crescita è l’innovazione, che permette di espandere le capacità produttive dell’economia tramite una maggiore produttività, ma anche spinge le imprese a intraprendere nuovi investimenti per evitare di essere superate dalla concorrenza. La crisi degli investimenti è dovuta soprattutto all’incertezza determinata dalle politiche di austerità e alla diminuzione della propensione al rischio, all’accorciamento delle prospettive al brevissimo termine ed al rinvio di ogni decisione di investimento a medio e lungo termine. La crisi economica durerà più a lungo se i politici non riconosceranno che è necessario abbandonare i modelli tradizionali di politica economica come quelli di tipo liberista e adottare politiche nuove mirate all’innovazione e basate sul metodo della concertazione (“go...

Research paper thumbnail of The Governance of Conflicts and Partnerships in Knowledge and Innovation Networks

Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Policy and Federalism in the Process of International Integration

Contributions to Economics, 1997

Regional policy, both at the EU and at the national level, is confronting serious challenges, whi... more Regional policy, both at the EU and at the national level, is confronting serious challenges, which may question even its existence in the medium and long term.

Research paper thumbnail of Transborder Co-operation along the EU’s External Borders and the Turnabout of Regional Development Policies: A Mediterranean Perspective

The Nebi Yearbook 1998, 1998

The process of European integration according to a market approach mainly consists in the removal... more The process of European integration according to a market approach mainly consists in the removal of the obstacles which hinder the integration of the national markets for goods, services, capital and labour. The abolishment of customs tariffs, the creation of the European Single Market, the free mobility of capital and the European Monetary Union represent various stages in this development.

Research paper thumbnail of Networks and Technological Change in Regional Clusters

Advances in Spatial Science, 2003

" Knowledge represents the fundamental resource in the contemporary economy and the proc... more " Knowledge represents the fundamental resource in the contemporary economy and the process of learning represents the most important process"(Lundvall and Johnson 1994). However, regional clusters are mainly made by small and medium sized firms (SMEs) and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Urban Agglomeration and Regional Development Policies in an Enlarged Europe

Contributions to Economics, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Industrial Policy and the New Economy

Advances in Spatial Science, 2002

The experience of recent decades in the European Union shows that the development of a regional p... more The experience of recent decades in the European Union shows that the development of a regional productive system depends in a crucial way not only on the endogenous resources and abilities, but also on relationships with the international economy and the intensity of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Development, Federalism and Interregional Co-operation

Competitive European Peripheries, 1995

Wide regional disparities in the economically lagging regions of the European Union persist after... more Wide regional disparities in the economically lagging regions of the European Union persist after several decades of regional policy. This clearly indicates the need to modify the traditional policy doctrine. According to the traditional doctrine, the scarcity of capital and qualified labour as well as barriers associated with economies of scale cause the bottlenecks to development. Modern approaches to regional development, such as the endogenous development approach and the network approach, suggest a different diagnosis. The most important obstacles to development are threefold: first, low entrepreneurship and innovation capabilities, secondly scarcity of a specific know-how and thirdly, the low internationalisation of less developed regional economies.

Research paper thumbnail of Growth, Consumption and Knowledge Cities

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Ouverture de ‘Global Cities and Knowledge Management-1’

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2011

Global markets impose an important transformation of the firms’ growth policies where innovation ... more Global markets impose an important transformation of the firms’ growth policies where innovation and imitation (of products and processes) play a primary role to meet a volatile demand. Many countries now have strong links with global corporations and within these countries most activity is concentrated in a few metropolitan areas (world cities). World cities configure aggregation-sites for knowledge-intensive businesses and for populations requiring sophisticated immaterial consumption. Large metropolitan areas of the de-materialized economy are thus assuming the dual role of knowledge creation pole (knowledge hub) and of intangible consumption pole (consumer hub).

Research paper thumbnail of The COVID Crisis and a New Industrial Strategy for Europe

Contributions To Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Jul 10, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Learning economy, tecnologie dell'informazione e sistemi produttivi regionali

Learning Economy, tecnologie dell'informazione e sistemi produttivi regionali, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of The Governance of Regional Knowledge Networks

SCIENZE REGIONALI, 2010

This article aims to illustrate the factors determining the process of knowledge creation and inn... more This article aims to illustrate the factors determining the process of knowledge creation and innovation, focusing on interactive learning, the sharing of tacit knowledge and the development of creativity. It then compares three different forms of regulation of economic relationships - the free market, governance, and government models - focusing on promoting a greater speed of change more than the static factors of competitiveness. Finally, it illustrates the characteristics of competence centres as a new tool of innovation policy which may be appropriate in the evolution of European industry towards the knowledge economy.

Research paper thumbnail of La città nell’economia della conoscenza

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation and investments in a regional cross-sectoral growth model: A change is needed in European cohesion policies

This paper aims to indicate that an economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an... more This paper aims to indicate that an economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an increase of the aggregate demand and by the adoption of a new European cohesion policy having an industrial and a territorial dimension. The paper illustrates a theoretical model: the model of the 'cross-sectoral demand' and the 'cross-sectoral supply', where growth is based on the interdependent changes of the sectoral structure of the supply and the demand. A crucial role is attributed to the flows of new knowledge, innovation and investment, as factors which affect both the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand. The paper illustrates the characteristics of the equilibrium and the pattern of growth in the model of the 'cross-sectoral demand' and the 'cross-sectoral supply' and it compares this model with the traditional macroeconomic 'AD-AS model'. Then, it indicates that industrial and regional policies are complementary to the monetary and...

Research paper thumbnail of The New European Industrial Strategy and the Company’s Organization Models

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2020

A new growth strategy for the European economy should be based on the following principles: ‒ new... more A new growth strategy for the European economy should be based on the following principles: ‒ new production must be driven by the internal demand for investment and consumption, both private and public, and not only by exports, given an increasingly fragmented and declining global market, ‒ industrial policies and the companies should be tightly embedded in the various regions and cities of the European territory and aim to respond to the emerging and still latent needs of the citizens and to a better environmental quality and quality life of the citizens. ‒ the reconversion from productions to new productions, where the demand increases, require a greater effort in not only technological innovations, but also organizational, social and institutional innovation, based on improved education of the workers and on networks of collaborations between companies, universities, public administration and communities of citizens.

Research paper thumbnail of La rilevanza delle scienze regionali nelle università italiane

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin, R. (2014), Il ruolo della politica industriale e regionale e la crisi delle politiche macroeconomiche, Eyesreg, Giornale di Scienze Regionali, Volume 4, Numero 6 – novembre 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation and investments in an urban cross-sectoral growth model: a change of course is needed in macroeconomic policies

The paper illustrates a theoretical model, where growth is based on the interdependent changes of... more The paper illustrates a theoretical model, where growth is based on the interdependent changes of the sectoral structure of the supply and the demand. A crucial role is attributed to the flows of new knowledge, innovation and investment, as factors which affect both the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand. The paper first illustrates the role of new knowledge in determining the level of investment and the aggregate demand. Then, it illustrates the model of the cross-sectoral demand and of the cross-sectoral supply and the characteristics of their equilibrium and it compares this model with the traditional macroeconomic AD-AS model. Finally, it indicates that industrial and regional policies are complementary to the monetary and fiscal policies, as they may promote the creation of new productions, such as high-tech or low-tech products or also public goods and they may determine an increase of GDP and employment, in the perspective of short-medium term stabilization policies an...

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A. (2014), a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali , Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin, R. (2014), Strategie di crescita e reti di innovazione nel territorio, in Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A., a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali, Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

Cappellin, R. (2014), Strategie di crescita e reti di innovazione nel territorio, in Cappellin R., Marelli E., Rullani E. e Sterlacchini A., a cura di, Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali, Website "Scienze Regionali" (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1

FOR DOWNLOAD SEE: https://uniroma2.academia.edu/RiccardoCappellin Non ci può essere crescita dell... more FOR DOWNLOAD SEE: https://uniroma2.academia.edu/RiccardoCappellin Non ci può essere crescita dell’economia se non con una ripresa degli investimenti. Infatti, il fattore fondamentale di una nuova politica di crescita è l’innovazione, che permette di espandere le capacità produttive dell’economia tramite una maggiore produttività, ma anche spinge le imprese a intraprendere nuovi investimenti per evitare di essere superate dalla concorrenza. La crisi degli investimenti è dovuta soprattutto all’incertezza determinata dalle politiche di austerità e alla diminuzione della propensione al rischio, all’accorciamento delle prospettive al brevissimo termine ed al rinvio di ogni decisione di investimento a medio e lungo termine. La crisi economica durerà più a lungo se i politici non riconosceranno che è necessario abbandonare i modelli tradizionali di politica economica come quelli di tipo liberista e adottare politiche nuove mirate all’innovazione e basate sul metodo della concertazione (“go...

Research paper thumbnail of The Governance of Conflicts and Partnerships in Knowledge and Innovation Networks

Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Policy and Federalism in the Process of International Integration

Contributions to Economics, 1997

Regional policy, both at the EU and at the national level, is confronting serious challenges, whi... more Regional policy, both at the EU and at the national level, is confronting serious challenges, which may question even its existence in the medium and long term.

Research paper thumbnail of Transborder Co-operation along the EU’s External Borders and the Turnabout of Regional Development Policies: A Mediterranean Perspective

The Nebi Yearbook 1998, 1998

The process of European integration according to a market approach mainly consists in the removal... more The process of European integration according to a market approach mainly consists in the removal of the obstacles which hinder the integration of the national markets for goods, services, capital and labour. The abolishment of customs tariffs, the creation of the European Single Market, the free mobility of capital and the European Monetary Union represent various stages in this development.

Research paper thumbnail of Networks and Technological Change in Regional Clusters

Advances in Spatial Science, 2003

" Knowledge represents the fundamental resource in the contemporary economy and the proc... more " Knowledge represents the fundamental resource in the contemporary economy and the process of learning represents the most important process"(Lundvall and Johnson 1994). However, regional clusters are mainly made by small and medium sized firms (SMEs) and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Urban Agglomeration and Regional Development Policies in an Enlarged Europe

Contributions to Economics, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Industrial Policy and the New Economy

Advances in Spatial Science, 2002

The experience of recent decades in the European Union shows that the development of a regional p... more The experience of recent decades in the European Union shows that the development of a regional productive system depends in a crucial way not only on the endogenous resources and abilities, but also on relationships with the international economy and the intensity of ...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Development, Federalism and Interregional Co-operation

Competitive European Peripheries, 1995

Wide regional disparities in the economically lagging regions of the European Union persist after... more Wide regional disparities in the economically lagging regions of the European Union persist after several decades of regional policy. This clearly indicates the need to modify the traditional policy doctrine. According to the traditional doctrine, the scarcity of capital and qualified labour as well as barriers associated with economies of scale cause the bottlenecks to development. Modern approaches to regional development, such as the endogenous development approach and the network approach, suggest a different diagnosis. The most important obstacles to development are threefold: first, low entrepreneurship and innovation capabilities, secondly scarcity of a specific know-how and thirdly, the low internationalisation of less developed regional economies.

Research paper thumbnail of Growth, Consumption and Knowledge Cities

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Ouverture de ‘Global Cities and Knowledge Management-1’

Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, 2011

Global markets impose an important transformation of the firms’ growth policies where innovation ... more Global markets impose an important transformation of the firms’ growth policies where innovation and imitation (of products and processes) play a primary role to meet a volatile demand. Many countries now have strong links with global corporations and within these countries most activity is concentrated in a few metropolitan areas (world cities). World cities configure aggregation-sites for knowledge-intensive businesses and for populations requiring sophisticated immaterial consumption. Large metropolitan areas of the de-materialized economy are thus assuming the dual role of knowledge creation pole (knowledge hub) and of intangible consumption pole (consumer hub).

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin Policy Workshop 17 April 2019 English short

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin R. (2016), Investments, balance of payment equilibrium and a new industrial policy in Europe,  paper presented at the Regional Studies Association Annual Conference 2016, 6th April 2016, Karl-Franzen-University, Graz, Austria

This paper aims to underline that the key problem of the economic growth in Europe is the recover... more This paper aims to underline that the key problem of the economic growth in Europe is the recovery of innovation and investments in the private and in the public sector and the adoption of a “new industrial policy”.This policy could be much more effective than the policies of “quantitative easing”, of “budget austerity” and of “structural reforms”.The economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an increase of the internal demand and private and public investment.The investments should be oriented to the productions which aim to respond to the increasing needs by the European citizens of new modern goods and services and of better infrastructures, especially in the largest European cities.Investment policies in Europe should be addressed to fill wide gap between the demand and the supply in the following modern productions and markets: 1) housing, 2) mobility, 3) health and education, 4) leisure and culture, 5) energy and environment, 6) advanced manufacturing productions, which produce intermediate goods and are driven by those final productions.

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin, R. (2016), Invited Lecture alla Università di Perugia, Aula Magna dei Dipartimenti di Economia e Scienze Politiche, 23 marzo 2016, sul tema: “Investimenti, innovazione e città: una nuova politica industriale per la crescita”.

Il Gruppo di Discussione “Crescita, Investimenti e Territorio” mira a definire le caratteristiche... more Il Gruppo di Discussione “Crescita, Investimenti e Territorio” mira a definire le caratteristiche di una "nuova politica industriale e regionale". Esso ritiene che lo stimolo alla ripresa, assicurato inizialmente da fattori esterni, deve essere integrato dallo stimolo della domanda interna e degli investimenti delle imprese e pubblici.

Fondamentale è l'innovazione che è cruciale per assicurare la redditività degli investimenti e la diversificazione verso quelle produzioni, che sono trainate dai mercati nuovi e emergenti di prodotti e servizi legati ai bisogni crescenti dei cittadini europei di una migliore qualià della vita, soprattutto nelle aree urbane.

I contributi del Gruppo di Discussione: “Crescita, investimenti e territorio”, pubblicati nei due ebook (2014 e 2015) e illustrati nelle relazioni presentate al recente Policy Workshop di Firenze (19 febbraio 2016), definiscono le caratteristiche di una nuova strategia di crescita dell’economia italiana e di nuove strategie competitive delle medie e grandi imprese italiane.

I punti strategici della proposta del Gruppo di Discussione sono la necessità in una prospettiva macroeconomica, del rilancio della domanda interna (consumi, investimenti e spesa pubblica), che deve essere trainata non solo dai consumi privati ma anche e soprattutto dagli investimenti delle imprese private e pubblici e una diversificazione delle produzioni verso nuove specializzazioni intelligenti a maggiore produttività,

Cruciale è promuovere l’innovazione, il rilancio di strategie di medio e lungo periodo di investimento e di innovazione da parte delle imprese, soprattutto quelle di maggiori dimensioni (ad esempio nelle public utilities), la collaborazione tra le diverse imprese, stretti rapporti con il territorio, lo sviluppo delle attività di progettazione e ricerca e dei rapporti con le Università, e infine la focalizzazione dei nuovi investimenti nel rinnovo delle città a partire dalle aree ferroviarie), ed ai nuovi bisogni che emergono nei diversi territori.

Infatti, l'innovazione è cruciale per assicurare la redditività degli investimenti e la diversificazione verso quelle produzioni che sono trainate dai mercati nuovi e emergenti di prodotti e servizi, creati dai bisogni crescenti dei cittadini europei di una migliore qualità della vita, soprattutto nelle aree urbane.

Le analisi e strategie di crescita del Gruppo di Discussione: “Crescita, investimenti e territorio” rappresentano la più articolata e innovativa proposta di politica di rilancio degli investimenti e dell’economia in Italia ed in Europa nonché un’alternativa valida alle politiche economiche seguite in Italia e nell’UE negli ultimi anni. Infatti, le politiche monetarie espansive della BCE non sono sufficienti ed è necessaria una diversa e migliore organizzazione del sistema creditizio, lo sviluppo di nuovi intermediari finanziari non bancari. Sono evidenti i limiti della strategia di crescita proposta all'Italia dalla Commissione Europea, basata sulla austerità fiscale del patto di stabilità e le riforme di strutture, che sono state incapaci di rilanciare gli investimenti, le innovazioni, la diversificazione in nuove produzioni e la domanda interna. Infatti, nella strategia tradizionalmente sostenuta dalle istituzioni nazionali e europee, la crescita nazionale dipende dalla crescita delle esportazioni nei mercati mondiali, che sono invece diminuite nei periodi più recenti e risentono della diminuzione del commercio mondiale.

La strategia proposta dal Gruppo di Discussione : “Crescita, investimenti e territorio” può essere di grande stimolo per le imprese italiane e le associazioni che le rappresentano, il sindacato e le maggiori banche, oltre che per le istituzioni locali e nazionali e può rappresentare un contributo prezioso nella definizione di politiche per la crescita di medio e lungo periodo in Italia, tenuto conto non solo della discussione a livello europeo ma anche dei vincoli o delle preferenze politiche delle diverse forze politiche e del Governo italiano.

Research paper thumbnail of Cappellin R. (2016), Investments, balance of payment equilibrium and a new industrial policy in Europe, paper presented at the Regional Studies Association Annual Conference 2016, 6th April 2016, Karl-Franzen-University, Graz, Austria

This paper aims to underline that the key problem of the economic growth in Europe is the recover... more This paper aims to underline that the key problem of the economic growth in Europe is the recovery of innovation and investments in the private and in the public sector and the adoption of a " new industrial policy ". This policy could be much more effective than the policies of " quantitative easing " , of " budget austerity " and of " structural reforms ". The economic recovery of the European economy can be pulled by an increase of the internal demand and private and public investment. The investments should be oriented to the productions which aim to respond to the increasing needs by the European citizens of new modern goods and services and of better infrastructures, especially in the largest European cities. Investment policies in Europe should be addressed to fill wide gap between the demand and the supply in the following modern productions and markets: 1) housing, 2) mobility, 3) health and education, 4) leisure and culture, 5) energy and environment, 6) advanced manufacturing productions, which produce intermediate goods and are driven by those final productions. • The fall of the price of oil and of raw material has decreased the export revenues and has had a negative impact on the GDP growth of the emerging countries • The decrease of the price of oil and of raw materials have sharply decreased the value of the export/import flows • The ratio of world trade on global GDP has decreased, while before the GDP elasticity of world trade was very high. • The process of trade globalization has stopped and the reshoring of productions seems to become increasingly important. The domestic demand is also becoming increasingly more important than distant foreign markets.