Petru Notingher | Université de Montpellier (original) (raw)
Papers by Petru Notingher
There is a need in the insulation community for a deeper understanding of the effect of ageing an... more There is a need in the insulation community for a deeper understanding of the effect of ageing and on insulators. The current work first focuses on EPDM derivatives. Changes of water transport properties (i.e. the coefficients of water solubility and diffusion) were correlated with chemical ageing (IRTF). The controlling parameters was found to be an oxidation criteria. These structure/property relationships will further be used to predict the penetration of water in EPDM connection accessories in service in the underground electricity network. In a longer range, this work should allow estimating their lifetime, when combined with a relevant end-of-life criterion.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2010
![Research paper thumbnail of Special Issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation on Electrets and Related Phenomena [Call for Papers]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90727658/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2011
We are pleased to announce that the June 2018 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and E... more We are pleased to announce that the June 2018 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation (TDEI) will be a special issue on electrets and related phenomena. This issue is open to all authors. Presenters of papers at the IEEE 16 th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE16) to be held during September 4-7, 2017 in Leuven (Belgium) are especially encouraged to submit their work to this special issue. For more information on ISE16 please go to www.ise16.eu. Topics include, but are not limited to: Charge related phenomena in dielectrics (injection, storage, transport, trapping, measurements) Dielectric and space charge relaxations in polymers and organics Dielectric and electrical responses of dielectrics to high electric fields Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy Energy storage in dielectrics and ionic materials Thermally stimulated phenomena Electrets for energy harvesting: principle, design, characterization and applications Piezo-, pyro-and ferroelectrets Electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials Piezo-electric phenomena in polymers and organics/biomaterials Applications of organic and polymer based piezo-electric materials Electrets and functional polymers in organic electronics Optical effects, photoelectrets Electrostatic and dielectric phenomena in life sciences-bioelectrets Soft transducers: sensors and actuators, including dielectric elastomers Nanoscale electrostatic, dielectric and electret materials Electret and dielectric phenomena in nanoscale structures
International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology, 2017
This paper aims at giving an insight into the field of non-destructive methods for localizing and... more This paper aims at giving an insight into the field of non-destructive methods for localizing and quantifying electric charges and field distribution in dielectrics. The fundamentals of the influence (or "stimuli") methods used for measuring space charge and polarization distributions in solid insulating structures are first presented. The possibilities offered today by these methods and their fallouts in the domains of dielectric materials, electrical engineering and electronics structures are then put into evidence using various supporting examples. Experimental setups and results obtained in recent years are reviewed, and perspectives of evolution of these methods are discussed. Challenges and expected achievements in the near future are brought into focus.
2017 INSUCON - 13th International Electrical Insulation Conference (INSUCON), 2017
Extruded cable insulation, as opposed to mass impregnated paper, is becoming the preferred materi... more Extruded cable insulation, as opposed to mass impregnated paper, is becoming the preferred material for HVDC cables especially for solutions that utilise Voltage Source Converters (VSC) [1]. Over 4000km of extruded cables are deployed to date for VSC point to point schemes. Ensuring that the cable's performance is maintained over the lifetime of service (40 years) is critical to successful schemes. A 360 day VSC ageing program as recommended by CIGRE TB 496 has been carried out successfully at the GE's Grid Solutions HVDC cable ageing facility [2]. Two full size 200 kV cables have been tested in parallel under identical electrical stress but different thermal stress. One of the cables is a land cable supplied by Nexans and the other cable is a submarine cable supplied by FURUKAWA Electric. The aim of the ageing program was to develop a better understanding of the ageing mechanisms of extruded cable insulation and space charge behaviour. Thus, the ageing program employed online monitoring techniques with high sensitivity to detect ageing of polymeric materials and monitoring of space charge evolution. The four online monitoring techniques were; DC conductivity measurements; time domain dielectric spectroscopy; the pulsed electroacoustic technique (PEA) [3] and the thermal step method (TSM) [4]. The first two techniques were intended to monitor the electrical conductivity and polarisation changes to the cable insulation whilst the latter two techniques were employed to probe the distribution of space charge within the cable insulation.
During many years, non destructive direct space charge distribution measurement techniques have b... more During many years, non destructive direct space charge distribution measurement techniques have been successfully used to study electrical phenomena in insulating materials and components. This paper deals with recent applications of these techniques in the field of microelectronic structures and thin layers and on the information they are able to provide when used instead or in complement to existing indirect or destructive methods. The issue of developing new experimental set-ups allowing high spatial resolution measurements is addressed in particular.
This paper presents a procedure for designing a power converter to produce power pulses in the co... more This paper presents a procedure for designing a power converter to produce power pulses in the conductive parts of a cable (core or shield) for non-invasive space charge measurements with a thermal wave. Analytical and numerical thermal and electrostatic studies related to the temperature diffusion in the cable insulation are first presented, then the set-up and the design of the converter architecture are detailed. Experimental results show the ability for charge measurements within the insulation of a power cable in an entirely non-intrusive manner.
The Belgian Medium Voltage "MV" distribution network consists of a great diversity of u... more The Belgian Medium Voltage "MV" distribution network consists of a great diversity of under ground cables coming from many manufacturers. This results in a variety of cables executions due to manufacturing processes and used materials. In service, these various cables, in particular their polymeric insulation can react differently under the effect of the applied combined constraints. It is well known that the electrical constraints applied to insulation strongly influence its electrical properties, in particular its condition in time (ageing). In this work, we studied the electrical behaviour of cables resulting or intended to use in the Belgian MV network. The ageing markers are the space charge whose harmful effects on the electrical behaviour on the cable insulations are well known. The measurement technique to detect these space charges on cable samples is the Thermal Step Method "TSM" installed at LABORELEC. We have studied the influence of the electrical an...
Local and modern acculturation architecture in P-House building, Salatiga Local and modern accult... more Local and modern acculturation architecture in P-House building, Salatiga Local and modern acculturated house concept is widely applied, one of which is the P-House P-House by Budi Pradono in Salatiga. Understanding about of the existence of local and modern elements in building design method is necessary to cultivate and strengthen the local value to be preserved in the modern era and to enrich the culture itself. In the case of this P-House study we can describe the existence of local and modern values in the building into the concept of tread, shape, space, structure, and material and then to find out the dominating aspect between local and modern values of the three building segments. The results of the process will demonstrate the dominance and placement of local and modern elements chosen by Budi Pradono in designing the P-House. The study used a descriptive method to describe the study object, analytic method to dissect the study object with theory, and interpretive method in drawing conclusions in an attempt to understand the dominance of local and modern values in the design method as well as to define the form of acculturation used or classified through the design of residential buildings.
Journal of Electrostatics, 2021
Non-destructive thermal techniques have been developed and extensively used during the last decad... more Non-destructive thermal techniques have been developed and extensively used during the last decades for space charge measurements in solid dielectrics. These methods are based on measuring and analyzing a transient capacitive current or voltage due to the redistribution of influence charges when a heat flow induced by an external thermal stimulus diffuses through the sample. If this principle is à priori usable on liquids, its application to such materials and appropriate interpretation of the measured signals require assessing and identifying the effects of thermal convection, which is likely to appear when heat diffuses in a liquid medium. This issue is addressed in the present work. Transient current responses of dielectric liquids with two different viscosities containing interface charges are computed numerically in the absence and in the presence of thermal convection when thermal stimuli of amplitudes up to 20 K are applied. The effects of the thermal convection are analyzed and guidelines for reducing them are proposed.
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2019
The water sorption properties (i.e. diffusivity and solubility) of three unfilled vulcanized EPDM... more The water sorption properties (i.e. diffusivity and solubility) of three unfilled vulcanized EPDMs were investigated in wet atmosphere (typically between 0 and 95% RH) and in pure distilled water (denoted as 100% RH) at 70 C with an IGAsorp dynamic sorption analyzer. In the 0e0.5 activity range, all EPDMs obey to the usual Fick and Henry's laws. In contrast, at activities higher than 0.5, the water sorption behavior of all EPDMs deviates from these two laws because of the formation of water clusters. Park's equation was used for simulating accurately the sorption isotherms and thus, accessing Henry's constant and the average size of water clusters. In wet atmospheres, clusters would be composed of about 8 ± 4 molecules corresponding approximately to the size of free volume holes. In contrast, in pure distilled water, clusters consist in a much larger number of water molecules (between 55 and 71) presumably because of an exacerbated swelling of EPDM samples. Thus, immersion in water solution is more drastic than exposure to fully saturated wet atmosphere. The impact of the EPDM formulation (nature and content of crosslinking agent) on these experimental results is clearly of the second order of magnitude.
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2019
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2017
More than ever, controlling the amount of space charge that accumulates in high voltage DC (HVDC)... more More than ever, controlling the amount of space charge that accumulates in high voltage DC (HVDC) extruded cables under electrical stress and a thermal gradient is a major challenge to ensure a good level of reliability of the cable and therefore a good availability of energy [1]. It is now clear that, although studies on space charge are absolutely necessary to understand the charge accumulation and relaxation phenomena, direct measurements on power cables are required to analyze and anticipate the local electric field. Thus, measurement of the electric field due to the presence of space charge within the insulation is essential for an optimal design of power cables [2].
2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), 2016
Simultaneous measurement of the concentration of released atomic sodium, swelling, surface and in... more Simultaneous measurement of the concentration of released atomic sodium, swelling, surface and internal temperature of a burning black liquor droplet under a fuel lean and rich condition has been demonstrated. Two-dimensional two-colour optical pyrometry was employed to determine the distribution of surface temperature and swelling of a burning black liquor droplet while planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was used to assess the temporal release of atomic sodium. The key findings of these studies are: (i) the concentration of atomic sodium released during the drying and devolatilisation stages was found to be correlated with the external surface area; and (ii) the insignificant presence of atomic sodium during the char consumption stage shows that sodium release is suppressed by the lower temperature and by the high CO 2 content in and around the particle.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016
The French Society of Electrostatics (SFE) was founded by Professor Gérard Touchard in 1998. Unde... more The French Society of Electrostatics (SFE) was founded by Professor Gérard Touchard in 1998. Under his leadership, this friendly society holds every two years its scientific conference, supported by a community of French, North African, East European, Japanese and North American researchers.
IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2012
ABSTRACT This paper presents the design of a new application for parallel multi-cell converters. ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents the design of a new application for parallel multi-cell converters. The aim is to setup a portable system that can inject a 12000 A current within 2s in the conducting core of a HVDC cable, and determinate the distribution of electrical space charge through the insulation using the Thermal Step Method (TSM). This is an original application that contributes to the study of power cable reliability. The proposed structure will be constituted of ten paralleled coupled multiphase buck converters using InterCell Transformers (ICT). The magnetic coupling used in this structure does not need the use of additional filters (inductors and capacitors), which are weighty and expensive for a portable power converter. Ultracapacitors are used as power source because they offer the ability to carry the application for on-site measurements. An analytical model is developed in order to quantify the magnetic flux through the magnetic core and to optimize the ICT design. A prototype (four-phase coupled buck converter) was built in order to validate the transient principle and to confirm the magnetic coupler analytical model results.
ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117)
ABSTRACT The set up of nondestructive techniques for measuring space charge has allowed to prove ... more ABSTRACT The set up of nondestructive techniques for measuring space charge has allowed to prove the importance of these charges on the longtime behaviour of cable insulation. It seems today more and more probable that the decrease of performance and breakdown of polyethylene-insulated power cables are related to the appearance and the development of space charges. In this work, we show how one can, using the Thermal Step Method (TSM), to evaluate the electrical state of a significant cable length, both locally and globally. We also compare the charging ability of a cable insulation after two types of applied stress: poling at room temperature and under a thermal gradient similar to the one which appears in cable during operation
There is a need in the insulation community for a deeper understanding of the effect of ageing an... more There is a need in the insulation community for a deeper understanding of the effect of ageing and on insulators. The current work first focuses on EPDM derivatives. Changes of water transport properties (i.e. the coefficients of water solubility and diffusion) were correlated with chemical ageing (IRTF). The controlling parameters was found to be an oxidation criteria. These structure/property relationships will further be used to predict the penetration of water in EPDM connection accessories in service in the underground electricity network. In a longer range, this work should allow estimating their lifetime, when combined with a relevant end-of-life criterion.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2010
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2011
We are pleased to announce that the June 2018 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and E... more We are pleased to announce that the June 2018 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation (TDEI) will be a special issue on electrets and related phenomena. This issue is open to all authors. Presenters of papers at the IEEE 16 th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE16) to be held during September 4-7, 2017 in Leuven (Belgium) are especially encouraged to submit their work to this special issue. For more information on ISE16 please go to www.ise16.eu. Topics include, but are not limited to: Charge related phenomena in dielectrics (injection, storage, transport, trapping, measurements) Dielectric and space charge relaxations in polymers and organics Dielectric and electrical responses of dielectrics to high electric fields Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy Energy storage in dielectrics and ionic materials Thermally stimulated phenomena Electrets for energy harvesting: principle, design, characterization and applications Piezo-, pyro-and ferroelectrets Electrocaloric and pyroelectric materials Piezo-electric phenomena in polymers and organics/biomaterials Applications of organic and polymer based piezo-electric materials Electrets and functional polymers in organic electronics Optical effects, photoelectrets Electrostatic and dielectric phenomena in life sciences-bioelectrets Soft transducers: sensors and actuators, including dielectric elastomers Nanoscale electrostatic, dielectric and electret materials Electret and dielectric phenomena in nanoscale structures
International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology, 2017
This paper aims at giving an insight into the field of non-destructive methods for localizing and... more This paper aims at giving an insight into the field of non-destructive methods for localizing and quantifying electric charges and field distribution in dielectrics. The fundamentals of the influence (or "stimuli") methods used for measuring space charge and polarization distributions in solid insulating structures are first presented. The possibilities offered today by these methods and their fallouts in the domains of dielectric materials, electrical engineering and electronics structures are then put into evidence using various supporting examples. Experimental setups and results obtained in recent years are reviewed, and perspectives of evolution of these methods are discussed. Challenges and expected achievements in the near future are brought into focus.
2017 INSUCON - 13th International Electrical Insulation Conference (INSUCON), 2017
Extruded cable insulation, as opposed to mass impregnated paper, is becoming the preferred materi... more Extruded cable insulation, as opposed to mass impregnated paper, is becoming the preferred material for HVDC cables especially for solutions that utilise Voltage Source Converters (VSC) [1]. Over 4000km of extruded cables are deployed to date for VSC point to point schemes. Ensuring that the cable's performance is maintained over the lifetime of service (40 years) is critical to successful schemes. A 360 day VSC ageing program as recommended by CIGRE TB 496 has been carried out successfully at the GE's Grid Solutions HVDC cable ageing facility [2]. Two full size 200 kV cables have been tested in parallel under identical electrical stress but different thermal stress. One of the cables is a land cable supplied by Nexans and the other cable is a submarine cable supplied by FURUKAWA Electric. The aim of the ageing program was to develop a better understanding of the ageing mechanisms of extruded cable insulation and space charge behaviour. Thus, the ageing program employed online monitoring techniques with high sensitivity to detect ageing of polymeric materials and monitoring of space charge evolution. The four online monitoring techniques were; DC conductivity measurements; time domain dielectric spectroscopy; the pulsed electroacoustic technique (PEA) [3] and the thermal step method (TSM) [4]. The first two techniques were intended to monitor the electrical conductivity and polarisation changes to the cable insulation whilst the latter two techniques were employed to probe the distribution of space charge within the cable insulation.
During many years, non destructive direct space charge distribution measurement techniques have b... more During many years, non destructive direct space charge distribution measurement techniques have been successfully used to study electrical phenomena in insulating materials and components. This paper deals with recent applications of these techniques in the field of microelectronic structures and thin layers and on the information they are able to provide when used instead or in complement to existing indirect or destructive methods. The issue of developing new experimental set-ups allowing high spatial resolution measurements is addressed in particular.
This paper presents a procedure for designing a power converter to produce power pulses in the co... more This paper presents a procedure for designing a power converter to produce power pulses in the conductive parts of a cable (core or shield) for non-invasive space charge measurements with a thermal wave. Analytical and numerical thermal and electrostatic studies related to the temperature diffusion in the cable insulation are first presented, then the set-up and the design of the converter architecture are detailed. Experimental results show the ability for charge measurements within the insulation of a power cable in an entirely non-intrusive manner.
The Belgian Medium Voltage "MV" distribution network consists of a great diversity of u... more The Belgian Medium Voltage "MV" distribution network consists of a great diversity of under ground cables coming from many manufacturers. This results in a variety of cables executions due to manufacturing processes and used materials. In service, these various cables, in particular their polymeric insulation can react differently under the effect of the applied combined constraints. It is well known that the electrical constraints applied to insulation strongly influence its electrical properties, in particular its condition in time (ageing). In this work, we studied the electrical behaviour of cables resulting or intended to use in the Belgian MV network. The ageing markers are the space charge whose harmful effects on the electrical behaviour on the cable insulations are well known. The measurement technique to detect these space charges on cable samples is the Thermal Step Method "TSM" installed at LABORELEC. We have studied the influence of the electrical an...
Local and modern acculturation architecture in P-House building, Salatiga Local and modern accult... more Local and modern acculturation architecture in P-House building, Salatiga Local and modern acculturated house concept is widely applied, one of which is the P-House P-House by Budi Pradono in Salatiga. Understanding about of the existence of local and modern elements in building design method is necessary to cultivate and strengthen the local value to be preserved in the modern era and to enrich the culture itself. In the case of this P-House study we can describe the existence of local and modern values in the building into the concept of tread, shape, space, structure, and material and then to find out the dominating aspect between local and modern values of the three building segments. The results of the process will demonstrate the dominance and placement of local and modern elements chosen by Budi Pradono in designing the P-House. The study used a descriptive method to describe the study object, analytic method to dissect the study object with theory, and interpretive method in drawing conclusions in an attempt to understand the dominance of local and modern values in the design method as well as to define the form of acculturation used or classified through the design of residential buildings.
Journal of Electrostatics, 2021
Non-destructive thermal techniques have been developed and extensively used during the last decad... more Non-destructive thermal techniques have been developed and extensively used during the last decades for space charge measurements in solid dielectrics. These methods are based on measuring and analyzing a transient capacitive current or voltage due to the redistribution of influence charges when a heat flow induced by an external thermal stimulus diffuses through the sample. If this principle is à priori usable on liquids, its application to such materials and appropriate interpretation of the measured signals require assessing and identifying the effects of thermal convection, which is likely to appear when heat diffuses in a liquid medium. This issue is addressed in the present work. Transient current responses of dielectric liquids with two different viscosities containing interface charges are computed numerically in the absence and in the presence of thermal convection when thermal stimuli of amplitudes up to 20 K are applied. The effects of the thermal convection are analyzed and guidelines for reducing them are proposed.
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2019
The water sorption properties (i.e. diffusivity and solubility) of three unfilled vulcanized EPDM... more The water sorption properties (i.e. diffusivity and solubility) of three unfilled vulcanized EPDMs were investigated in wet atmosphere (typically between 0 and 95% RH) and in pure distilled water (denoted as 100% RH) at 70 C with an IGAsorp dynamic sorption analyzer. In the 0e0.5 activity range, all EPDMs obey to the usual Fick and Henry's laws. In contrast, at activities higher than 0.5, the water sorption behavior of all EPDMs deviates from these two laws because of the formation of water clusters. Park's equation was used for simulating accurately the sorption isotherms and thus, accessing Henry's constant and the average size of water clusters. In wet atmospheres, clusters would be composed of about 8 ± 4 molecules corresponding approximately to the size of free volume holes. In contrast, in pure distilled water, clusters consist in a much larger number of water molecules (between 55 and 71) presumably because of an exacerbated swelling of EPDM samples. Thus, immersion in water solution is more drastic than exposure to fully saturated wet atmosphere. The impact of the EPDM formulation (nature and content of crosslinking agent) on these experimental results is clearly of the second order of magnitude.
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2019
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2017
More than ever, controlling the amount of space charge that accumulates in high voltage DC (HVDC)... more More than ever, controlling the amount of space charge that accumulates in high voltage DC (HVDC) extruded cables under electrical stress and a thermal gradient is a major challenge to ensure a good level of reliability of the cable and therefore a good availability of energy [1]. It is now clear that, although studies on space charge are absolutely necessary to understand the charge accumulation and relaxation phenomena, direct measurements on power cables are required to analyze and anticipate the local electric field. Thus, measurement of the electric field due to the presence of space charge within the insulation is essential for an optimal design of power cables [2].
2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), 2016
Simultaneous measurement of the concentration of released atomic sodium, swelling, surface and in... more Simultaneous measurement of the concentration of released atomic sodium, swelling, surface and internal temperature of a burning black liquor droplet under a fuel lean and rich condition has been demonstrated. Two-dimensional two-colour optical pyrometry was employed to determine the distribution of surface temperature and swelling of a burning black liquor droplet while planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was used to assess the temporal release of atomic sodium. The key findings of these studies are: (i) the concentration of atomic sodium released during the drying and devolatilisation stages was found to be correlated with the external surface area; and (ii) the insignificant presence of atomic sodium during the char consumption stage shows that sodium release is suppressed by the lower temperature and by the high CO 2 content in and around the particle.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016
The French Society of Electrostatics (SFE) was founded by Professor Gérard Touchard in 1998. Unde... more The French Society of Electrostatics (SFE) was founded by Professor Gérard Touchard in 1998. Under his leadership, this friendly society holds every two years its scientific conference, supported by a community of French, North African, East European, Japanese and North American researchers.
IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2012
ABSTRACT This paper presents the design of a new application for parallel multi-cell converters. ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents the design of a new application for parallel multi-cell converters. The aim is to setup a portable system that can inject a 12000 A current within 2s in the conducting core of a HVDC cable, and determinate the distribution of electrical space charge through the insulation using the Thermal Step Method (TSM). This is an original application that contributes to the study of power cable reliability. The proposed structure will be constituted of ten paralleled coupled multiphase buck converters using InterCell Transformers (ICT). The magnetic coupling used in this structure does not need the use of additional filters (inductors and capacitors), which are weighty and expensive for a portable power converter. Ultracapacitors are used as power source because they offer the ability to carry the application for on-site measurements. An analytical model is developed in order to quantify the magnetic flux through the magnetic core and to optimize the ICT design. A prototype (four-phase coupled buck converter) was built in order to validate the transient principle and to confirm the magnetic coupler analytical model results.
ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117)
ABSTRACT The set up of nondestructive techniques for measuring space charge has allowed to prove ... more ABSTRACT The set up of nondestructive techniques for measuring space charge has allowed to prove the importance of these charges on the longtime behaviour of cable insulation. It seems today more and more probable that the decrease of performance and breakdown of polyethylene-insulated power cables are related to the appearance and the development of space charges. In this work, we show how one can, using the Thermal Step Method (TSM), to evaluate the electrical state of a significant cable length, both locally and globally. We also compare the charging ability of a cable insulation after two types of applied stress: poling at room temperature and under a thermal gradient similar to the one which appears in cable during operation