philip anochie | University of Lagos,Nigeria (original) (raw)

Papers by philip anochie

Research paper thumbnail of Tuberculosis and Hiv Aids Research Training Course

Research paper thumbnail of Anti- tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011

The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of b... more The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from these patients has increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was detection of antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus andPseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burnt patients to some current antibiotics. The results showed that all of isolates were resistance to tested antibiotics, therefore the control and preventing of infection in hospital burn units is necessary. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, burnt patients.

Research paper thumbnail of How to induce, generate and control Immunological Anomalies in humans?

Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2018

This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, gener... more This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, generation and control of immunological errors, the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes. The immunological anomalies in humans which includes graft rejection, tissue transplantation, immunosuppression, immunoenhancement, malignant diseases, tumour immunology, hypersensitivity, immunopathology, immunodefi ciency and autoimmune diseases were fully discussed as well as their immunological properties which will serve as a guide to immunological research activities and disease control. In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative bacteriological study of bottled drinking water In Nigeria

International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences, 2018

Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different... more Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different bottled water producers in Nigeria was carried out to compare their bacterial quality. The bottled drinking water were bought from various sales outlets in Nigeria. The biochemical characteristics of the isolates and the sugar fermentation reactions of the isolates were studied. Results of the bacteriological examination showed varied degrees of bacterial load. Causes of contamination of the bottled drinking water and recommendations for improving their microbial quality were also highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Tuberculosis and Hiv Aids Research Training Course

Research paper thumbnail of Anti- tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011

The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of b... more The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from these patients has increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was detection of antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus andPseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burnt patients to some current antibiotics. The results showed that all of isolates were resistance to tested antibiotics, therefore the control and preventing of infection in hospital burn units is necessary. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, burnt patients.

Research paper thumbnail of How to induce, generate and control Immunological Anomalies in humans?

Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2018

This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, gener... more This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, generation and control of immunological errors, the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes. The immunological anomalies in humans which includes graft rejection, tissue transplantation, immunosuppression, immunoenhancement, malignant diseases, tumour immunology, hypersensitivity, immunopathology, immunodefi ciency and autoimmune diseases were fully discussed as well as their immunological properties which will serve as a guide to immunological research activities and disease control. In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative bacteriological study of bottled drinking water In Nigeria

International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences, 2018

Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different... more Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different bottled water producers in Nigeria was carried out to compare their bacterial quality. The bottled drinking water were bought from various sales outlets in Nigeria. The biochemical characteristics of the isolates and the sugar fermentation reactions of the isolates were studied. Results of the bacteriological examination showed varied degrees of bacterial load. Causes of contamination of the bottled drinking water and recommendations for improving their microbial quality were also highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Description and evaluation of mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cur... more Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cure of an individual patient but will also curb the transmission of infection and disease to others in the community. Of the several distinct components of TB control programmes, case-finding remains the cornerstone for effective control. However, there are no definite guidelines available as on date as how to use optimally the number of diagnostic tests ranging from simple AFB microscopy to complex molecular biological techniques which have become available over a period; to establish or rule out diagnosis of tuberculosis in a given patient. Therefore, there is need for description and evaluation of the existing important techniques available for the diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing and their advantages and limitations which will help in the development of appropriate TB diagnostic guidelines for the implementation of TB control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Description and evaluation of mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cur... more Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cure of an individual patient but will also curb the transmission of infection and disease to others in the community. Of the several distinct components of TB control programmes, case-finding remains the cornerstone for effective control. However, there are no definite guidelines available as on date as how to use optimally the number of diagnostic tests ranging from simple AFB microscopy to complex molecular biological techniques which have become available over a period; to establish or rule out diagnosis of tuberculosis in a given patient. Therefore, there is need for description and evaluation of the existing important techniques available for the diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing and their advantages and limitations which will help in the development of appropriate TB diagnostic guidelines for the implementation of TB control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Recent advances in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

GERMS, 2012

Molecular technologies offer the greatest potential for laboratories in resource-rich countries b... more Molecular technologies offer the greatest potential for laboratories in resource-rich countries because they have the highest sensitivity and specificity. Continued use of new technologies will be crucial in elucidating the true epidemiology and pathogenesis of a disease, including the less well studied diseases. Continued development of affordable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools will be required for use in resource-poor settings, where the incidence of disease is highest.

Research paper thumbnail of The role of rotavirus associated with pediatric gastroenteritis in a general hospital in Lagos, Nigeria

GERMS, 2013

Introduction Bacterial, viral and parasitic agents have been implicated and confirmed as causativ... more Introduction Bacterial, viral and parasitic agents have been implicated and confirmed as causative agents of gastroenteritis in children with ages below 5 years old. The major role of rotavirus as causative agent is not widely recognized within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. This study examined the role of rotavirus as a causative agent of childhood gastroenteritis in infants and young children below 5 years of age in a General Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods Parents and caregivers of children admitted to the hospital were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected and analyzed using RT-PCR for genotyping and agarose gel electrophoresis for identification of rotavirus electrophoretypes. Results Out of the 71 samples analyzed, 16 (22.5%) were positive for rotavirus. A total of 12 (75%) males and 4 (25%) females were positive for rotavirus gastroenteritis with most cases (7, 43.8%) distributed to the 13-24 months age group, followed closely by the 1-6 months age group, with 6 cases, 37.5%. Rotavirus G2 genotype was the most prevalent strain in the hospital (10 patients, 62.5%) followed by G1 (6 patients, 37.5%). These were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.

Research paper thumbnail of CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION USING ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS IN A NIGERIAN ENDEMIC SETTING Introduction and Background Information

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral, HAART Current HIV/AIDS treatment strategies aim at maximal su... more Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral, HAART Current HIV/AIDS treatment strategies aim at maximal suppression of virus load levels (the number of free virus particles in the blood plasma) over long periods. Aside from inducing strong side effects, the long term effectiveness of HAART is also limited by the evolution of drug-resistant variants. Even in patients with viral load levels suppressed below detectable limits (50 copies/ml), ongoing viral replication can be found in a variety of tissues and cell types. Persistent virus production is facilitated by sub-inhibitory drug levels in infected cells or by host immune failure. Therefore, pre-existing or newly produced drug resistant mutants can emerge that have a selective advantage under drug pressure. These mutants become dominant in the virus population and lead to viral rebound and therapy failure. The protease inhibitors are potent antiviral drugs because the protease activity is absolutely essential for production of infectious vi...

Research paper thumbnail of Model alternative strategies for tuberculosis and Human immune deficiency virus case-finding in hard-to-reach populations in rural Eastern Nigeria

West African Journal of Medicine

Since roughly half of all cases of active tuberculosis (TB) and Human immune deficiency virus (HI... more Since roughly half of all cases of active tuberculosis (TB) and Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection currently go undetected, there is a compelling need to pursue research aimed at improving case-finding, particularly among hard-to-reach populations. To identify and simplify TB/HIV case finding in Eastern Nigeria. This study involved an extensive pre-intervention Knowledge, Aptitude, Behavioural, Practice (KABP) Survey which revealed the specific limitations to TB/HIV case-finding using semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The second component investigated the role of existing strategies and resources in the study area, and identified ways of optimizing these strategies and also provided alternative strategies. The third phase evaluated the performance of the different strategies and the most effective methods of optimizing their use. The pre- intervention KABP Survey showed that the majority of the population could ill affor...

Research paper thumbnail of The Principles and Foundations of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Antiretroviral Drugs used in the Clinical Management of HIV

The protease inhibitors are potent antiretroviral drugs because the protease activity is absolute... more The protease inhibitors are potent antiretroviral drugs because the protease activity is absolutely essential for production of infectious viruses. The newest class of drugs is the fusion inhibitors that blocks virus entry into cells. Persistent virus production is facilitated further by sub-inhibitory drug levels in infected cells or by host immune failure. Therefore, pre-existing or newly produced drug resistant mutants can emerge that have a selective advantage under drug pressure. These escape mutants become dominant in the virus population and lead to viral rebound and therapy failure. This review provides knowledge for improvement of antiretroviral drug administration programmes.

Research paper thumbnail of Tuberculosis and Hiv Aids Research Training Course

Research paper thumbnail of Anti- tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011

The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of b... more The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from these patients has increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was detection of antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus andPseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burnt patients to some current antibiotics. The results showed that all of isolates were resistance to tested antibiotics, therefore the control and preventing of infection in hospital burn units is necessary. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, burnt patients.

Research paper thumbnail of How to induce, generate and control Immunological Anomalies in humans?

Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2018

This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, gener... more This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, generation and control of immunological errors, the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes. The immunological anomalies in humans which includes graft rejection, tissue transplantation, immunosuppression, immunoenhancement, malignant diseases, tumour immunology, hypersensitivity, immunopathology, immunodefi ciency and autoimmune diseases were fully discussed as well as their immunological properties which will serve as a guide to immunological research activities and disease control. In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative bacteriological study of bottled drinking water In Nigeria

International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences, 2018

Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different... more Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different bottled water producers in Nigeria was carried out to compare their bacterial quality. The bottled drinking water were bought from various sales outlets in Nigeria. The biochemical characteristics of the isolates and the sugar fermentation reactions of the isolates were studied. Results of the bacteriological examination showed varied degrees of bacterial load. Causes of contamination of the bottled drinking water and recommendations for improving their microbial quality were also highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Tuberculosis and Hiv Aids Research Training Course

Research paper thumbnail of Anti- tuberculosis activities of medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients in Nigeria

African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011

The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of b... more The risk of infection in burnt patients is high and at the present the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from these patients has increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was detection of antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus andPseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burnt patients to some current antibiotics. The results showed that all of isolates were resistance to tested antibiotics, therefore the control and preventing of infection in hospital burn units is necessary. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, burnt patients.

Research paper thumbnail of How to induce, generate and control Immunological Anomalies in humans?

Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2018

This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, gener... more This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, generation and control of immunological errors, the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes. The immunological anomalies in humans which includes graft rejection, tissue transplantation, immunosuppression, immunoenhancement, malignant diseases, tumour immunology, hypersensitivity, immunopathology, immunodefi ciency and autoimmune diseases were fully discussed as well as their immunological properties which will serve as a guide to immunological research activities and disease control. In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.

Research paper thumbnail of A comparative bacteriological study of bottled drinking water In Nigeria

International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences, 2018

Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different... more Bacteriological examination of six brands of bottled drinking water samples produced by different bottled water producers in Nigeria was carried out to compare their bacterial quality. The bottled drinking water were bought from various sales outlets in Nigeria. The biochemical characteristics of the isolates and the sugar fermentation reactions of the isolates were studied. Results of the bacteriological examination showed varied degrees of bacterial load. Causes of contamination of the bottled drinking water and recommendations for improving their microbial quality were also highlighted.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Description and evaluation of mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cur... more Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cure of an individual patient but will also curb the transmission of infection and disease to others in the community. Of the several distinct components of TB control programmes, case-finding remains the cornerstone for effective control. However, there are no definite guidelines available as on date as how to use optimally the number of diagnostic tests ranging from simple AFB microscopy to complex molecular biological techniques which have become available over a period; to establish or rule out diagnosis of tuberculosis in a given patient. Therefore, there is need for description and evaluation of the existing important techniques available for the diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing and their advantages and limitations which will help in the development of appropriate TB diagnostic guidelines for the implementation of TB control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences

Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. ... more Peertechz is involved in online/web publishing services in science and medicine-related sectors. We process and publish Open-Access scholarly journals online. Our goal is to deliver top-tier performance in online publishing while creating sustainable value for ongoing researches and inventions. Vision Our vision is to provide a global platform for open journals to promote qualitative research publications for Science, Engineering, Technology and Medicine, with an unrestricted access.

Research paper thumbnail of Description and evaluation of mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cur... more Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cure of an individual patient but will also curb the transmission of infection and disease to others in the community. Of the several distinct components of TB control programmes, case-finding remains the cornerstone for effective control. However, there are no definite guidelines available as on date as how to use optimally the number of diagnostic tests ranging from simple AFB microscopy to complex molecular biological techniques which have become available over a period; to establish or rule out diagnosis of tuberculosis in a given patient. Therefore, there is need for description and evaluation of the existing important techniques available for the diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing and their advantages and limitations which will help in the development of appropriate TB diagnostic guidelines for the implementation of TB control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Recent advances in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

GERMS, 2012

Molecular technologies offer the greatest potential for laboratories in resource-rich countries b... more Molecular technologies offer the greatest potential for laboratories in resource-rich countries because they have the highest sensitivity and specificity. Continued use of new technologies will be crucial in elucidating the true epidemiology and pathogenesis of a disease, including the less well studied diseases. Continued development of affordable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools will be required for use in resource-poor settings, where the incidence of disease is highest.

Research paper thumbnail of The role of rotavirus associated with pediatric gastroenteritis in a general hospital in Lagos, Nigeria

GERMS, 2013

Introduction Bacterial, viral and parasitic agents have been implicated and confirmed as causativ... more Introduction Bacterial, viral and parasitic agents have been implicated and confirmed as causative agents of gastroenteritis in children with ages below 5 years old. The major role of rotavirus as causative agent is not widely recognized within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. This study examined the role of rotavirus as a causative agent of childhood gastroenteritis in infants and young children below 5 years of age in a General Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods Parents and caregivers of children admitted to the hospital were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected and analyzed using RT-PCR for genotyping and agarose gel electrophoresis for identification of rotavirus electrophoretypes. Results Out of the 71 samples analyzed, 16 (22.5%) were positive for rotavirus. A total of 12 (75%) males and 4 (25%) females were positive for rotavirus gastroenteritis with most cases (7, 43.8%) distributed to the 13-24 months age group, followed closely by the 1-6 months age group, with 6 cases, 37.5%. Rotavirus G2 genotype was the most prevalent strain in the hospital (10 patients, 62.5%) followed by G1 (6 patients, 37.5%). These were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.

Research paper thumbnail of CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION USING ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS IN A NIGERIAN ENDEMIC SETTING Introduction and Background Information

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral, HAART Current HIV/AIDS treatment strategies aim at maximal su... more Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral, HAART Current HIV/AIDS treatment strategies aim at maximal suppression of virus load levels (the number of free virus particles in the blood plasma) over long periods. Aside from inducing strong side effects, the long term effectiveness of HAART is also limited by the evolution of drug-resistant variants. Even in patients with viral load levels suppressed below detectable limits (50 copies/ml), ongoing viral replication can be found in a variety of tissues and cell types. Persistent virus production is facilitated by sub-inhibitory drug levels in infected cells or by host immune failure. Therefore, pre-existing or newly produced drug resistant mutants can emerge that have a selective advantage under drug pressure. These mutants become dominant in the virus population and lead to viral rebound and therapy failure. The protease inhibitors are potent antiviral drugs because the protease activity is absolutely essential for production of infectious vi...

Research paper thumbnail of Model alternative strategies for tuberculosis and Human immune deficiency virus case-finding in hard-to-reach populations in rural Eastern Nigeria

West African Journal of Medicine

Since roughly half of all cases of active tuberculosis (TB) and Human immune deficiency virus (HI... more Since roughly half of all cases of active tuberculosis (TB) and Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection currently go undetected, there is a compelling need to pursue research aimed at improving case-finding, particularly among hard-to-reach populations. To identify and simplify TB/HIV case finding in Eastern Nigeria. This study involved an extensive pre-intervention Knowledge, Aptitude, Behavioural, Practice (KABP) Survey which revealed the specific limitations to TB/HIV case-finding using semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The second component investigated the role of existing strategies and resources in the study area, and identified ways of optimizing these strategies and also provided alternative strategies. The third phase evaluated the performance of the different strategies and the most effective methods of optimizing their use. The pre- intervention KABP Survey showed that the majority of the population could ill affor...

Research paper thumbnail of The Principles and Foundations of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Antiretroviral Drugs used in the Clinical Management of HIV

The protease inhibitors are potent antiretroviral drugs because the protease activity is absolute... more The protease inhibitors are potent antiretroviral drugs because the protease activity is absolutely essential for production of infectious viruses. The newest class of drugs is the fusion inhibitors that blocks virus entry into cells. Persistent virus production is facilitated further by sub-inhibitory drug levels in infected cells or by host immune failure. Therefore, pre-existing or newly produced drug resistant mutants can emerge that have a selective advantage under drug pressure. These escape mutants become dominant in the virus population and lead to viral rebound and therapy failure. This review provides knowledge for improvement of antiretroviral drug administration programmes.