Emeline Chauchard | University of Toulouse (original) (raw)

Papers by Emeline Chauchard

Addictive Behaviors, Nov 1, 2006

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of peers cannabis use or non-use,... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of peers cannabis use or non-use, parental approval of such use, adolescents&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; own beliefs about use, to the prediction of cannabis use. The participants were 559 high-school students who completed questionnaires assessing the frequency of cannabis use, the number of peers using cannabis, the number of peers opposed to cannabis use, parental attitude toward cannabis use, and participants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; expectations towards use. The number of peers using cannabis and participants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; positive expectations of cannabis use were risk factors for use whereas the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and the negative expectations of use were protective factors. Parental attitudes towards use were not a significant independent predictor of use.

The study of the convergent validity of the HIT-Q with the YPI as external criteria showed they w... more The study of the convergent validity of the HIT-Q with the YPI as external criteria showed they were closely linked, which suggests self-serving cognitive distortion may be the cognitive expression of psychopathic traits. The discriminant validity of the HIT-Q with moral reasoning and empathy was satisfying and similar to previous results (Lardén et al., 2006 [20]). In concordance with previous studies, delinquent cognitive distortions appeared to be a significant predictor of antisocial behavior and moreover, participants in the antisocial group reported higher scores of self-serving cognitive distortions (Capuano, 2007 ; Barriga and Gibbs, 1996 ; Nas et al., 2008 [10-12]). Conclusion.-The present study showed that the French version of the HIT-Q presents good psychometric properties.

International Gambling Studies, May 4, 2017

Tilt in poker implies a deviation from an individual's usual playing style, at a strategic, emoti... more Tilt in poker implies a deviation from an individual's usual playing style, at a strategic, emotional and behavioural level. It is a specific characteristic of poker, which can affect all kinds of players with varying degrees of frequency. In addition, tilt could be a transitional form of pathological gambling behaviour and a gateway to addiction. The main objective of this research is therefore the design and validation of a measuring scale for tilt episode frequency in an online poker gamblers' group. Twenty-one items based on the literature and interviews with 10 poker players were created. An online selfadministered questionnaire was completed by 263 poker players to validate this scale. The mean age of the sample was 26.7 (SD = 4.45). The Online Poker Tilt Scale (OPTS) consists of 17 items and is the first validated tool for measuring the frequency of tilt episodes associated with online poker. It is composed of two factors: 'emotional and behavioural tilt' and 'cognitive tilt'. Tilt seems to be an essential part of understanding online poker behaviour. This tool will enable researchers studying online poker addiction to perform research on the mechanisms and processes that lead to tilt and its consequences.

Neuropsychiatrie De L'enfance Et De L'adolescence, Sep 1, 2012

ABSTRACT Objectives In the last years, a growing concern seems to emerge regarding psychological ... more ABSTRACT Objectives In the last years, a growing concern seems to emerge regarding psychological disturbance that could result from Internet use. Social-networking websites and particularly Facebook are currently very popular and important communication medium for adolescents and young people. This qualitative study focused on adolescents’ investment on their Facebook profile. The aims of this study were: (1) to better understand Facebook use issues among adolescents and young people; (2) to detect conflicts regarding adolescence that might appear on Facebook; (3) and to compare adolescent and young people use.MethodA semi-structured interview was conducted on 20 adolescents (age ranged from 11 to 21 years old) in order to explore Facebook use as well as parents’ and peers’ relationship. Interviews were transcribed in their entirety and thematic analyses were performed.ResultsThematic analyses highlighted that adolescents do not use Facebook for creating new intimate relationship, but rather to maintain relationship already existing with peers in offline life and to make social experiment. Adolescence issues appeared through adolescents and parents relationship, and self-image. Some participants reported parental intrusions on their Facebook use, and 35% wanted to protect their intimacy/privacy. Half of the sample posted self-promoting pictures. Furthermore, 70% reported waiting for positive feedbacks when they posted items on Facebook. Four participants reported irrational beliefs linked to “friend&#39;s” responses and comments. Facebook use in adolescents is not so different from young people, except for some type of pictures, and for intimacy towards parents.Conclusion For adolescents, Facebook is a communication medium used for extending daily relationship and communications. Adolescents do not use this social network to create intimate relationship. It is rather network communications than dyadic relationship. It is a place of social experience, where adolescents experiment rivalry, jealousies, betrayal, and also social support, and positive or negative self-image. Adolescents show on Facebook a particular self-image. Facebook use in adolescents and parental position underline adolescents’ autonomy. However, problematic or inappropriate use of Facebook in adolescents has to be carefully considered. Future research is needed to identify the long-term psychopathological consequences of Facebook use. Longitudinal studies could provide in-depth examination of potential problems, leading to identification and development of preventative strategies.

Addictive Behaviors, Oct 1, 2012

Although adolescent cannabis users have been reported not to be a homogeneous group, they are few... more Although adolescent cannabis users have been reported not to be a homogeneous group, they are few typological studies and only one based on psychopathological variables. A better knowledge of the typology of cannabis users might contribute to the identification of specific needs concerning prevention or treatment. Among 199 adolescents using cannabis at least monthly during the last six month, cluster analysis yielded three clusters based on depressive symptoms, social anxiety, borderline personality traits, and psychopathic traits (impulsivity and callous-unemotional traits). The largest cluster, called 'ordinary' was well below the mean on all measures. Another cluster, labeled 'borderline' was distinguished by high levels of borderline traits, depressed mood, and social anxiety. The smallest cluster, called 'impulsive' was well above the mean in impulsivity and callous traits but low on all other measures. Frequency of cannabis use was higher in the borderline and impulsive clusters than in the ordinary cluster. Multiple regression analyses suggested that the contributions of psychopathological variables to cannabis use varied across clusters.

Scandinavian Journal of Pain, May 25, 2022

Objectives Emotional profile is involved in the experience of chronic pain related to endometrios... more Objectives Emotional profile is involved in the experience of chronic pain related to endometriosis. Following the Örebro Model of Behavioral Emotion Regulation of Pain, the aim of this study was to understand the processes involved in the psychological adaptation to pain experienced during menstruations in women either diagnosed or not diagnosed with endometriosis. Methods The study was conducted on a sample of 545 women, either diagnosed with endometriosis or not, during their menstruations. Functional repercussions and intensity of pain, catastrophic thinking, difficulties in emotional regulation and emotional distress were assessed through an online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was carried out. Results Women diagnosed with endometriosis experience more suffering than women who have not had such a diagnosis. The model we adapted from Örebro’s model fits the data well. A differential effect is observed regarding the retroactive effect of depression on pain. Although emotional distress increases functional repercussions among women both with and without the diagnosis, growing pain intensity only occurs among those without. Conclusions A woman presenting pain during menstruation faces emotional regulation issues that make her more vulnerable to the development of emotional distress. Pain impacts emotional distress, but emotional distress does not impact pain among women for whom the origin of the pain was known (i.e., a diagnosis of endometriosis). Having a diagnosis allows women to externalize the origin of their pain, attributing it to the disease and not to their psychological state.

The primary care companion for CNS disorders, Feb 22, 2018

Cannabis withdrawal has not been studied in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ... more Cannabis withdrawal has not been studied in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have high rates of cannabis use. We aimed to describe cannabis withdrawal, motivations to quit, and strategies to quit cannabis use in cannabis-dependent adults with ADHD. METHODS: Twenty-three adults with ADHD enrolled in a controlled clinical trial of pharmacotherapy (atomoxetine) for cannabis dependence (DSM-IV criteria) completed the Marijuana Quit Questionnaire (MJQQ) to provide information on their "most serious" quit attempt made without formal treatment. The study was conducted between November 2005 and June 2008. RESULTS: Participants were predominantly male (82.6%, n = 19), with a mean (SD) age of 27.4 (8.5) years (range, 18-53) at the start of their index quit attempt. The most common motive for quitting cannabis was "to save money" (87%, n = 20); the most common strategy to maintain abstinence was "stopped associating with people who smoke marijuana" (43%, n = 10). Almost all (96%, n = 22) subjects reported ≥ 1 cannabis withdrawal symptom; 7 (30%) met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with comorbid ADHD and cannabis dependence reported withdrawal symptoms similar to other samples of non-treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent adults with no psychiatric comorbidity. These findings suggest that ADHD does not influence cannabis withdrawal in the way that it does tobacco (nicotine) withdrawal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Data used in this secondary analysis came from ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00360269.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Jul 1, 2014

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e81 Opioids with lower brain uptake are less re... more s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e81 Opioids with lower brain uptake are less recognizable in rat drug discrimination tests and thus potentially less subject to abuse Stephen D. Harrison1, H. Gursahani1, J. Pfeiffer1, K. Gogas1, J. Riggs1, T. Riley1, D. Gauvin2, S. Doberstein1 1 Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, United States 2 MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, MI, United States Aims: Prescription opioids are the mainstay of analgesic therapy, although their abuse is rising to epidemic proportions. A solution to this problemwould be to separate opioid analgesia from abuse potential. Drugs that are readily recognized as opioids are considered more prone to abuse. We have tested whether lowering the rate of brain entry of an opioidwillmake it less recognizable in rat drug discrimination assays. Methods: Various mu-opioid agonists were assessed for different properties: (1) potency by receptor binding and elicitedfunction in vitro; (2) brain-uptake rate relative to an antipyrine control compound by in situ brain perfusion; (3) potential to be recognized as a mu-opioid agonist by rats trained to recognize oxycodone in the drug discrimination assay. Correlations between these parameters were made to establish underlying relationships between them. Results: The rate of brain uptake and potency of mu-opioid agonists both correlate inversely with the minimum discriminable dose (MDD) in the rat drug discrimination assay. The highest MDD was observed for opioids with dramatically reduced brain uptake rates (between 0.01 and 0.1 relative to antipyrine) compared to commercially used opioids (brain uptake rates between 0.5 and 10 relative to antipyrine). Conclusions: Opioid agonists that have a high potency against the mu-opioid receptor and which have a high rate of entry into the brain are more likely to be recognized as a mu-opioid agonists. A low MDD is considered to be reflective of potential abuse liability and consequently opioids with low brain entry rates, and thus higher MDD values, may have less abuse potential. Consequently it may be possible to maintain analgesic efficacy and yet reduce the potential for the abuse, by reducing brain entry rate. Mu-opioid agonists with an engineered reduction in brain uptake rate offer a potential approach to achieving this goal. Financial support: Nektar Therapeutics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.239 Differences in cannabis withdrawal symptoms between individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Karen Hartwell1,2, E. Chauchard3,4, D.A. Gorelick3, Aimee McRae-Clark1 1 Department of Psychiatry, MUSC, Charleston, SC, United States 2 Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC, United States 3 Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Bethesda, MD, United States 4 Toulouse University Octogone-CERPP, Toulouse,

Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, Dec 1, 2007

Tous droits réservés Résumés des communications POSTERS 3 Coordinateur : M. P. LAMY (Toulouse) PO... more Tous droits réservés Résumés des communications POSTERS 3 Coordinateur : M. P. LAMY (Toulouse) POSTERS 3 L'impact d'une action de prévention du cannabis sur les représentations du produit

Journal of Gambling Studies, Nov 2, 2019

Tilt is a very common term in online poker players' vocabulary, it describes a state where the pl... more Tilt is a very common term in online poker players' vocabulary, it describes a state where the player is no longer able to make rational decisions because they are overwhelmed by strong emotions. This study aims to explore the relation existing between the frequency of Tilt episodes, the player's perception of these episodes and excessive gambling in online poker. The sample is composed of 291 adult French-speaking online poker players. All participants completed an online self-assessment questionnaire. The results of the classification analysis showed that the sample could be divided into three groups. The first group, named ''players in control'' included low excessive gambling tendencies with low perceived and measured Tilt frequencies. The two other groups showed high measured tilt levels, with perceived tilt levels that were different from the measured levels. Furthermore, these two groups present a moderate usage risk of developing an excessive gambling tendency in a money-based game of chance. These results show the existence of a relation between the player's capacity to perceive tilt and the online poker player's behavior.

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Apr 21, 2020

Our objective was to identify meaningful subgroups of buyers based on psychological risk factors ... more Our objective was to identify meaningful subgroups of buyers based on psychological risk factors for compulsive buying. A community sample of 242 adult women fulfilled an online survey exploring buying habits and motives, impulsivity, self-esteem, and severity of compulsive buying. A latent class cluster analysis was performed. A nonproblematic cluster (28%) was characterized by low levels of impulsivity and buying motives. An intermediary cluster (51%) was characterized by higher levels of positive and negative reinforcementrelated buying motives. Both clusters were characterized by a low frequency of compulsive buying (2 and 8%, respectively), but the severity of compulsive buying was higher for the intermediary cluster. A third cluster (21%) was characterized by a higher frequency of compulsive buying (43%), a higher severity of compulsive buying, a stronger feeling of losing control, and higher levels of negative urgency and coping motive. These results present similarities with the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of addiction and the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction, which both postulate that negative feelings play a central role in motivating and maintaining addiction. These results also echo other typologies performed in problem gamblers and problematic videogame users. These similarities of psychological profiles with other addictive behaviors, and with common symptoms and clinical expressions, are supplementary arguments to consider conceptualizing compulsive buying as an addictive disorder.

L'Encéphale, Jun 1, 2008

Objective.-The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of cannabis use and de... more Objective.-The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of cannabis use and depressive symptoms in the prediction of suicidal ideation. Method.-A random sample of 491 high-school students from the department of Haute-Garonne, France (290 girls, mean age = 16.6 ± 1.4; 201 boys, mean age = 17.3 years ± 1.6) completed a questionnaire assessing cannabis use, the CES-D (center for epidemiological studies-depression scale) completed by the three-item sub-scale measuring suicidal ideation proposed by Garrison et al. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30 (1991) 636-641).

Addictive Behaviors, 2008

European Addiction Research, Dec 16, 2020

Introduction: The influence of marketing on addictive behaviours has been studied among tobacco a... more Introduction: The influence of marketing on addictive behaviours has been studied among tobacco and alcohol users. Although the fashion industry is highly influenced by marketing, research has poorly studied vulnerability to fashion marketing as a factor related to buying-shopping disorder (BSD) while considering psychological characteristics (buying motives, impulsivity, and self-esteem). Objective: The objective of the present work is to investigate the relationship between vulnerability to marketing and BSD. Methods: Women (n = 242) were exclusively recruited through social networking. They completed an online survey exploring the severity of BSD using the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the psychological factors associated with BSD (impulsivity, self-esteem, and buying motives) and an experimental task designed to investigate the intention to purchase in several situations, where marketing modalities such as price, brand, and packaging fluctuate. Results: Among the 242 participants in the study, 34 were identified as compulsive buyers (14%). Income level was considered, and compulsive buyers displayed a higher level of vulnerability to marketing, except for the packaging modality. High levels of positive urgency, lack of premeditation, and coping motivation were found to be significant predictors of the CBS score, but vulnerability to marketing was not. Discussion and Conclusions: Compulsive buyers seem to be more sensitive to marketing strategies, although vulnerability to marketing was not identified as a predictor of the severity of BSD. Given the enormous literature on the role of marketing in other addictive behaviours, further studies are needed to better understand the role of marketing in BSD to develop appropriate public health policies.

Psychology of popular media, Jun 1, 2023

Online forums devoted to video games dedicate discussions to a phenomenon called "rage" that prod... more Online forums devoted to video games dedicate discussions to a phenomenon called "rage" that produces difficulties for gamers. Rage is described as expressing violent and impulsive reactions through excessive frustration or bad faith while gaming. The aim of this qualitative study was to describe rage as it occurs in online video games and to identify its etiology and consequences. A qualitative study included 24 gamers aged 18-30 years. Semidirective interviews were conducted, and participants completed an online survey. Two researchers rated each interview using the thematic analysis method and reported an agreement rate of 83%. The gamers described rage as a change in the manner of playing caused by a feeling of frustration during the game. Rage has components that are behavioral (aggressive behaviors), cognitive (poor decision making), and emotional (anger). Rage can be contagious among gamers and may result in the loss of the game and a "rage quit," an abrupt cessation of the game. Rage appears of prime importance to regulate rage episodes and targeting emotion regulation, which can be used as a hook for the prevention of problematic gaming. Public Policy Relevance Statement Rage is a phenomenon of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive loss of control that occurs while playing an online video game. Rage could have consequences on the psychological well-being of players and their teammates. Players seek to control rage episodes to perform in the game; rage could also be a gateway for prevention.

L'Encéphale, Dec 1, 2013

L'Encéphale, 2008

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of peers and parental influences ... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of peers and parental influences and adolescents' own beliefs about use, in the prediction of cannabis use. Method.-Participants were 559 high-school and secondary school students (275 girls, mean age = 15.4 ± 1; 274 boys, mean age = 15.5 ± 0.9) who completed questionnaires assessing cannabis use frequency, the number of peers using cannabis, the number of peers opposed to cannabis use, parental attitude toward cannabis use, parental present or past cannabis use and participants' expectations toward use. Parents' opinion of cannabis use was assessed using a ten-point scale ranging from zero (highly opposed to cannabis use) to 10 (highly in favour of cannabis use). The participants' opinion of cannabis use was assessed using a self-report questionnaire which was generated from a preliminary qualitative study on a convenient sample of ten adolescents who agreed to participate in a semistructured interview assessing their perceptions of the effects of cannabis use. Interviewers drew up a list of all the reported perceptions. One rater eliminated redundant responses and combined similar instances into more general terms. Responses were reworded concisely to be appropriate for a close-ended questionnaire. The final questionnaire consisted of 29 items. Items were scored on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = disagree strongly to 7 = agree strongly. Results.-In the total sample (n = 559), 22% of girls (n = 61) and 28% of boys (n = 76) reported having used cannabis once during the last six months (p = 0.05); 4% of girls and 9% of boys used cannabis at least 3-4 times per week; water pipe or bong was used by 31% of boys and 28% of girls used cannabis. Cannabis users reported that 49% of their fathers were using or had used cannabis versus 10% of non-users. Cannabis users reported that 39% of their mothers were using or had used cannabis versus 22% of non-users. An exploratory factorial analysis of the cannabis use expectations questionnaire was conducted. The eigenvalue curve suggested either a two-factor solution explaining 46% of the variance. These factors were called 'positive expectancies' (eigenvalue = 9.0; explained variance = 29%, Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and 'negative expectancies' (eigenvalue = 4.0; explained variance = 17%; Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). The correlation of factors was negative and moderate (Pearson's r = −0.29). Cannabis users were characterised by a higher number of peers using cannabis, a lower number of peers opposed to use, a lower level of negative opinion of parents, a higher level of positive expectancies and a lower level of negative expectancies. It is to be noted that both users and non-users tended to perceive their parents as highly opposed to use. A logistic regression analysis predicting cannabis use versus non-use was performed entering sex, the number of peers opposed to cannabis use, the number of peers using cannabis, the opinion of parents, parental present or past cannabis use and positive and negative expectations factor scores. A test of the full model with all predictors against a constant-only model was statistically reliable: the predictors reliably distinguished between users and non-users (2 (8) = 153.9; p < 0.0001). The variance in cannabis use accounted for was high, with McFadden 2 = 0.39. Prediction success was satisfactory, with 94% of non-users and 59% of users correctly predicted. The number of peers opposed to cannabis use (B = −0.08; t-ratio = 3.9; p = 0.04), the number of peers using cannabis (B = 0.06; t-ratio = 7.9, p = 0.01), the positive expectations score (B = 0.94; t-ratio = 26.6; p < 0.0001) and negative expectations scores (B = −0.50; t-ratio = 11.8; p = 0.0006) and father's present or past cannabis use (B = 1.17; t-ratio = 8.2; p = 0.004) were significant independent predictors of cannabis use. These results indicated that the higher the number of peers using cannabis and the positive expectations, the higher the risk for initiation of cannabis use. The regression coefficient of the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and of the negative expectations score were negative. These results indicated that the less the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and the lower the negative expectations, the higher the risk for initiation of use. Parental attitudes toward use and mother's present or past cannabis use were not significant independent predictors of use. Discussion.-As our sample was non-clinical, a first limitation of our findings is that they may not be transposable to patient populations. Another limitation of our study is linked to its cross-sectional design, which prevents the attribution of causal explanations for the associations found. One of the study's strengths is that it assesses potentially important variables not evaluated in previous studies, such as the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and positive and negative expectations of use. The results of the present study suggested that the number of peers using cannabis, father's present or past cannabis use and participants' positive expectations of cannabis use were risk factors for use, whereas the number of peers opposed to cannabis use and the negative expectations of use were protective factors. Parental attitudes toward use did not appear to influence adolescents' cannabis use. In conclusion, our results may have some implications for prevention interventions. They add weight to the view that normalisation of non-use by peers facilitates abstinence. The absence of influence of parental H. Chabrol et al. attitudes toward use suggests that parental disapproval of use is not effective in preventing use, whereas the example of father's use or non-use influences adolescent use. The quite low correlation between positive and negative expectancies suggests that prevention interventions presenting information concerning the effects of cannabis use should focus on both reducing positive expectancies and enhancing negative expectancies.

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Jul 10, 2022

Utilisation problématique d'Internet au sein d'un échantillon de femmes en 2012 : Étude du lien a... more Utilisation problématique d'Internet au sein d'un échantillon de femmes en 2012 : Étude du lien avec les troubles du comportement alimentaire et les symptômes addictifs.

L'Encéphale, Sep 1, 2015

The aim of the study was to explore the typology of adolescents with immigrant background based o... more The aim of the study was to explore the typology of adolescents with immigrant background based on the orientations of acculturation and to estimate the psychosocial adaptation of the various subtypes. A sample of 228 French high school students with an immigrant background completed a questionnaire assessing acculturation orientations (Immigrant Acculturation Scale; Barrette et al., 2004), antisocial behaviors, depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Cluster analysis based on acculturation orientations was performed using the k-means method. Cluster analysis produced four distinct acculturation profiles: bicultural (31%), separated (28%), marginalized (21%), and assimilated-individualistic (20%). Adolescents in the separated and marginalized clusters, both characterized by rejection of the host culture, reported higher levels of antisocial behavior. Depressive symptoms and self-esteem did not differ between clusters. Several hypotheses may explain the association between separation and delinquency. First, separation and rejection of the host culture may lead to rebellious behavior such as delinquency. Conversely, delinquent behavior may provoke rejection or discrimination by peers or school, or legal sanctions that induce a reciprocal process of rejection of the host culture and separation. The relationship between separation and antisocial behavior may be bidirectional, each one reinforcing the other, resulting in a negative spiral. This study confirms the interest of the study of the orientations of acculturation in the understanding of the antisocial behavior of adolescents with immigrant background.