Charles Hawksley | University of Wollongong (original) (raw)
Refereed Journal Articles by Charles Hawksley
POLS Sustainability and Trasnformation, 2022
UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food securi... more UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. The Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) is a region where such linkages can be investigated as the PICTs are confronting climate change while facing a decrease in available arable land and increasing rates of urbanisation. Around 80% of all Pacific Islanders still rely on agricultural produce from their own gardens or from small holder farmers to support or to supplement their diets. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has declared the years 2019–2028 to be the Decade of Family Farming. Food imports are increasingly common in PICTs, and can provide cheap, although not particularly nutritious foods, leading to generalised health problems. Increased reliance on imports is itself an indicator of diminishing food security, and with the PICTs facing a range of food security challenges, it is timely to assess the existing literature in the PICTs on the relationship between smallholder farming and food security. This scoping review analyses 49 peer reviewed and grey literature studies in English from 1970–2019 concerning the relationship between food security and small holder farming in the PICTs. It identifies four main themes: (1) Community adaptation, resilience and crop diversification; (2) Decreased availability of local foods and land; (3) Changes in diet; (4) Gender and agricultural production. The review shows Pacific peoples quickly adapt to changing circumstances to plant different crops both for food and for sale, and it identifies the role of small holder agriculture as crucial to: (1) growing local foods to support food security, and (2) expanding domestic asset creation to promote economic development, especially for women.
Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2019
The process of decolonisation has had a profound effect on the structure of the international sta... more The process of decolonisation has had a profound effect on the structure of the international state system, including in the Asia Pacific. This article surveys the results of the decolonisation of the British, French, Dutch and Japanese Asian and Pacific empires. It also discusses the end of United Nations Trusteeships administered by the United States, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the governmental arrangements of other non-self-governing or dependent territories. With two Pacific territories, Bougainville (November 2019) and New Caledonia (August or September 2020), soon to vote on their political futures, it is timely to note that a process of self-determination does not always result in independence. The article shows that some territories have had their calls for independence ignored, while others enjoy high degrees of autonomy and self-government within nation states. In effect, this article, and the six papers included in this special edition, show that the process of decolonisation in the Asia Pacific has diverse economic, political and social impacts for sovereign states, as well as social and economic implications for individuals, including deportation, resettlement and ongoing struggles for self-determination. As such decolonisation was, is and will continue to be more than a political process.
Keywords:
Decolonisation; Independence; Asia Pacific; Japan; United Nations; Statehood; Trust Territories
Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2019
This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Cen... more This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Central Market (HCM) over a twelve-week period from July–September. It aims to understand the economic contribution of vendors, and in particular of producer-vendors,
to their communities. Detailed geospatial mapping of the origin of produce sold at HCM
illustrates the scope of production for market. Data shows that 70 percent of all produce comes
from villages on Guadalcanal to the east of Honiara, with intensive production for market also
to the West of Honiara, from Central Province (Savo, Nggelas), and important market trade
from parts of Malaita, and New Georgia. There is very limited engagement with HCM from
Choiseul and Temotu, and none from Makira and Renbel. The data also indicates that the
majority of producer-vendors at the HCM are women, and that the average sale of fresh
produce on Fridays generates amounts of income higher than the minimum daily wage. We
examine these findings using a lens of food security with a focus on asset creation. We show
the economic benefit of market selling for women tends to involve lower value crops of leafy greens, nuts, fruits and root vegetables, while men are more dominant in more lucrative cash
crops such as melon.
Keywords:
Food security; Asset Creation; Gender; Solomon Islands; Pacific Islands
Third Sector Review, 2019
In this paper we subject volunteering within the neoliberal paradigm to a Gramscian analysis. We ... more In this paper we subject volunteering within the neoliberal paradigm to a Gramscian analysis. We argue that the rendering of volunteering as a civic good forms part of the modern neoliberal state's fashioning of consent for capitalist rule. Gramsci's concept of the 'integral state' incorporates antagonisms within civil society as it attempts to demonstrate moral and intellectual guidance to construct ongoing consent for capitalist rule. A Gramscian analysis of volunteering reveals that, under neoliberalism, two different and competing historical trajectories of volunteering have been conf lated into one model of low-cost or unpaid labour that supplements the efforts of state and market, but which does not seek to disrupt either. In doing so, the radical tradition of volunteering, with its potential for social transformation, has been negated as a new common sense understanding of volunteering has emerged that is essentially apolitical, and which does not question fundamental structural aspects of global inequality. This trend is especially evident in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, where the language of community empowerment, usually found in the radical volunteering tradition, has been harnessed to assist the state and private sectors to restructure and reform, but still continue, capitalism.
International Gramsci Journal, 2011
AlterNative, 2011
This article brings perspectives from three Mäori activists, each promoting issues of self-determ... more This article brings perspectives from three
Mäori activists, each promoting issues of self-determination
in different ways. It centres on
tino rangatiratanga and mana motuhake, two
concepts that inform modern Mäori activism
and life and practice, and more recently conceptions
of Mäoridom as “nation”. Using a
Gramscian framework we argue that the New
Zealand state has over time created a notion of
one people within one state, and has in the past
incorporated challenges to its legitimacy within
a framework of popular consent. The desire
by some Mäori activists for self-determination
promotes a separateness that to some extent
challenges this idea of nation–state unity. An
examination of these modern Mäori activist
politics allows us to observe the operations of
hegemony as it forms and reforms in modern
New Zealand.
This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy... more This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy of Solomon Islands. It examines the ways in which Solomon Islanders from Savo Island engage with the Honiara Central Market (HCM), the largest fresh food and vegetable market in Solomon Islands. We focus on the produce sold and income earned by the farmers from Savo Island. Data from five focus groups from three villages on Savo Island reveals the critical importance of cash income from market sales at the HCM. The article also demonstrates the mix of logistical and environmental challenges for long-term community sustainability on Savo Island that arise when trying to earn money by selling food.
Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 2013
A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 20... more A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 2012. The authors focus on the period’s high degree of policy continuity characterised by bilateral support for the US Alliance, an emphasis on creating wider trade opportunities within neoliberal globalization, particularly in East Asia, and international engagement with the world through multilateral bodies such as the United Nations and its agencies. They review the return to the Pacific Solution, the Australian presence in the UN Security Council, the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper, and focus on the linking of gender concerns to aid delivery in the region previously referred to as the Arc of Instability.
Global Change, Peace & Security, Jan 1, 2009
... anu.edu.au/papers/melanesia/discussion_papers/06_01_dp_nelson.pdf (accessed 25 October 2007).... more ... anu.edu.au/papers/melanesia/discussion_papers/06_01_dp_nelson.pdf (accessed 25 October 2007). ... Neighbour: Australia and the Future of Solomon Islands', ASPI Policy Report ... University, 2008), 920; Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Special Report Issue 13 Engaging ...
Rethinking Marxism, Jan 1, 2007
Europeans first entered the highlands of Papua New Guinea during the 1930s, but only rudimentary ... more Europeans first entered the highlands of Papua New Guinea during the 1930s, but only rudimentary attempts were made by the Australian state to pacify and develop the area. In the postwar years, the administration provided health, education, and agricultural services ...
Third World Quarterly, Jan 1, 2006
In September 2005 Papua New Guinea (PNG) celebrated 30 years of independence from Australia. Des... more In September 2005 Papua New Guinea (PNG) celebrated 30 years
of independence from Australia. Despite greater Australian control over foreign
aid spending in its former colony since the late 1980s, the Australian government
still fears ‘state collapse’ in PNG. Framing its concerns in such a fashion assumes
that there was a time when the state in PNG ‘worked’ in the same way as
developed states. Australia practised paternalistic colonial policies before 1975,
and independence was thrust upon PNG rather than achieved as the result of the
efforts of an organised nationalist movement. Nation-building in PNG has been
problematic from the outset, with a linguistically diverse population and no
significant nationalist sentiment or structures on which to build. In the past
decade neoliberal economic policies promoted by Australian policy makers and
international lending agencies have tried to force the government and economy to
be more efficient. Slowing growth, increased unemployment, rising crime rates
and the apparent inability of the PNG state to reverse these trends led Canberra
to force the PNG government to accept an ‘Enhanced Cooperation Program’
(ECP) to shore up the PNG state and reverse its predicted demise. The ECP
raises questions over the success of nation- and state-building in PNG, as well as
the degree of actual sovereignty enjoyed today by PNG.
Book Chapters by Charles Hawksley
Agency, Security and Governance of Small States A Global Perspective, 2023
Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) are a valuable area for small-state analysis as... more Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) are a valuable area for small-state analysis as they exhibit layers of diversity with respect to sovereignty, development, dependency, political activity, and regional interaction that can contribute to our understanding of the role and influence of small states in international politics. This chapter introduces the small states of the Pacific to readers unfamiliar with the region's history, economy, and development and is divided into three sections. It first focuses on what constitutes a 'small state' in the Pacific Islands context, an important matter given international assumptions about state sovereignty and the diverse political arrangements in the Pacific. We explore factors linked to the geography, land and sea areas, and populations of Pacific Islands polities, as well as the ongoing process of decolonisation, noting that this does not always result in independence. We also set aside the traditional 'independent/dependent' distinction of state sovereignty in favour of a more nuanced explanation that allows for a range of activities in international relations for both independent and dependent PICTs. Second, we explore how the ongoing decolonisation of the Pacific has led to small states with limited resource bases using their sovereignty in various ways to guard against vulnerability. Third, we examine how regional organisation has presented opportunities for small states to meet some common challenges, including food systems and food security, in an era of global integration in trade and development, as well as urbanisation and climate change. We argue throughout this chapter that PICTs use their sovereignty, both individually and collectively, to influence larger global agendas, and that such actions create opportunities for both independent and dependent PICTs to engage in subregional, regional, and international actions to advance their specific 'national' interests.
Springer Encyclopaedia of the SDGs 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions , 2021
Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to bu... more Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to build their capacity to promote resilience to genocide and mass atrocities. In this chapter we unpack this 'Responsibility to Assist', and identify its myriad forms with modern peacekeeping and state building. Such operations are often tasked with post-conflict reconstruction, where the emphasis on rule of law requires international police building efforts, and in this chapter we explore this phenomenon in Timor Leste and Solomon Islands. We argue Pillar II police building concentrates on building the rule of law to prevent future atrocities, and by applying gender as a lens to these two operations we unpack the tensions created as local police translate and implement international norms of human rights.
Citation: Hawksley, C. and Georgeou, N. (2016), 'The responsibility to protect and the 'responsibility to assist' : developing human rights protection through police building', The United Nations and Genocide, Palgrave Macmillan 9781137484482
Current Issues in Transitional Justice, Natalia Szablewska and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann (eds), Springer, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, (accepted and forthcoming September 2014) , 2014
Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transition... more Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transitional justice. The 2003 intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) initially favoured criminal trials to achieve transitional justice, while local initiatives promoted community healing. RAMSI adopted a security paradigm that viewed the conflict as a matter of law and order, rather than as a complex historical and social issue. A central aim of RAMSI has been to rebuild trust in the state’s police force, however this has been a particularly complex process as during the conflict from 1998-2003 many members of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) were implicated in serious crimes. RAMSI has pushed for a generational renewal of the RSIPF, but its emphasis on institutional mechanisms of state control and legal processes has resulted in a lack of coordination with local preferences for restorative justice. This chapter uses a gender lens to unpack the tensions and implications of the RAMSI intervention for women, arguing that the security-first paradigm, along with the exclusion of women from the initial Peace Agreement, has entrenched existing patriarchal social relations and has been counterproductive to later gender-mainstreaming initiatives in peace-building.
POLS Sustainability and Trasnformation, 2022
UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food securi... more UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. The Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) is a region where such linkages can be investigated as the PICTs are confronting climate change while facing a decrease in available arable land and increasing rates of urbanisation. Around 80% of all Pacific Islanders still rely on agricultural produce from their own gardens or from small holder farmers to support or to supplement their diets. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has declared the years 2019–2028 to be the Decade of Family Farming. Food imports are increasingly common in PICTs, and can provide cheap, although not particularly nutritious foods, leading to generalised health problems. Increased reliance on imports is itself an indicator of diminishing food security, and with the PICTs facing a range of food security challenges, it is timely to assess the existing literature in the PICTs on the relationship between smallholder farming and food security. This scoping review analyses 49 peer reviewed and grey literature studies in English from 1970–2019 concerning the relationship between food security and small holder farming in the PICTs. It identifies four main themes: (1) Community adaptation, resilience and crop diversification; (2) Decreased availability of local foods and land; (3) Changes in diet; (4) Gender and agricultural production. The review shows Pacific peoples quickly adapt to changing circumstances to plant different crops both for food and for sale, and it identifies the role of small holder agriculture as crucial to: (1) growing local foods to support food security, and (2) expanding domestic asset creation to promote economic development, especially for women.
Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2019
The process of decolonisation has had a profound effect on the structure of the international sta... more The process of decolonisation has had a profound effect on the structure of the international state system, including in the Asia Pacific. This article surveys the results of the decolonisation of the British, French, Dutch and Japanese Asian and Pacific empires. It also discusses the end of United Nations Trusteeships administered by the United States, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the governmental arrangements of other non-self-governing or dependent territories. With two Pacific territories, Bougainville (November 2019) and New Caledonia (August or September 2020), soon to vote on their political futures, it is timely to note that a process of self-determination does not always result in independence. The article shows that some territories have had their calls for independence ignored, while others enjoy high degrees of autonomy and self-government within nation states. In effect, this article, and the six papers included in this special edition, show that the process of decolonisation in the Asia Pacific has diverse economic, political and social impacts for sovereign states, as well as social and economic implications for individuals, including deportation, resettlement and ongoing struggles for self-determination. As such decolonisation was, is and will continue to be more than a political process.
Keywords:
Decolonisation; Independence; Asia Pacific; Japan; United Nations; Statehood; Trust Territories
Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2019
This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Cen... more This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Central Market (HCM) over a twelve-week period from July–September. It aims to understand the economic contribution of vendors, and in particular of producer-vendors,
to their communities. Detailed geospatial mapping of the origin of produce sold at HCM
illustrates the scope of production for market. Data shows that 70 percent of all produce comes
from villages on Guadalcanal to the east of Honiara, with intensive production for market also
to the West of Honiara, from Central Province (Savo, Nggelas), and important market trade
from parts of Malaita, and New Georgia. There is very limited engagement with HCM from
Choiseul and Temotu, and none from Makira and Renbel. The data also indicates that the
majority of producer-vendors at the HCM are women, and that the average sale of fresh
produce on Fridays generates amounts of income higher than the minimum daily wage. We
examine these findings using a lens of food security with a focus on asset creation. We show
the economic benefit of market selling for women tends to involve lower value crops of leafy greens, nuts, fruits and root vegetables, while men are more dominant in more lucrative cash
crops such as melon.
Keywords:
Food security; Asset Creation; Gender; Solomon Islands; Pacific Islands
Third Sector Review, 2019
In this paper we subject volunteering within the neoliberal paradigm to a Gramscian analysis. We ... more In this paper we subject volunteering within the neoliberal paradigm to a Gramscian analysis. We argue that the rendering of volunteering as a civic good forms part of the modern neoliberal state's fashioning of consent for capitalist rule. Gramsci's concept of the 'integral state' incorporates antagonisms within civil society as it attempts to demonstrate moral and intellectual guidance to construct ongoing consent for capitalist rule. A Gramscian analysis of volunteering reveals that, under neoliberalism, two different and competing historical trajectories of volunteering have been conf lated into one model of low-cost or unpaid labour that supplements the efforts of state and market, but which does not seek to disrupt either. In doing so, the radical tradition of volunteering, with its potential for social transformation, has been negated as a new common sense understanding of volunteering has emerged that is essentially apolitical, and which does not question fundamental structural aspects of global inequality. This trend is especially evident in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, where the language of community empowerment, usually found in the radical volunteering tradition, has been harnessed to assist the state and private sectors to restructure and reform, but still continue, capitalism.
International Gramsci Journal, 2011
AlterNative, 2011
This article brings perspectives from three Mäori activists, each promoting issues of self-determ... more This article brings perspectives from three
Mäori activists, each promoting issues of self-determination
in different ways. It centres on
tino rangatiratanga and mana motuhake, two
concepts that inform modern Mäori activism
and life and practice, and more recently conceptions
of Mäoridom as “nation”. Using a
Gramscian framework we argue that the New
Zealand state has over time created a notion of
one people within one state, and has in the past
incorporated challenges to its legitimacy within
a framework of popular consent. The desire
by some Mäori activists for self-determination
promotes a separateness that to some extent
challenges this idea of nation–state unity. An
examination of these modern Mäori activist
politics allows us to observe the operations of
hegemony as it forms and reforms in modern
New Zealand.
This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy... more This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy of Solomon Islands. It examines the ways in which Solomon Islanders from Savo Island engage with the Honiara Central Market (HCM), the largest fresh food and vegetable market in Solomon Islands. We focus on the produce sold and income earned by the farmers from Savo Island. Data from five focus groups from three villages on Savo Island reveals the critical importance of cash income from market sales at the HCM. The article also demonstrates the mix of logistical and environmental challenges for long-term community sustainability on Savo Island that arise when trying to earn money by selling food.
Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 2013
A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 20... more A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 2012. The authors focus on the period’s high degree of policy continuity characterised by bilateral support for the US Alliance, an emphasis on creating wider trade opportunities within neoliberal globalization, particularly in East Asia, and international engagement with the world through multilateral bodies such as the United Nations and its agencies. They review the return to the Pacific Solution, the Australian presence in the UN Security Council, the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper, and focus on the linking of gender concerns to aid delivery in the region previously referred to as the Arc of Instability.
Global Change, Peace & Security, Jan 1, 2009
... anu.edu.au/papers/melanesia/discussion_papers/06_01_dp_nelson.pdf (accessed 25 October 2007).... more ... anu.edu.au/papers/melanesia/discussion_papers/06_01_dp_nelson.pdf (accessed 25 October 2007). ... Neighbour: Australia and the Future of Solomon Islands', ASPI Policy Report ... University, 2008), 920; Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Special Report Issue 13 Engaging ...
Rethinking Marxism, Jan 1, 2007
Europeans first entered the highlands of Papua New Guinea during the 1930s, but only rudimentary ... more Europeans first entered the highlands of Papua New Guinea during the 1930s, but only rudimentary attempts were made by the Australian state to pacify and develop the area. In the postwar years, the administration provided health, education, and agricultural services ...
Third World Quarterly, Jan 1, 2006
In September 2005 Papua New Guinea (PNG) celebrated 30 years of independence from Australia. Des... more In September 2005 Papua New Guinea (PNG) celebrated 30 years
of independence from Australia. Despite greater Australian control over foreign
aid spending in its former colony since the late 1980s, the Australian government
still fears ‘state collapse’ in PNG. Framing its concerns in such a fashion assumes
that there was a time when the state in PNG ‘worked’ in the same way as
developed states. Australia practised paternalistic colonial policies before 1975,
and independence was thrust upon PNG rather than achieved as the result of the
efforts of an organised nationalist movement. Nation-building in PNG has been
problematic from the outset, with a linguistically diverse population and no
significant nationalist sentiment or structures on which to build. In the past
decade neoliberal economic policies promoted by Australian policy makers and
international lending agencies have tried to force the government and economy to
be more efficient. Slowing growth, increased unemployment, rising crime rates
and the apparent inability of the PNG state to reverse these trends led Canberra
to force the PNG government to accept an ‘Enhanced Cooperation Program’
(ECP) to shore up the PNG state and reverse its predicted demise. The ECP
raises questions over the success of nation- and state-building in PNG, as well as
the degree of actual sovereignty enjoyed today by PNG.
Agency, Security and Governance of Small States A Global Perspective, 2023
Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) are a valuable area for small-state analysis as... more Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) are a valuable area for small-state analysis as they exhibit layers of diversity with respect to sovereignty, development, dependency, political activity, and regional interaction that can contribute to our understanding of the role and influence of small states in international politics. This chapter introduces the small states of the Pacific to readers unfamiliar with the region's history, economy, and development and is divided into three sections. It first focuses on what constitutes a 'small state' in the Pacific Islands context, an important matter given international assumptions about state sovereignty and the diverse political arrangements in the Pacific. We explore factors linked to the geography, land and sea areas, and populations of Pacific Islands polities, as well as the ongoing process of decolonisation, noting that this does not always result in independence. We also set aside the traditional 'independent/dependent' distinction of state sovereignty in favour of a more nuanced explanation that allows for a range of activities in international relations for both independent and dependent PICTs. Second, we explore how the ongoing decolonisation of the Pacific has led to small states with limited resource bases using their sovereignty in various ways to guard against vulnerability. Third, we examine how regional organisation has presented opportunities for small states to meet some common challenges, including food systems and food security, in an era of global integration in trade and development, as well as urbanisation and climate change. We argue throughout this chapter that PICTs use their sovereignty, both individually and collectively, to influence larger global agendas, and that such actions create opportunities for both independent and dependent PICTs to engage in subregional, regional, and international actions to advance their specific 'national' interests.
Springer Encyclopaedia of the SDGs 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions , 2021
Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to bu... more Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to build their capacity to promote resilience to genocide and mass atrocities. In this chapter we unpack this 'Responsibility to Assist', and identify its myriad forms with modern peacekeeping and state building. Such operations are often tasked with post-conflict reconstruction, where the emphasis on rule of law requires international police building efforts, and in this chapter we explore this phenomenon in Timor Leste and Solomon Islands. We argue Pillar II police building concentrates on building the rule of law to prevent future atrocities, and by applying gender as a lens to these two operations we unpack the tensions created as local police translate and implement international norms of human rights.
Citation: Hawksley, C. and Georgeou, N. (2016), 'The responsibility to protect and the 'responsibility to assist' : developing human rights protection through police building', The United Nations and Genocide, Palgrave Macmillan 9781137484482
Current Issues in Transitional Justice, Natalia Szablewska and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann (eds), Springer, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, (accepted and forthcoming September 2014) , 2014
Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transition... more Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transitional justice. The 2003 intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) initially favoured criminal trials to achieve transitional justice, while local initiatives promoted community healing. RAMSI adopted a security paradigm that viewed the conflict as a matter of law and order, rather than as a complex historical and social issue. A central aim of RAMSI has been to rebuild trust in the state’s police force, however this has been a particularly complex process as during the conflict from 1998-2003 many members of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) were implicated in serious crimes. RAMSI has pushed for a generational renewal of the RSIPF, but its emphasis on institutional mechanisms of state control and legal processes has resulted in a lack of coordination with local preferences for restorative justice. This chapter uses a gender lens to unpack the tensions and implications of the RAMSI intervention for women, arguing that the security-first paradigm, along with the exclusion of women from the initial Peace Agreement, has entrenched existing patriarchal social relations and has been counterproductive to later gender-mainstreaming initiatives in peace-building.
Hegemony: studies in consensus and coercion, Jan 1, 2008
Antonio Gramsci's analysis of Italian and European history informed his understandin... more Antonio Gramsci's analysis of Italian and European history informed his understanding of the social, political, and economic transition of societies. 2 He was able to chart and connect this change before and during his lifetime to explain the emergence of the capitalist mode of ...
At the recent AusAID sponsored UN Strategy and Coordination Conference on the Regional Capacity t... more At the recent AusAID sponsored UN Strategy and Coordination Conference on the Regional Capacity to Protect, Prevent and Respond (May 17-18, Bangkok), the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative on Responsibility to Protect (R2P), Edward Luck, noted that while the three pillars of R2P are becoming better known, 90% of the academic work is on Pillar III (Intervention), even though it is comparatively rare. In contrast we know much less about Pillar II: The Responsibility to Assist. In this briefing paper the authors explore police capacity-building (“police-building”) in three developing states of Oceania and its relation to R2P. This activity forms part of a larger challenge of Security Sector Reform (SSR) occurring within an even wider paradigm of state-building. SSR is linked with the idea of development, as well as with aid delivery and the transmission of technical knowledge and expertise.
This briefing paper provides a short background to the 2012 elections in Timor-Leste, and explore... more This briefing paper provides a short background to the 2012 elections in Timor-Leste, and explores the UNPOL mandate to support and build the capacity of the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (PNTL – the Timor-Leste National Police), so that Timor-Leste will be able to manage security for its citizens without international assistance. Based on fieldwork conducted during June 2012, including interviews with human rights-focused NGOs, and with international police implementing bilateral and multilateral capacity building, we argue that the 3,200-3,400 strong PNTL is theoretically ready to go it alone when the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste departs, and explore questions as to how the force will be used by the government, and the way in which further diverse institutional police capacity-building efforts by bilateral donors can be coordinated.
APC R2P Brief, Jan 1, 2012
Georgeou, N., & Hawksley, C. (2020). State Responses to COVID-19: A Global Snapshot at 1 June 2020. , 2020
The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected every state and territory on earth... more The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected every state and territory on earth, including those where there are as yet no cases of infection. Some states have recorded mass infection and crippling death rates, while others have witnessed much more moderate effects. In some states early intervention, social distancing and restrictions on movement have led to promising signs that infection may be under control, while in other states governments reacted differently and have experienced horrendous social and economic damage. The first part of this collection presents short case studies (snapshots) that detail the situation in a particular state or territory up until 31 May. Cases are drawn from Oceania, Southeast Asia, North Asia, South Asia, the Americas, the Middle East, Europe and Africa. Each state represented in this collection discusses the specific ways in which governmental authorities have attempted to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, including the steps they have taken to slow the spread of infection, and to mitigate the effects of government imposed restrictions on movement and work on their economies. The second part of the collection examines the effects of COVID-19 related policy changes in states for specific vulnerable groups, including domestic violence survivors, undocumented migrant workers, refugees, health care workers, and those trafficked into slavery. This edited collection represents the work of over 50 academic and professional contributors across the world, linked through their research connections to the Humanitarian and Development Research Initiative at Western Sydney University.
State Responses to COVID-19: a global snapshot at 1 June 2020, 2020
43 Country case studies and 10 issues papers on how states have managed COVID-19. Arranged region... more 43 Country case studies and 10 issues papers on how states have managed COVID-19.
Arranged regionally, cases studies from Oceania, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Europe and Americas.
Examines public policy toward COVID-19 including: public health strategies to mitigate pandemic, economic stimulus packages, effects on higher education, general assessment of factors inhibiting or promoting success or otherwise in management of COVID-19.
Enhancing Research Impact in International Development: A Practical Guide for Practitioners and Researchers, 2020
RDI Network (ACFID)
Food Security in Solomon Islands: A Survey of Honiara Central Market, 2018
This is a report of survey data from the study: Food Security in Solomon Islands: A survey of Hon... more This is a report of survey data from the study: Food Security in Solomon Islands: A survey of Honiara Central Market. The data presented in the report is preliminary, and further data analysis will be published in academic journals. The report as it stands makes an important contribution to understanding the role of the Honiara Central Market in linking rural and urban economies, especially with respect to the roles of women, as well as providing data on produce source, volume and dispersion of fresh agricultural produce throughout the greater Honiara area.
Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 1, 2013
The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has generated a great deal of discussion on armed humanitari... more The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has generated a great deal of discussion on armed humanitarian intervention in states in which human rights atrocities have been or may be occurring. In contrast, there has been little systematic analysis of the capacity-building role that the international community can play in states that struggle to provide a secure environment for populations within their borders. We have termed this international commitment to build the capacity of states to resist genocide and other mass human rights atrocities the 'Responsibility to Assist'. The international commitment given at the 2005 World Summit included helping all states live up to their obligations of human rights protection. In this chapter we examine how international and regional efforts to develop state capacity in policing (police capacity-building or 'police building') may assist a state to develop a culture of human rights protection, and thus reduce the likelihood of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes or crimes against humanity occurring
Capital & Class, 2009
study The Chávez Code: Cracking US Intervention in Venezuela, which detailed US involvement in th... more study The Chávez Code: Cracking US Intervention in Venezuela, which detailed US involvement in the failed April 2002 attempt to remove President Hugo Chávez Frías from power. This new work provides further evidence from 2005 and 2006 of direct funding from US agencies to Venezuelan anti-Chávez groups in business, politics and the wider community. It also observes a changed US strategy in its pursuit of regime change. Having observed the mass support for the Bolivarian revolution following the April 2002 coup d'etat, and the extent of popular support for Chávez in the recall referendum in 2004, the US strategy now is to paint Venezuela’s government as a danger not only to itself, but to the world. According to the Bush administration, Hugo Chávez is a dictator and a supporter of terrorism, is implicated in drug trafficking and money laundering, and constitutes a general threat for Latin American states and democracy. Golinger argues that the Bush administration frequently ignored positive cooperation by Venezuela on drug trafficking and regional security in its attempt to make a case for Venezuela’s being a ‘rogue state’, and thus to provide a potential trigger for intervention. Washingon’s ‘war’ on Venezuela takes the form of diplomatic, military and financial attacks. The former secretary of state Condoleeza Rice labelled Chávez a ‘threat to democracy and a destabilising negative force’, while the former secretary for defense, Donald Rumsfeld, raised the spectre of the 100,000 small arms (AK-47s) Venezuela purchased from Russia somehow spreading to Colombian rebel groups such as the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia). Bush Versus Chávez shows how the Bush administration invested considerable resources in its destabilisation plan, and central to this is Venezuela’s position as a large oil producer. Chávez has antagonised the USA by revitalising OPEC as a political force, arguing for differential pricing for poor countries, and abandoning the US dollar as the standard currency for pricing oil. In 2005, he embarrassed the USA by offering belowcost heating oil for the poor in Boston and New York, as well as in states in the northeast of the USA, through Venezuela’s state-owned North American petrol station chain Citgo. Venezuela's influence with the leaders of Cuba, Bolivia and of other Latin American states, and with Iran, is causing the USA to take seriously this challenge to its logic of global neoliberalism. The book’s structure makes for easy reading. An introduction reacquaints readers with events from 2002 to 2004, covering the coup, the strike and the recall referendum. From then on, short chapters detail specific aspects of the multidimensional, covert US war. Golinger details the extent of funding for anti-Chávez groups – some 27millionbetween2000and2004,andatleastanother27 million between 2000 and 2004, and at least another 27millionbetween2000and2004,andatleastanother10.2 million between 2005 and 2007, including 3.6millionfortheOfficeofTransitionInitiativesinCaracas,anameofwhichGeorgeOrwellwouldbeproud.ThisbranchofUSAIDseekstopromotewhatiseuphemisticallycalled‘regimechange’.Admittedly,themoneyisasmallsliceofthereportedInternationalAffairsBudgetoftheUSAIDbudget(3.6 million for the Office of Transition Initiatives in Caracas, a name of which George Orwell would be proud. This branch of USAID seeks to promote what is euphemistically called ‘regime change’. Admittedly, the money is a small slice of the reported International Affairs Budget of the USAID budget (3.6millionfortheOfficeofTransitionInitiativesinCaracas,anameofwhichGeorgeOrwellwouldbeproud.ThisbranchofUSAIDseekstopromotewhatiseuphemisticallycalled‘regimechange’.Admittedly,themoneyisasmallsliceofthereportedInternationalAffairsBudgetoftheUSAIDbudget(38.6 billion in 2007; see
Hawksley, Charles, The 2007 cricket world cup in the Caribbean: A straight drive to regional inte... more Hawksley, Charles, The 2007 cricket world cup in the Caribbean: A straight drive to regional integration?, Kunapipi, 26(1), 2004.
Australian aid is at its lowest level since the 1970s, but geostrategic interests mean Australia ... more Australian aid is at its lowest level since the 1970s, but geostrategic interests mean Australia remains the largest donor in the Pacific region. How is Australia’s aid achieving its objective of increasing economic growth at the same time as reducing poverty, and whose national interest is being served
As Opposition Leader Kevin Rudd made critical statements on the approach of the Howard government... more As Opposition Leader Kevin Rudd made critical statements on the approach of the Howard government to the Pacific Islands. He called for a new approach from Australia, particularly toward the Melanesian states of Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Fiji. Now as Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has the opportunity to put the rhetoric into practice. There is certainly a more positive story about the Pacific being articulated by the Australian government, and this is being well received in the Pacific Islands. There has been a flurry of activity and much talk of Pacific Development Partnerships , mutual respect and a new era of engagement . The image of a bullying Australia has been to some extent laid to rest as the new dialogues seek to treat these countries with respect, but the key differences appear to be of style rather than substance. Pacific development, it seems, can only come through regional free trade, market liberalisation, increased privatisation and competition. This reificati...
The aim of this guide is to enhance ‘research impact’ in International Development. It will assis... more The aim of this guide is to enhance ‘research impact’ in International Development. It will assist Australian-based practitioners and researchers operating in sector to maximise the research impact of a project. It outlines tools and strategies to promote a research project’s outputs and outcomes, and to encourage research uptake and research use. The guide was developed by the Humanitarian and Development Research Initiative (HADRI) at Western Sydney University, in conjunction with a Steering Committee from the Research for Development Impact Network (RDI Network)
The idea of non-interference in the domestic affairs of states has been a hallmark of internation... more The idea of non-interference in the domestic affairs of states has been a hallmark of international relations since the seventeenth century. The universalisation of the nation-state model following decolonisation over the twentieth century rendered this ideal of state sovereignty the basis of the modem international political system. States mostly keep out of each other’s business, but intervention may take the form of war to enforce regime change
adelaide.edu.au
Current debates surrounding the invasion, occupation and ongoing conflict in Iraq, and indeed the... more Current debates surrounding the invasion, occupation and ongoing conflict in Iraq, and indeed the entire prosecution of the 'War on Terror', raise the issue of whether America is attempting to establish an empire. If it is, and this is by no means clear, then what is the ...
PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 2019
This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Cen... more This article presents data from a 2017 survey of vendors selling fresh produce at the Honiara Central Market (HCM) over a twelve week period from July-September. It aims to understand the economic contribution of vendors to their communities, and in particular of producer-vendors. Detailed geospatial mapping of the origin of produce sold at HCM illustrates the scope of production for market. Data shows that 70 percent of all produce comes from villages on Guadalcanal to the east of Honiara, with intensive production for market also to the West of Honiara, from Central Province (Savo, Nggelas), and important market trade from parts of Malaita, and New Georgia. There is very limited engagement with HCM from Choiseul and Temotu, and none from Makira and Renbel. The data also indicates that the majority of producer-vendors at the HCM are women, and that the average sale of fresh produce on Fridays generates amounts of income higher than the minimum daily wage. We examine these findings ...
The responsibility to protect in Oceania: a political assessment of the impact and influence of R... more The responsibility to protect in Oceania: a political assessment of the impact and influence of R2P on police forces
Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2012
[Extract] On Saturday 7 July 2012 the people of Timor-Leste went to the polls to decide the compo... more [Extract] On Saturday 7 July 2012 the people of Timor-Leste went to the polls to decide the composition of their next parliament. This was the third major test of electoral security this year with the Presidential elections of March and April resulting in a successful handover of the office of President from José Ramos-Horta to the former guerilla fighter, and most recently the leader of the Armed Forces of the independent state, Taur Matan Ruak. The July Parliamentary poll was widely seen as a barometer of the success of the long term United Nations (UN) presence in the country. With the election being conducted without major violent incident, the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) can adhere to its UN Security Council mandate and begin to withdraw a sizeable component of its police-support at the end of the year in accordance with UNSC Res 2037 (2012)
PLOS Sustainability and Transformation
UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food securi... more UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. The Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) is a region where such linkages can be investigated as the PICTs are confronting climate change while facing a decrease in available arable land and increasing rates of urbanisation. Around 80% of all Pacific Islanders still rely on agricultural produce from their own gardens or from small holder farmers to support or to supplement their diets. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has declared the years 2019–2028 to be the Decade of Family Farming. Food imports are increasingly common in PICTs, and can provide cheap, although not particularly nutritious foods, leading to generalised health problems. Increased reliance on imports is itself an indicator of diminishing food security, and with the PICTs facing a range of food security challenges, it is timely to assess ...