angga muhammad syahid | Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) Bandung (original) (raw)

Papers by angga muhammad syahid

Research paper thumbnail of The Contribution of Submerge, Floating, and Gliding Ability on Swimming Distance Ability for First-Year College Students

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019), 2020

The submerge, float, and glide ability are first or basic factor that can determine a person is a... more The submerge, float, and glide ability are first or basic factor that can determine a person is able to swim naturally and can also be easier when learning swimming skills. The aim of study was to investigated contribution of submerge, floating, glade as basic swimming ability on swimming distance ability. Forty student colleges sport science (n=26) and Mathematical (n=14), age range 19 to 21 years (female 17), and (male 23). Subject category of beginner swimmers. They are semester III, and are enrolled in 2017. The applied test have been constructed in order to submerge, floating, gliding ability, as predictor and swimming distance ability as achievement reference standard. The study uses descriptive predictive method. Data collection Instruments use direct test in water. Descriptive statistics analysis (mean, St. d, minimal, maximal, and range). Inferential analysis of prediction using Person partial correlation and multiple linier regressions for predictive validity. Results; coefficient correlation submerge with floating r = 0.60 (sig. p > 0.00), moderate category. Submerge with gliding r = 0.34 (sig. p > 0.034), low category. Submerge with swimming distance (reference standard) r = 0.53, r2= 0.28 (28 %) (sig. p > 0.00), moderate. Floating with gliding r = 0.33 (sig. p > 0.04), low category. Floating with swimming distance r = 0.32, r2= 0.10 (10 %) (sig. p > 0.04), low category. Gliding with swimming distance = 0.38, r2= 0.14 (14%) (sig. p > 0.02), low category. All three factor variables have a positive relationship internal factor, but it is in the moderate and low category. The three components of the basic swimming ability as a predictor has a contribution to the ability of swimming distance of beginner level students with a value coefficient determination of 33 %. The remaining 0.67 % resulted from the other ability. Physical education or beginner swimming trainers should teach these basic skills first before learning swimming techniques.

Research paper thumbnail of Kinetics Analysis of Overhead Standing Smash in Badminton

Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the joint motion kinetics of the shoulders, elbows, and ... more The purpose of this study was to analyze the joint motion kinetics of the shoulders, elbows, and wrists between experienced player (skilled player) group and unskilled player group when performing overhead standing smash in badminton game. The samples involved were 26 samples. The samples included 13 male badminton players joining Student Activity Unit who had achieved many achievements and had a high skill (skilled), while the other 13 samples were unskilled players, involving students who had just studied under one year. The mean of participants’ age was 19.4 ± 1.6 years, height was 1.73 ± 0.12m, and body weight was 62.8 ± 3.7kg. This study used 3 Panasonic Handycams, a calibration set, 3D Frame DIAZ IV motion analysis software, and a speed radar gun. Normalization of the kinetic motion score of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints was calculated using the inverse dynamics method. The t-test was used to determine the significance of motion kinetic difference of the two different ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fatigue on Biomechanical Variable Changes in Overhead Badminton Jump Smash

Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2020

Background. The badminton forehand overhead jump smash is one of the high speed and powerful moti... more Background. The badminton forehand overhead jump smash is one of the high speed and powerful motions among various racket sports. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of fatigue on the kinematic variable movement changes during overhead jump smash in badminton. Methods. This study is descriptive quantitative research with the pre-test and post-test design methods used to obtain data from 15 male badminton players, aged 19.4±1.6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.12 m, and weight 60.8 ± 3.7 kg. The study used three high-resolution handy-cams, motion software Frame DIAZ IV, and 14 point manual markers to analyze body segments' movement when carrying out a jump smash. Furthermore, an ergo treadmill was used to test the players' level by running. Results. The results showed that the shuttlecock velocity was faster during pre-fatigue (188 km/h) than under the condition (145 km/h). A significant difference showed in the angle of shoulder internal rotation (p=0.048) and wrist palmar flexion (p=0.037) at the instant of maximal shoulder external rotation phase. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the shoulder's internal angular velocity (p=0.042), elbow extension (p=0.035), forearm supination (p=0.024), and wrist Dorsi dorsiflexion.040). Conclusion. In conclusion, fatigue reduces players' performances during jumping smash in badminton, thereby leading to slower shuttlecock speed and changes in body segment movements.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of VO2MAX Differences between Laboratory Test and Field Test in Rowing

Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test ... more The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test and field test. This research is a descriptive quantitative research with a comparative approach. The samples of this study were 30 male and female athletes of the Indonesian rowing team (male = 17, female = 13) aged 23.5 ± 3.5 years. The anthropometric profile of the athletes included height = 182.2 ± 5.01 cm for male and 171.9 ± 5.73 cm for female, weight = 74.2 ± 5.85 kg for male and 68.6 ± 8.5 kg for female. According to the results of analysis of VO2max rowing test data gained from both methods, there were low and moderate correlations in the laboratory test and field test in rowing (male r = 0.425 and female r = 0.62). The results show that VO2max measured in the laboratory test and field test did not show a significant difference. Therefore, these two parameter tests can be used in Vo2Max testing.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematic Variables of Jump Header Performance in Soccer

Journal of physical education and sport, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Analysis of 2D Rowing with Ergometer Rowing Kinematics

This research aims to analyze the movement kinematic between rowing and ergometer on the state of... more This research aims to analyze the movement kinematic between rowing and ergometer on the state of catch and drive when the first row is done on the star. The samples are 8 national rowing team athletes (males). The rowing movement was recorded using slow motion video recorder. The movement kinematic data was analyzed using Dartfish 7 software, and then the result of the rowing and ergometer analysis was tested using the T-test independent sample. There is a significant difference between the angle knee joint rowing with the ergometer during the state of catch. There is a significant difference between the leg velocity rowing and ergometer during the drive phase. There is no significant difference between the leg velocity rowing and ergometer during the drive phase. The analysis of movement kinematic shows that there is a different movement during the catch and drive phase of the rowing techniques which was implemented by the samples and leg velocity is the only thing that doesn’t ch...

Research paper thumbnail of Validity and Reliability of Penalty Stroke Tests in Hockey Games for Junior High School Students

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2018), 2019

A penalty shot often determines the team's success in winning. Penalty skills are needed because ... more A penalty shot often determines the team's success in winning. Penalty skills are needed because they have a role and contribution to the success of the team to achieve victory if the match is held in the match-making competition. The purpose of this study is to standardize and cultivate a measuring instrument that can be used to measure the ability to shoot penalties in sports hockey games specifically for junior high school students with the form of testing there are 3 types that have been tested on students. This study uses a Research and Development approach. The sample of this study was students of SMP 50 Bandung who participated in 30 hockey extracurricular activities. The conclusion of the study, that the forms of tests 1 and 3 have a lower level of validity and reliability than the form of test 2, so that the test form is not good to be used as a test of accuracy of penalty shots for junior high school students, while the test form 2 is more feasible and meets the criteria for used as a measure for testing the accuracy of penalty shots for junior high school students in hockey sports.

Research paper thumbnail of Biomechanical Analysis of an Overhead Baseball Throwing Movement Associated with a Cardiorespiratory Fatigue Effect

The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 2020

Background: Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of lower extremity, tr... more Background: Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity segments to effectively transfer force throughout the kinetic chain to project a baseball. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fatigue on throwing ball velocity related to kinematics motion changes in baseball. Methods: The study samples included 12 male baseball athletes (19.3 ± 2.8 years old, height of 1.71.4 ± 3.1 m, and weight of 64.3 ± 3.6 kg). A descriptive quantitative method approach was used. The instruments included two high-resolution handycams (Sony HXR-MC2500, Japan), a high-speed camera (Fastec Imaging TS5-H, USA), a radar speed gun (Bushnell 101922, Germany), a 3D force platform (The AMTI Optima Series 20210, USA), 14 point manual markers, a motion capture system software (Frame DIAZ IV, Japan), and a heart rate sensor (Polar H10, Finland). Results: The results of this study showed that there were...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Fatigue on Free Throw Kinematic Movement in Basketball

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019), 2020

Free throw is a shoot that is done because it gets a foul on when entering the ball towards the r... more Free throw is a shoot that is done because it gets a foul on when entering the ball towards the ring with the value in one shoot is one. This study aims to determine the relationship and contribution of Centre of mass, angle of elbow joint, angular velocity of elbow joint, angle of wrist joint, angular velocity of wrist joint, release height of the ball, angle release of ball and angle release of upper arm against free throw throws that are affected by the fatigue condition. The method used in this study is a correlational descriptive, a sample of 10 player aged 16-18 years. Kinematic analysis used by kinovea software, Fastec high speed camera 32GB HDR-PJ540 camera, polar heart rate monitor watch and RAST test, data analysis using SPSS version 20 with correlation and regression analysis testing. The results of this study concluded from eight indicators only one that has a significant relationship and contribution to the result of free throw throw is angular velocity of wrist joint. The conclusion of this research is that it can be used as a reference for the science of coaching that how important to train movement basketball athlete in free throw at the condition of fatigue.

Research paper thumbnail of Vo2max Measurement Using Bleep Test with Infrared Sensor

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA, Apr 2, 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur Maximal aerobic capacity melalui bleep tes... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur Maximal aerobic capacity melalui bleep test berbasis digital dengan menggunakan sensor infrared dan software motion analysis system supaya mendapatkan hasil penilaian yang lebih tepat, akurat dan efesiensi pengerjaan dalam melakukan tes. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah metode R&D (research and Development), bekerjasama dengan tim pakar atau ahli dalam berbagai bidang tertentu supaya dalam pengembangan prototype sederhana ini yang dapat menciptakan suatu produk yang dapat divalidasi sebelum diproduksi secara massal. Hasil dari penelitian ini akan menciptakan suatu alat ukur berbasis digital yang sudah dilakukan uji validitasnya dengan hasil dinyatakan VALID. Dengan adanya penelitian yang mengembangkan suatu produk dapat menghindari kesalahan atau Human error dalam pengerjaan tes ,mendapatkan hasil yang akurat di bandingkan tes secara manual dan pengerjaan lebih efesien.

Research paper thumbnail of Analisis Kinematic 2D Rowing Single Dengan Ergometer Rowing

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan kinematik gerak antara rowing dengan ergometer saat mel... more Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan kinematik gerak antara rowing dengan ergometer saat melakukan start melalui analisis dua dimensi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah delapan orang atlet rowing pelatnas indonesia yang sudah menjadi bagian tim selama 1 tahun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelititan ini adalah deskriptif komparatif. Analisis kinematik menggunakan software dartfish 7 dan camera Sony 32GB HDR-PJ540, analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 23 dengan pengujian hipotesis melalui independent sample t test . Hasil analisis dan perhitungan data mengungkapkan bahwa 1) Terdapat perbedaan sudut lutut antara rowing dengan ergometer pada fase catch 2) Terdapat perbedaan kecepatan tangan antara rowng dengan ergometer pada fase drive 3) Tidak terdapat perbedaan kecepatan kaki antara rowing dengan ergometer pada fase drive----- The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic motion of the intermediate. With an ergometer while doing the start through a two-dimensional anal...

Research paper thumbnail of The Contribution of Submerge, Floating, and Gliding Ability on Swimming Distance Ability for First-Year College Students

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019), 2020

The submerge, float, and glide ability are first or basic factor that can determine a person is a... more The submerge, float, and glide ability are first or basic factor that can determine a person is able to swim naturally and can also be easier when learning swimming skills. The aim of study was to investigated contribution of submerge, floating, glade as basic swimming ability on swimming distance ability. Forty student colleges sport science (n=26) and Mathematical (n=14), age range 19 to 21 years (female 17), and (male 23). Subject category of beginner swimmers. They are semester III, and are enrolled in 2017. The applied test have been constructed in order to submerge, floating, gliding ability, as predictor and swimming distance ability as achievement reference standard. The study uses descriptive predictive method. Data collection Instruments use direct test in water. Descriptive statistics analysis (mean, St. d, minimal, maximal, and range). Inferential analysis of prediction using Person partial correlation and multiple linier regressions for predictive validity. Results; coefficient correlation submerge with floating r = 0.60 (sig. p > 0.00), moderate category. Submerge with gliding r = 0.34 (sig. p > 0.034), low category. Submerge with swimming distance (reference standard) r = 0.53, r2= 0.28 (28 %) (sig. p > 0.00), moderate. Floating with gliding r = 0.33 (sig. p > 0.04), low category. Floating with swimming distance r = 0.32, r2= 0.10 (10 %) (sig. p > 0.04), low category. Gliding with swimming distance = 0.38, r2= 0.14 (14%) (sig. p > 0.02), low category. All three factor variables have a positive relationship internal factor, but it is in the moderate and low category. The three components of the basic swimming ability as a predictor has a contribution to the ability of swimming distance of beginner level students with a value coefficient determination of 33 %. The remaining 0.67 % resulted from the other ability. Physical education or beginner swimming trainers should teach these basic skills first before learning swimming techniques.

Research paper thumbnail of Kinetics Analysis of Overhead Standing Smash in Badminton

Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the joint motion kinetics of the shoulders, elbows, and ... more The purpose of this study was to analyze the joint motion kinetics of the shoulders, elbows, and wrists between experienced player (skilled player) group and unskilled player group when performing overhead standing smash in badminton game. The samples involved were 26 samples. The samples included 13 male badminton players joining Student Activity Unit who had achieved many achievements and had a high skill (skilled), while the other 13 samples were unskilled players, involving students who had just studied under one year. The mean of participants’ age was 19.4 ± 1.6 years, height was 1.73 ± 0.12m, and body weight was 62.8 ± 3.7kg. This study used 3 Panasonic Handycams, a calibration set, 3D Frame DIAZ IV motion analysis software, and a speed radar gun. Normalization of the kinetic motion score of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints was calculated using the inverse dynamics method. The t-test was used to determine the significance of motion kinetic difference of the two different ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fatigue on Biomechanical Variable Changes in Overhead Badminton Jump Smash

Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2020

Background. The badminton forehand overhead jump smash is one of the high speed and powerful moti... more Background. The badminton forehand overhead jump smash is one of the high speed and powerful motions among various racket sports. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of fatigue on the kinematic variable movement changes during overhead jump smash in badminton. Methods. This study is descriptive quantitative research with the pre-test and post-test design methods used to obtain data from 15 male badminton players, aged 19.4±1.6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.12 m, and weight 60.8 ± 3.7 kg. The study used three high-resolution handy-cams, motion software Frame DIAZ IV, and 14 point manual markers to analyze body segments' movement when carrying out a jump smash. Furthermore, an ergo treadmill was used to test the players' level by running. Results. The results showed that the shuttlecock velocity was faster during pre-fatigue (188 km/h) than under the condition (145 km/h). A significant difference showed in the angle of shoulder internal rotation (p=0.048) and wrist palmar flexion (p=0.037) at the instant of maximal shoulder external rotation phase. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the shoulder's internal angular velocity (p=0.042), elbow extension (p=0.035), forearm supination (p=0.024), and wrist Dorsi dorsiflexion.040). Conclusion. In conclusion, fatigue reduces players' performances during jumping smash in badminton, thereby leading to slower shuttlecock speed and changes in body segment movements.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of VO2MAX Differences between Laboratory Test and Field Test in Rowing

Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test ... more The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of VO2max measurement using laboratory test and field test. This research is a descriptive quantitative research with a comparative approach. The samples of this study were 30 male and female athletes of the Indonesian rowing team (male = 17, female = 13) aged 23.5 ± 3.5 years. The anthropometric profile of the athletes included height = 182.2 ± 5.01 cm for male and 171.9 ± 5.73 cm for female, weight = 74.2 ± 5.85 kg for male and 68.6 ± 8.5 kg for female. According to the results of analysis of VO2max rowing test data gained from both methods, there were low and moderate correlations in the laboratory test and field test in rowing (male r = 0.425 and female r = 0.62). The results show that VO2max measured in the laboratory test and field test did not show a significant difference. Therefore, these two parameter tests can be used in Vo2Max testing.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematic Variables of Jump Header Performance in Soccer

Journal of physical education and sport, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of The Analysis of 2D Rowing with Ergometer Rowing Kinematics

This research aims to analyze the movement kinematic between rowing and ergometer on the state of... more This research aims to analyze the movement kinematic between rowing and ergometer on the state of catch and drive when the first row is done on the star. The samples are 8 national rowing team athletes (males). The rowing movement was recorded using slow motion video recorder. The movement kinematic data was analyzed using Dartfish 7 software, and then the result of the rowing and ergometer analysis was tested using the T-test independent sample. There is a significant difference between the angle knee joint rowing with the ergometer during the state of catch. There is a significant difference between the leg velocity rowing and ergometer during the drive phase. There is no significant difference between the leg velocity rowing and ergometer during the drive phase. The analysis of movement kinematic shows that there is a different movement during the catch and drive phase of the rowing techniques which was implemented by the samples and leg velocity is the only thing that doesn’t ch...

Research paper thumbnail of Validity and Reliability of Penalty Stroke Tests in Hockey Games for Junior High School Students

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2018), 2019

A penalty shot often determines the team's success in winning. Penalty skills are needed because ... more A penalty shot often determines the team's success in winning. Penalty skills are needed because they have a role and contribution to the success of the team to achieve victory if the match is held in the match-making competition. The purpose of this study is to standardize and cultivate a measuring instrument that can be used to measure the ability to shoot penalties in sports hockey games specifically for junior high school students with the form of testing there are 3 types that have been tested on students. This study uses a Research and Development approach. The sample of this study was students of SMP 50 Bandung who participated in 30 hockey extracurricular activities. The conclusion of the study, that the forms of tests 1 and 3 have a lower level of validity and reliability than the form of test 2, so that the test form is not good to be used as a test of accuracy of penalty shots for junior high school students, while the test form 2 is more feasible and meets the criteria for used as a measure for testing the accuracy of penalty shots for junior high school students in hockey sports.

Research paper thumbnail of Biomechanical Analysis of an Overhead Baseball Throwing Movement Associated with a Cardiorespiratory Fatigue Effect

The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 2020

Background: Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of lower extremity, tr... more Background: Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity segments to effectively transfer force throughout the kinetic chain to project a baseball. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fatigue on throwing ball velocity related to kinematics motion changes in baseball. Methods: The study samples included 12 male baseball athletes (19.3 ± 2.8 years old, height of 1.71.4 ± 3.1 m, and weight of 64.3 ± 3.6 kg). A descriptive quantitative method approach was used. The instruments included two high-resolution handycams (Sony HXR-MC2500, Japan), a high-speed camera (Fastec Imaging TS5-H, USA), a radar speed gun (Bushnell 101922, Germany), a 3D force platform (The AMTI Optima Series 20210, USA), 14 point manual markers, a motion capture system software (Frame DIAZ IV, Japan), and a heart rate sensor (Polar H10, Finland). Results: The results of this study showed that there were...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Fatigue on Free Throw Kinematic Movement in Basketball

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019), 2020

Free throw is a shoot that is done because it gets a foul on when entering the ball towards the r... more Free throw is a shoot that is done because it gets a foul on when entering the ball towards the ring with the value in one shoot is one. This study aims to determine the relationship and contribution of Centre of mass, angle of elbow joint, angular velocity of elbow joint, angle of wrist joint, angular velocity of wrist joint, release height of the ball, angle release of ball and angle release of upper arm against free throw throws that are affected by the fatigue condition. The method used in this study is a correlational descriptive, a sample of 10 player aged 16-18 years. Kinematic analysis used by kinovea software, Fastec high speed camera 32GB HDR-PJ540 camera, polar heart rate monitor watch and RAST test, data analysis using SPSS version 20 with correlation and regression analysis testing. The results of this study concluded from eight indicators only one that has a significant relationship and contribution to the result of free throw throw is angular velocity of wrist joint. The conclusion of this research is that it can be used as a reference for the science of coaching that how important to train movement basketball athlete in free throw at the condition of fatigue.

Research paper thumbnail of Vo2max Measurement Using Bleep Test with Infrared Sensor

JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA, Apr 2, 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur Maximal aerobic capacity melalui bleep tes... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur Maximal aerobic capacity melalui bleep test berbasis digital dengan menggunakan sensor infrared dan software motion analysis system supaya mendapatkan hasil penilaian yang lebih tepat, akurat dan efesiensi pengerjaan dalam melakukan tes. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah metode R&D (research and Development), bekerjasama dengan tim pakar atau ahli dalam berbagai bidang tertentu supaya dalam pengembangan prototype sederhana ini yang dapat menciptakan suatu produk yang dapat divalidasi sebelum diproduksi secara massal. Hasil dari penelitian ini akan menciptakan suatu alat ukur berbasis digital yang sudah dilakukan uji validitasnya dengan hasil dinyatakan VALID. Dengan adanya penelitian yang mengembangkan suatu produk dapat menghindari kesalahan atau Human error dalam pengerjaan tes ,mendapatkan hasil yang akurat di bandingkan tes secara manual dan pengerjaan lebih efesien.

Research paper thumbnail of Analisis Kinematic 2D Rowing Single Dengan Ergometer Rowing

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan kinematik gerak antara rowing dengan ergometer saat mel... more Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan kinematik gerak antara rowing dengan ergometer saat melakukan start melalui analisis dua dimensi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah delapan orang atlet rowing pelatnas indonesia yang sudah menjadi bagian tim selama 1 tahun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelititan ini adalah deskriptif komparatif. Analisis kinematik menggunakan software dartfish 7 dan camera Sony 32GB HDR-PJ540, analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 23 dengan pengujian hipotesis melalui independent sample t test . Hasil analisis dan perhitungan data mengungkapkan bahwa 1) Terdapat perbedaan sudut lutut antara rowing dengan ergometer pada fase catch 2) Terdapat perbedaan kecepatan tangan antara rowng dengan ergometer pada fase drive 3) Tidak terdapat perbedaan kecepatan kaki antara rowing dengan ergometer pada fase drive----- The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic motion of the intermediate. With an ergometer while doing the start through a two-dimensional anal...