Saad Alghamdi | Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)

Papers by Saad Alghamdi

Research paper thumbnail of Diverse Heterocyclic Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress as Therapeutic Effects Against Various Neurological Diseases

Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry, Jul 11, 2023

: Heterocyclic compounds are the most common and diverse group of organic substances. Heterocycli... more : Heterocyclic compounds are the most common and diverse group of organic substances. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number as a result of intensive synthetic research as well as their value in other synthetic procedures. More than 90% of medications contain heterocyclic rings, and a wide range of medicinal chemistry applications make use of these substances. There are always unique characteristics of an efficient approach for creating newly discovered heterocyclic compounds and their moieties. Due to their biological effects, including those that are anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-allergic, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticonvulsant, heterocyclic compounds are crucial to medicinal chemistry. Today's world population is generally suffering from various neurodegenerative diseases. Out of that, the most prevailing disease is Alzheimer's. There are many causes of Alzheimer's disease-like acetylcholinesterase enzyme, tau protein, amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, phosphodiesterase, and others. In these cases, oxidative stress plays a very important role in the progression of this disease. To combat this oxidative stress various antioxidant-derived drugs have been used but the problem is that Alzheimer's progression cannot be targeted with a single target drug because of the other factors that are involved in its progression. So to overcome that, a drug targeting multiple targets has been synthesized by using the antioxidant in previous reports. These drugs are more potent and efficacious than single-target drugs. This review focused on various multi-target ligands to target oxidative stress.

Research paper thumbnail of Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential

Green Processing and Synthesis

Throughout history, the utilization of plant products as medicinal remedies has been widespread, ... more Throughout history, the utilization of plant products as medicinal remedies has been widespread, with numerous modern drugs finding their origins in the plant kingdom. Taxol, derived from Taxus species, stands out as an exceptional and highly potent anticancer medication. In this study, we present a rapid one-pot synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaves of Taxus wallichiana Zucca in the presence of sunlight. The synthesized AgNPs were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and HPLC Q-TOF. The AgNPs were further investigated for their antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiurolithi properties. The anticancer activity was assessed through a sulforhodamine B assay conducted on the MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cell line and SiHa human cervical cancer cell line. The findings of this study reveal the impressive antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiurolithi characteristics exhib...

Research paper thumbnail of Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review

Green Processing and Synthesis

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a rising issue when it comes to human health. Microbial p... more Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a rising issue when it comes to human health. Microbial pathogens that cause harmful infections are quickly becoming resistant to the antimicrobial action of traditional antibiotics. Nanotechnology, an innovative sector being an indispensable part of healthcare and research, has in-depth and extensive applications. Nano-compounds have been promising antimicrobial agents, anti-cancerous mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, identification of pathogens, food and drug packaging industry, and many more. However, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has certain drawbacks such as causing toxicity and other adverse effects. For more than a decade, the use of NPs that are conjugated or green-synthesized has gained popularity due to the two-fold action of metallic NPs mixed with biological sources. In contrast, NPs synthesized using plant or microbial extracts, conjugated with biologically active components,...

Research paper thumbnail of Aspergillus fumigatus-Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Efficiency, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Against Different Human Pathogens

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology

The misuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of the rapidly expanding problem of multid... more The misuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of the rapidly expanding problem of multidrug resistance. Fungi are responsible for the production of a variety of potent metabolites (Akhtar, et al., 2019). Formation of nanoparticles of silver (AgNPs) is a simple non-toxic, and environmentally friendly method of the preparation and development of nanoparticles. Which considered a crucial step in nanotechnology. Producing AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus samples involved the use of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (Al-Abdullah, et al., 2023). The effect of synthesized AgNPs and crude extract on several bacterial pathogens was observed. Both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) showed the greatest antibacterial efficacy against bacterial isolates. The ethyl acetate crude extract showed the highest possible antibacterial activity, according to the reports against E. coli was seen at 16 mm at a 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO). Conversely ethyl crude extract has the least antibacterial action against S.typhi at 50µl concentration was (14mm) (Bala, M., et al., 2013). The maximum activity of the ethyl acetate crude extract was observed against E. coli at 100 µl, which showed a zone of inhibition measuring 21 mm, while an inhibition zone of 18 mm was observed against S.typhi. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) at 432 nm was found during UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the production of AgNPs (Guilger, et al., 2019). The spherical shape of AgNPs was seen in the SEM micrograph. The reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs was largely mediated by phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, according to the results of FTIR investigation (Farjana, et al., 2014). The stabilization of AgNPs was accomplished through amino acid linkage. The produced peak of AgNPs' XRD revealed information about their nature, including their phase purity, size, and internal crystalline structure (Pena et al., 2010). It is possible that the pharmaceutical and medical fields will find a great use for the AgNPs that are produced from the extract of Aspergillus fumigatus. Silver AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhance antibacterial activity, outlining their potential in future research.

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of Diabetic Patients to COVID-19 Infections: Clinico-Hematological and Complications Analysis

Vaccines

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a global health threat resulting in a catastrophi... more Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a global health threat resulting in a catastrophic spread and more than 3.8 million deaths worldwide. It has been suggested that there is a negative influence of diabetes mellites (DM), which is a complex chronic disease, on COVID-19 severe outcomes. Other factors in diabetic patients may also contribute to COVID-19 disease outcomes, such as older age, obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and other chronic conditions. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on the demographics, clinical information, and laboratory findings of the hospitalised COVID-19 with DM and non-DM patients were obtained from the medical records in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia. Results: Among the study population, 108 patients had DM, and 433 were non-DM patients. Patients with DM were more likely to present symptoms such as fever (50.48%), anorexia (19.51%), dry cough (47.96%), shortness of breath (35.29%), chest pain (16.49%)...

Research paper thumbnail of A First Report of Molecular Typing, Virulence Traits, and Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Patterns of Newly Emerging XDR and MDR Aeromonas veronii in Mugil seheli

Pathogens

Aeromonas veronii is associated with substantial economic losses in the fish industry and with fo... more Aeromonas veronii is associated with substantial economic losses in the fish industry and with food-borne illness in humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiogram profiles, sequence analysis, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and pathogenicity of A. veronii recovered from Mugil seheli. A total of 80 fish were randomly gathered from various private farms in Suez Province, Egypt. Subsequently, samples were subjected to clinical, post-mortem, and bacteriological examinations. The retrieved isolates were tested for sequence analysis, antibiogram profile, pathogenicity, and PCR detection of virulence and resistance genes. The prevalence of A. veronii in the examined M. seheli was 22.5 % (18/80). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the tested A. veronii strains shared high genetic similarity with other A. veronii strains from India, UK, and China. Using PCR it was revealed that the retrieved A. veronii isolates harbored the aerA, alt, ser, ompAII, act, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Biosynthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles against Gram-Negative and Gram-positive Bacteria by the Entophytic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, May 30, 2022

Multi drug resistance is increasing day by day due to misuse of antibiotics. Several potent metab... more Multi drug resistance is increasing day by day due to misuse of antibiotics. Several potent metabolites are produced by fungi. Synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) Due to its simple, harmless, time-saving, and cost-effective characteristics, it has acquired great popularity in recent years. A variety of analytical techniques were used to synthesize AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus extracts, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The effect of synthesis AgNPs and crude extract noted against different bacterial pathogens. Maximum antibacterial activity were noticed against tested bacteria by both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) Maximum antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO) showed (15mm) zone of inhibition against E.coli. While minimum antibacterial activity of Ethyl crude extract at 50µl concentration was observed against S.typhi (12mm). Highest antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 100µl was noted against E.coli which showed (20mm) zone of inhibition. While (17mm) zone of inhibition was observed against S.typhi at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs (25mm) zone of inhibition was observed against E.coli at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs respectively. During UV-visible spectroscopy, surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was observed at 432 nm, which confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The SEM micrograph demonstrated the spherical shape of AgNPs. The results of FTIR research revealed that phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups played a crucial role in the reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs, while amide linkage and amino acids stabilized AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized were XRD peaks that revealed phase purity, size, internal crystalline structure, and nature. In the pharmaceutical and medical fields, AgNPs synthesized from Aspergillus fumigatus extract could be of great importance. While, the combination of AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhances their antimicrobial effect which increase their importance in future studies

Research paper thumbnail of An Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Madhuca longifolia Utilizing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Molecules

In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally frie... more In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally friendly. A number of nanoparticles have been synthesized at room temperature using water as a solvent, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. As part of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are synthesized through biological processes. Biological methods are the preferred method for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a result of their simple and non-hazardous nature. Nanoparticles of silver are used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, spectrally selective coatings for solar absorption, optical objectives, pharmaceutical constituents, and chemical and biological sensing. Antimicrobial agents are among the top uses of silver nanoparticles. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were biologically manufactured through Madhuca longifolia, and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activ...

Research paper thumbnail of Manufactured Nano-Objects Confer Viral Protection against Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) Infecting Nicotiana benthamiana

Microorganisms

Nanotechnology has emerged as a new tool to combat phytopathogens in agricultural crops. Cucurbit... more Nanotechnology has emerged as a new tool to combat phytopathogens in agricultural crops. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) mainly infects Solanaceae crops and causes significant crop losses. Nanomaterials (NMs) may have efficacy against plant viruses, but the mechanisms underlying complex nanomaterials-plant-virus interactions remain elusive. We challenged Nicotiana benthamiana plants with GFP-tagged CCYV and observed morphological, physiological, and molecular changes in response to 21-d foliar exposure to nanoscale Fe and Zn and C60 fullerenes at 100 mg/L concentration for 21 days. We observed that in response to C60 (100 mg/L) treatment, plants displayed a normal phenotype while the viral infection was not seen until 5 days post-inoculation. On the contrary, Fe and Zn were unable to suppress viral progression. The mRNA transcriptional analysis for GFP and viral coat protein revealed that the transcripts of both genes were 5-fold reduced in response to C60 treatment. Evaluat...

Research paper thumbnail of Alginate-Based Nanosystems for Therapeutic Applications

Journal of Nanomaterials

Alginate is being explored widely for an array of medicinal and diagnostic measures by way of nan... more Alginate is being explored widely for an array of medicinal and diagnostic measures by way of nanosystems fabricated for techniques along the lines of drug delivery, imaging, tissue regeneration, etc. Their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, sensitivity to pH, mucoadhesiveness, and biodegradability have invited an extensive body of work in this field. Their gelling ability facilitates the encapsulation of different molecules like drugs, proteins, and genes, through the formation of multidimensional matrices. Furthermore, the feasibility of alginates for physical and chemical modification allows appropriate synthesis of nanosystems for their application. The current review highlights delivery of therapeutic compounds via alginate nanosystems as an effective, eco-friendly alternative for expediting controlled and target-specific release.

Research paper thumbnail of Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for diagnosis and potential cancer therapy: A systematic review

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest health concerns. As per latest statistics, lung, bre... more Cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest health concerns. As per latest statistics, lung, breast, liver, prostate, and cervical cancers are reported topmost worldwide. Although chemotherapy is most widely used methodology to treat cancer, poor pharmacokinetic parameters of anticancer drugs render them less effective. Novel nano-drug delivery systems have the caliber to improve the solubility and biocompatibility of various such chemical compounds. In this regard, cyclodextrins (CD), a group of natural nano-oligosaccharide possessing unique physicochemical characteristics has been highly exploited for drug delivery and other pharmaceutical purposes. Their cup-like structure and amphiphilic nature allows better accumulation of drugs, improved solubility, and stability, whereas CDs supramolecular chemical compatibility renders it to be highly receptive to various kinds of functionalization. Therefore combining physical, chemical, and bio-engineering approaches at nanoscale to speci...

Research paper thumbnail of Vancomycin as an Antibacterial Agent Capped with Silver Nanoparticles: An Experimental Potential Analysis

BioMed Research International

For the treatment of various infections, a variety of antimicrobial drugs are formulated. Neverth... more For the treatment of various infections, a variety of antimicrobial drugs are formulated. Nevertheless, many bacterial infections now exhibit antibiotic resistance due to the widespread utilization antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant among the most dangerous multidrug-resistant bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin became a viable therapy option due to MRSA resistance to methicillin medicines. One of the well-informed antibacterial compounds with wideband antibacterial activity is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs are thus suitable candidates for usage in conjunction alongside vancomycin to increase its antibacterial effect. The goal of the present research work is to boost the antibacterial potency of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin towards Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) but also Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The chemical reduction approach is used to create a colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles utilizing silver nitrate as a precurs...

Research paper thumbnail of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of ESβL Producers Isolated from the Mobile Phones

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of human lives for communication, education, and ... more Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of human lives for communication, education, and entertainment activities. This study aims to evaluate the diversity pattern of bacterial contaminants on mobiles and to check antibiotic resistance profiles in 105 samples. The study revealed a contamination of 51% in men and 49% in women, the highest in the 21- to 30-year age group, evidencing the extreme use of mobiles by teenagers. The study observed Gram-negative bacteria (63%) versus Gram-positive bacteria (37%). Overall, Gram-negative bacterial isolates showed the highest sensitivity to antibiotic nitrofurantoin (90%) and the lowest in ampicillin (35%). Gram positive has highest incidence of sensitivity towards tigecycline (100%) and lowest in cefoxitin (20%). ESβL producers were found to be 21.0% and highest being in Klebsiella oxytoca (35%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (31%). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus capitis have been identified on the mobile phones ...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Copper Nanoparticles in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Rat Mastitis Model

Journal of Nanomaterials

The current study was devised to develop alternative, nonantibiotic, and economically viable trea... more The current study was devised to develop alternative, nonantibiotic, and economically viable treatments for bovine mastitis. The concentration of 6.25 μg/mL (25 nm) CuNPs was selected as intramammary (IM) treatment in S. aureus-induced mastitis in rats as this concentration showed a significant zone of inhibition through the in vitro sensitivity test and minimal cell toxicity on fibroblast cell lines. After, this in vivo study was conducted, and rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each: group I (healthy control/deionized water), group II (disease control), group III (CuNPs), and group IV (gentamicin). Injection of gentamicin IM for 5 days was selected on the basis of an antibiotic sensitivity test. The therapeutic efficacy of CuNPs was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, mammary gland architecture, bacterial load, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathology of mammary glands. The clinical signs of mastitis in group III ameliorated within 3 days of treatment while i...

Research paper thumbnail of Role of Microbes and Nanomaterials in the Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater

International Journal of Photoenergy

Pesticides are a class of xenobiotic compounds that are recalcitrant and show persistence in the ... more Pesticides are a class of xenobiotic compounds that are recalcitrant and show persistence in the environment for a longer period of time. Research studies have linked their potential for mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. The accumulation of pesticides in water sources due to runoff from agricultural lands has posed a serious threat to the biota of the water ecosystem as well as to the human population. Long-term exposure to pesticides can cause neurological disorders, reproductive complications, cancer, immunological, and pulmonary diseases. The use of pesticides has dramatically surged in agricultural as well as nonagricultural practices. Tons of pesticides are applied in the fields, but a limited amount reaches to the target organism while the rest is wasted and gets accumulated in soil or ends up in water sources like groundwater or river, which results in eradication of nontarget organisms. A variety of pesticides are used for pest management, such as organochlo...

Research paper thumbnail of Associations of Clinical Factors and Blood Groups With the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

ContextThe possible associations between the different blood groups and clinical factors with COV... more ContextThe possible associations between the different blood groups and clinical factors with COVID-19 infection among patients in Makkah city.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection in patients who were tested positive and to elucidate the most common ABO blood groups with a higher infectivity of COVID-19 and disease association.Materials and MethodsThis was an observational cross-sectional study that included COVID-19 patients diagnosed with PCR and who were hospitalized in Al-Noor Specialist Hospital (Makkah) during the period between March to November 2020. The ABO and Rhesus blood groups alongside the clinical characteristics were determined and retrieved from medical records and HESN of the Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).ResultsThe overall confirmed COVID-19 cases included in this study were 1,583 patients who underwent positive PCR testing between March and November 2020. The frequencies of blood groups...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial potential of Typha elephantina leaves extracts using Cyprinus carpio as a research model

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

Present study investigate the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal potential of Typha elephantin... more Present study investigate the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal potential of Typha elephantina leaves aqueous extract (T. Eaq), ethanolic extract (T. Eeth) and methanolic extract (T. Emth) at different dosages against selected bacteria and fungi using dis diffusion method and Potato Dextrose Agar method. The study was also proceeded in-vivo against one strain of fungi (Aspergillus niger) using aqueous (T. Eaq) extract only. In-vitro study showed that Citrobacter freundii was highly sensitive while Salmonella typhimurium was the least among all. The antifungal activity was dose dependent and differs according to the fungal strain. Aspergillus niger was highly sensitive in order of aqueous extract (T. Eaq), ethanolic extract (T. Eeth) and methanolic extract (T.Emth), followed by Alterneria solani, Candida albicans and Aspergillus ustus. The in-vivo antifungal study was carried using Cyprinus carpio which were first infected with Aspergillus niger and then treated with (T. Eaq) at different doses. During in-vivo study various hematobiochemicl parameters and bio-accumulative stress of some heavy metals were assessed. Highly significant (P<0.05) remedial effects were observed at day 21 st of treatment with extract at 100mg/ kg body weight. Differential accumulation was found i.e in skin the accumulation was highest followed by intestine gills and muscles tissues. Liver showed least accumulation.

Research paper thumbnail of Coagulation Profile in COVID-19 Patients and its Relation to Disease Severity and Overall Survival: A Single-Center Study

British Journal of Biomedical Science

Objectives: This study aims to investigate hemostatic changes in patients with coronavirus diseas... more Objectives: This study aims to investigate hemostatic changes in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and their relationship to disease severity and survival.Methods: This study included 284 patients with COVID-19 who attended the Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia between October 2020 and March 2021, and retrospectively reviewed their demographic, radiological, and laboratory findings. The coagulation profile was assayed at the time of diagnosis for platelet counts using an automated hematology analyzer; Sysmex XN2000 while international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor VIII, ristocetin cofactor (RiCoF), and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF-Ag) were measured by Stago kits on a Stago automated coagulation analyzer (STA Compact Max®).Results: In this study, 32.3% of the cases had severe disease, while 8.8% of the cases died. D-dimer, factor VIII, and RiCoF were the only independent predictors of di...

Research paper thumbnail of Green synthesis of gold nanaoparticles using Delphinium Chitralense tuber extracts, their characterization and enzyme inhibitory potential

Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022

Green synthesis has been introduced as an alternative to chemical synthesis due to the serious co... more Green synthesis has been introduced as an alternative to chemical synthesis due to the serious consequences. Metal nanoparticles synthesized through green approach have different pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural applications. The present study followed a green and simple route for the preparation of potentially bioactive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Au NPs were prepared via green synthesis approach using crude basic alkaloidal portion of the tuber of Delphinium chitralense. The green synthesized Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Morphological analysis shows that Au NPs have cubic geometry with different sizes. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of Au NPs while XRD proved their pure crystalline phase. The Au NPs showed promising dose dependent inhibition of both AChE and BChE as compared to the c...

Research paper thumbnail of Eco-Friendly Synthesis of MnO2 Nanorods Using Gmelina arborea Fruit Extract and Its Anticancer Potency Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2022

Cancer disease is known due to its unregulated proliferation of cells that have evolved from the ... more Cancer disease is known due to its unregulated proliferation of cells that have evolved from the body's regular cells. The disease develops as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, and oncogene activation. The present work describes an environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO 2 NPs) using Gmelina arborea fruit extract (GAE) in an aqueous medium. Methods: The study evaluated the formation of MnO 2 NPs and their anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Results: The formation of MnO 2 NPs was confirmed through powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The crystalline nature of asprepared MnO 2 NPs was evident from XRD pattern. The morphology of the material was studied using SEM analysis, which suggested a rod-like nature with an average diameter of 50 nm. Further, the TEM and HR-TEM images confirmed the rod shape of the as-prepared MnO2 NPs with an interplanar distance of 0.271 nm. In addition, the concentric rings from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis show the crystalline nature of the as-prepared material, which further supports the obtained XRD pattern. The anticancer efficacy of MnO 2 NPs was evaluated against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, which showed up to 96% inhibition of the cells at 400 µg/mL concentration. Conclusion: Bio-conjugation of MnO 2 NPs can provide enough scope for the therapeutic use of Gmelina arborea, assuming appropriate mechanistic evaluations are conducted.

Research paper thumbnail of Diverse Heterocyclic Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress as Therapeutic Effects Against Various Neurological Diseases

Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry, Jul 11, 2023

: Heterocyclic compounds are the most common and diverse group of organic substances. Heterocycli... more : Heterocyclic compounds are the most common and diverse group of organic substances. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number as a result of intensive synthetic research as well as their value in other synthetic procedures. More than 90% of medications contain heterocyclic rings, and a wide range of medicinal chemistry applications make use of these substances. There are always unique characteristics of an efficient approach for creating newly discovered heterocyclic compounds and their moieties. Due to their biological effects, including those that are anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-allergic, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticonvulsant, heterocyclic compounds are crucial to medicinal chemistry. Today's world population is generally suffering from various neurodegenerative diseases. Out of that, the most prevailing disease is Alzheimer's. There are many causes of Alzheimer's disease-like acetylcholinesterase enzyme, tau protein, amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, phosphodiesterase, and others. In these cases, oxidative stress plays a very important role in the progression of this disease. To combat this oxidative stress various antioxidant-derived drugs have been used but the problem is that Alzheimer's progression cannot be targeted with a single target drug because of the other factors that are involved in its progression. So to overcome that, a drug targeting multiple targets has been synthesized by using the antioxidant in previous reports. These drugs are more potent and efficacious than single-target drugs. This review focused on various multi-target ligands to target oxidative stress.

Research paper thumbnail of Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Taxus wallichiana Zucc. plant-derived Taxol: Novel utilization as anticancer, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antiurolithic potential

Green Processing and Synthesis

Throughout history, the utilization of plant products as medicinal remedies has been widespread, ... more Throughout history, the utilization of plant products as medicinal remedies has been widespread, with numerous modern drugs finding their origins in the plant kingdom. Taxol, derived from Taxus species, stands out as an exceptional and highly potent anticancer medication. In this study, we present a rapid one-pot synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaves of Taxus wallichiana Zucca in the presence of sunlight. The synthesized AgNPs were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and HPLC Q-TOF. The AgNPs were further investigated for their antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiurolithi properties. The anticancer activity was assessed through a sulforhodamine B assay conducted on the MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cell line and SiHa human cervical cancer cell line. The findings of this study reveal the impressive antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiurolithi characteristics exhib...

Research paper thumbnail of Green-synthesized nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications: A review

Green Processing and Synthesis

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a rising issue when it comes to human health. Microbial p... more Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a rising issue when it comes to human health. Microbial pathogens that cause harmful infections are quickly becoming resistant to the antimicrobial action of traditional antibiotics. Nanotechnology, an innovative sector being an indispensable part of healthcare and research, has in-depth and extensive applications. Nano-compounds have been promising antimicrobial agents, anti-cancerous mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, identification of pathogens, food and drug packaging industry, and many more. However, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has certain drawbacks such as causing toxicity and other adverse effects. For more than a decade, the use of NPs that are conjugated or green-synthesized has gained popularity due to the two-fold action of metallic NPs mixed with biological sources. In contrast, NPs synthesized using plant or microbial extracts, conjugated with biologically active components,...

Research paper thumbnail of Aspergillus fumigatus-Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Efficiency, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Against Different Human Pathogens

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology

The misuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of the rapidly expanding problem of multid... more The misuse of antibiotics is one of the primary causes of the rapidly expanding problem of multidrug resistance. Fungi are responsible for the production of a variety of potent metabolites (Akhtar, et al., 2019). Formation of nanoparticles of silver (AgNPs) is a simple non-toxic, and environmentally friendly method of the preparation and development of nanoparticles. Which considered a crucial step in nanotechnology. Producing AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus samples involved the use of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (Al-Abdullah, et al., 2023). The effect of synthesized AgNPs and crude extract on several bacterial pathogens was observed. Both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) showed the greatest antibacterial efficacy against bacterial isolates. The ethyl acetate crude extract showed the highest possible antibacterial activity, according to the reports against E. coli was seen at 16 mm at a 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO). Conversely ethyl crude extract has the least antibacterial action against S.typhi at 50µl concentration was (14mm) (Bala, M., et al., 2013). The maximum activity of the ethyl acetate crude extract was observed against E. coli at 100 µl, which showed a zone of inhibition measuring 21 mm, while an inhibition zone of 18 mm was observed against S.typhi. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) at 432 nm was found during UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the production of AgNPs (Guilger, et al., 2019). The spherical shape of AgNPs was seen in the SEM micrograph. The reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs was largely mediated by phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, according to the results of FTIR investigation (Farjana, et al., 2014). The stabilization of AgNPs was accomplished through amino acid linkage. The produced peak of AgNPs' XRD revealed information about their nature, including their phase purity, size, and internal crystalline structure (Pena et al., 2010). It is possible that the pharmaceutical and medical fields will find a great use for the AgNPs that are produced from the extract of Aspergillus fumigatus. Silver AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhance antibacterial activity, outlining their potential in future research.

Research paper thumbnail of Susceptibility of Diabetic Patients to COVID-19 Infections: Clinico-Hematological and Complications Analysis

Vaccines

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a global health threat resulting in a catastrophi... more Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a global health threat resulting in a catastrophic spread and more than 3.8 million deaths worldwide. It has been suggested that there is a negative influence of diabetes mellites (DM), which is a complex chronic disease, on COVID-19 severe outcomes. Other factors in diabetic patients may also contribute to COVID-19 disease outcomes, such as older age, obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and other chronic conditions. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on the demographics, clinical information, and laboratory findings of the hospitalised COVID-19 with DM and non-DM patients were obtained from the medical records in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Saudi Arabia. Results: Among the study population, 108 patients had DM, and 433 were non-DM patients. Patients with DM were more likely to present symptoms such as fever (50.48%), anorexia (19.51%), dry cough (47.96%), shortness of breath (35.29%), chest pain (16.49%)...

Research paper thumbnail of A First Report of Molecular Typing, Virulence Traits, and Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Patterns of Newly Emerging XDR and MDR Aeromonas veronii in Mugil seheli

Pathogens

Aeromonas veronii is associated with substantial economic losses in the fish industry and with fo... more Aeromonas veronii is associated with substantial economic losses in the fish industry and with food-borne illness in humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiogram profiles, sequence analysis, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and pathogenicity of A. veronii recovered from Mugil seheli. A total of 80 fish were randomly gathered from various private farms in Suez Province, Egypt. Subsequently, samples were subjected to clinical, post-mortem, and bacteriological examinations. The retrieved isolates were tested for sequence analysis, antibiogram profile, pathogenicity, and PCR detection of virulence and resistance genes. The prevalence of A. veronii in the examined M. seheli was 22.5 % (18/80). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the tested A. veronii strains shared high genetic similarity with other A. veronii strains from India, UK, and China. Using PCR it was revealed that the retrieved A. veronii isolates harbored the aerA, alt, ser, ompAII, act, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Biosynthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles against Gram-Negative and Gram-positive Bacteria by the Entophytic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, May 30, 2022

Multi drug resistance is increasing day by day due to misuse of antibiotics. Several potent metab... more Multi drug resistance is increasing day by day due to misuse of antibiotics. Several potent metabolites are produced by fungi. Synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) Due to its simple, harmless, time-saving, and cost-effective characteristics, it has acquired great popularity in recent years. A variety of analytical techniques were used to synthesize AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus extracts, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The effect of synthesis AgNPs and crude extract noted against different bacterial pathogens. Maximum antibacterial activity were noticed against tested bacteria by both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) Maximum antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO) showed (15mm) zone of inhibition against E.coli. While minimum antibacterial activity of Ethyl crude extract at 50µl concentration was observed against S.typhi (12mm). Highest antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 100µl was noted against E.coli which showed (20mm) zone of inhibition. While (17mm) zone of inhibition was observed against S.typhi at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs (25mm) zone of inhibition was observed against E.coli at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs respectively. During UV-visible spectroscopy, surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was observed at 432 nm, which confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The SEM micrograph demonstrated the spherical shape of AgNPs. The results of FTIR research revealed that phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups played a crucial role in the reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs, while amide linkage and amino acids stabilized AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized were XRD peaks that revealed phase purity, size, internal crystalline structure, and nature. In the pharmaceutical and medical fields, AgNPs synthesized from Aspergillus fumigatus extract could be of great importance. While, the combination of AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhances their antimicrobial effect which increase their importance in future studies

Research paper thumbnail of An Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Madhuca longifolia Utilizing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Molecules

In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally frie... more In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally friendly. A number of nanoparticles have been synthesized at room temperature using water as a solvent, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. As part of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are synthesized through biological processes. Biological methods are the preferred method for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a result of their simple and non-hazardous nature. Nanoparticles of silver are used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, spectrally selective coatings for solar absorption, optical objectives, pharmaceutical constituents, and chemical and biological sensing. Antimicrobial agents are among the top uses of silver nanoparticles. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were biologically manufactured through Madhuca longifolia, and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activ...

Research paper thumbnail of Manufactured Nano-Objects Confer Viral Protection against Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) Infecting Nicotiana benthamiana

Microorganisms

Nanotechnology has emerged as a new tool to combat phytopathogens in agricultural crops. Cucurbit... more Nanotechnology has emerged as a new tool to combat phytopathogens in agricultural crops. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) mainly infects Solanaceae crops and causes significant crop losses. Nanomaterials (NMs) may have efficacy against plant viruses, but the mechanisms underlying complex nanomaterials-plant-virus interactions remain elusive. We challenged Nicotiana benthamiana plants with GFP-tagged CCYV and observed morphological, physiological, and molecular changes in response to 21-d foliar exposure to nanoscale Fe and Zn and C60 fullerenes at 100 mg/L concentration for 21 days. We observed that in response to C60 (100 mg/L) treatment, plants displayed a normal phenotype while the viral infection was not seen until 5 days post-inoculation. On the contrary, Fe and Zn were unable to suppress viral progression. The mRNA transcriptional analysis for GFP and viral coat protein revealed that the transcripts of both genes were 5-fold reduced in response to C60 treatment. Evaluat...

Research paper thumbnail of Alginate-Based Nanosystems for Therapeutic Applications

Journal of Nanomaterials

Alginate is being explored widely for an array of medicinal and diagnostic measures by way of nan... more Alginate is being explored widely for an array of medicinal and diagnostic measures by way of nanosystems fabricated for techniques along the lines of drug delivery, imaging, tissue regeneration, etc. Their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, sensitivity to pH, mucoadhesiveness, and biodegradability have invited an extensive body of work in this field. Their gelling ability facilitates the encapsulation of different molecules like drugs, proteins, and genes, through the formation of multidimensional matrices. Furthermore, the feasibility of alginates for physical and chemical modification allows appropriate synthesis of nanosystems for their application. The current review highlights delivery of therapeutic compounds via alginate nanosystems as an effective, eco-friendly alternative for expediting controlled and target-specific release.

Research paper thumbnail of Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for diagnosis and potential cancer therapy: A systematic review

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest health concerns. As per latest statistics, lung, bre... more Cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest health concerns. As per latest statistics, lung, breast, liver, prostate, and cervical cancers are reported topmost worldwide. Although chemotherapy is most widely used methodology to treat cancer, poor pharmacokinetic parameters of anticancer drugs render them less effective. Novel nano-drug delivery systems have the caliber to improve the solubility and biocompatibility of various such chemical compounds. In this regard, cyclodextrins (CD), a group of natural nano-oligosaccharide possessing unique physicochemical characteristics has been highly exploited for drug delivery and other pharmaceutical purposes. Their cup-like structure and amphiphilic nature allows better accumulation of drugs, improved solubility, and stability, whereas CDs supramolecular chemical compatibility renders it to be highly receptive to various kinds of functionalization. Therefore combining physical, chemical, and bio-engineering approaches at nanoscale to speci...

Research paper thumbnail of Vancomycin as an Antibacterial Agent Capped with Silver Nanoparticles: An Experimental Potential Analysis

BioMed Research International

For the treatment of various infections, a variety of antimicrobial drugs are formulated. Neverth... more For the treatment of various infections, a variety of antimicrobial drugs are formulated. Nevertheless, many bacterial infections now exhibit antibiotic resistance due to the widespread utilization antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant among the most dangerous multidrug-resistant bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin became a viable therapy option due to MRSA resistance to methicillin medicines. One of the well-informed antibacterial compounds with wideband antibacterial activity is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs are thus suitable candidates for usage in conjunction alongside vancomycin to increase its antibacterial effect. The goal of the present research work is to boost the antibacterial potency of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin towards Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) but also Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The chemical reduction approach is used to create a colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles utilizing silver nitrate as a precurs...

Research paper thumbnail of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of ESβL Producers Isolated from the Mobile Phones

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of human lives for communication, education, and ... more Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of human lives for communication, education, and entertainment activities. This study aims to evaluate the diversity pattern of bacterial contaminants on mobiles and to check antibiotic resistance profiles in 105 samples. The study revealed a contamination of 51% in men and 49% in women, the highest in the 21- to 30-year age group, evidencing the extreme use of mobiles by teenagers. The study observed Gram-negative bacteria (63%) versus Gram-positive bacteria (37%). Overall, Gram-negative bacterial isolates showed the highest sensitivity to antibiotic nitrofurantoin (90%) and the lowest in ampicillin (35%). Gram positive has highest incidence of sensitivity towards tigecycline (100%) and lowest in cefoxitin (20%). ESβL producers were found to be 21.0% and highest being in Klebsiella oxytoca (35%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (31%). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus capitis have been identified on the mobile phones ...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Copper Nanoparticles in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Rat Mastitis Model

Journal of Nanomaterials

The current study was devised to develop alternative, nonantibiotic, and economically viable trea... more The current study was devised to develop alternative, nonantibiotic, and economically viable treatments for bovine mastitis. The concentration of 6.25 μg/mL (25 nm) CuNPs was selected as intramammary (IM) treatment in S. aureus-induced mastitis in rats as this concentration showed a significant zone of inhibition through the in vitro sensitivity test and minimal cell toxicity on fibroblast cell lines. After, this in vivo study was conducted, and rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each: group I (healthy control/deionized water), group II (disease control), group III (CuNPs), and group IV (gentamicin). Injection of gentamicin IM for 5 days was selected on the basis of an antibiotic sensitivity test. The therapeutic efficacy of CuNPs was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, mammary gland architecture, bacterial load, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathology of mammary glands. The clinical signs of mastitis in group III ameliorated within 3 days of treatment while i...

Research paper thumbnail of Role of Microbes and Nanomaterials in the Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater

International Journal of Photoenergy

Pesticides are a class of xenobiotic compounds that are recalcitrant and show persistence in the ... more Pesticides are a class of xenobiotic compounds that are recalcitrant and show persistence in the environment for a longer period of time. Research studies have linked their potential for mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. The accumulation of pesticides in water sources due to runoff from agricultural lands has posed a serious threat to the biota of the water ecosystem as well as to the human population. Long-term exposure to pesticides can cause neurological disorders, reproductive complications, cancer, immunological, and pulmonary diseases. The use of pesticides has dramatically surged in agricultural as well as nonagricultural practices. Tons of pesticides are applied in the fields, but a limited amount reaches to the target organism while the rest is wasted and gets accumulated in soil or ends up in water sources like groundwater or river, which results in eradication of nontarget organisms. A variety of pesticides are used for pest management, such as organochlo...

Research paper thumbnail of Associations of Clinical Factors and Blood Groups With the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

ContextThe possible associations between the different blood groups and clinical factors with COV... more ContextThe possible associations between the different blood groups and clinical factors with COVID-19 infection among patients in Makkah city.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection in patients who were tested positive and to elucidate the most common ABO blood groups with a higher infectivity of COVID-19 and disease association.Materials and MethodsThis was an observational cross-sectional study that included COVID-19 patients diagnosed with PCR and who were hospitalized in Al-Noor Specialist Hospital (Makkah) during the period between March to November 2020. The ABO and Rhesus blood groups alongside the clinical characteristics were determined and retrieved from medical records and HESN of the Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).ResultsThe overall confirmed COVID-19 cases included in this study were 1,583 patients who underwent positive PCR testing between March and November 2020. The frequencies of blood groups...

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial potential of Typha elephantina leaves extracts using Cyprinus carpio as a research model

Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022

Present study investigate the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal potential of Typha elephantin... more Present study investigate the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal potential of Typha elephantina leaves aqueous extract (T. Eaq), ethanolic extract (T. Eeth) and methanolic extract (T. Emth) at different dosages against selected bacteria and fungi using dis diffusion method and Potato Dextrose Agar method. The study was also proceeded in-vivo against one strain of fungi (Aspergillus niger) using aqueous (T. Eaq) extract only. In-vitro study showed that Citrobacter freundii was highly sensitive while Salmonella typhimurium was the least among all. The antifungal activity was dose dependent and differs according to the fungal strain. Aspergillus niger was highly sensitive in order of aqueous extract (T. Eaq), ethanolic extract (T. Eeth) and methanolic extract (T.Emth), followed by Alterneria solani, Candida albicans and Aspergillus ustus. The in-vivo antifungal study was carried using Cyprinus carpio which were first infected with Aspergillus niger and then treated with (T. Eaq) at different doses. During in-vivo study various hematobiochemicl parameters and bio-accumulative stress of some heavy metals were assessed. Highly significant (P<0.05) remedial effects were observed at day 21 st of treatment with extract at 100mg/ kg body weight. Differential accumulation was found i.e in skin the accumulation was highest followed by intestine gills and muscles tissues. Liver showed least accumulation.

Research paper thumbnail of Coagulation Profile in COVID-19 Patients and its Relation to Disease Severity and Overall Survival: A Single-Center Study

British Journal of Biomedical Science

Objectives: This study aims to investigate hemostatic changes in patients with coronavirus diseas... more Objectives: This study aims to investigate hemostatic changes in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and their relationship to disease severity and survival.Methods: This study included 284 patients with COVID-19 who attended the Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia between October 2020 and March 2021, and retrospectively reviewed their demographic, radiological, and laboratory findings. The coagulation profile was assayed at the time of diagnosis for platelet counts using an automated hematology analyzer; Sysmex XN2000 while international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor VIII, ristocetin cofactor (RiCoF), and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF-Ag) were measured by Stago kits on a Stago automated coagulation analyzer (STA Compact Max®).Results: In this study, 32.3% of the cases had severe disease, while 8.8% of the cases died. D-dimer, factor VIII, and RiCoF were the only independent predictors of di...

Research paper thumbnail of Green synthesis of gold nanaoparticles using Delphinium Chitralense tuber extracts, their characterization and enzyme inhibitory potential

Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022

Green synthesis has been introduced as an alternative to chemical synthesis due to the serious co... more Green synthesis has been introduced as an alternative to chemical synthesis due to the serious consequences. Metal nanoparticles synthesized through green approach have different pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural applications. The present study followed a green and simple route for the preparation of potentially bioactive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Au NPs were prepared via green synthesis approach using crude basic alkaloidal portion of the tuber of Delphinium chitralense. The green synthesized Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Morphological analysis shows that Au NPs have cubic geometry with different sizes. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of Au NPs while XRD proved their pure crystalline phase. The Au NPs showed promising dose dependent inhibition of both AChE and BChE as compared to the c...

Research paper thumbnail of Eco-Friendly Synthesis of MnO2 Nanorods Using Gmelina arborea Fruit Extract and Its Anticancer Potency Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2022

Cancer disease is known due to its unregulated proliferation of cells that have evolved from the ... more Cancer disease is known due to its unregulated proliferation of cells that have evolved from the body's regular cells. The disease develops as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, and oncogene activation. The present work describes an environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO 2 NPs) using Gmelina arborea fruit extract (GAE) in an aqueous medium. Methods: The study evaluated the formation of MnO 2 NPs and their anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Results: The formation of MnO 2 NPs was confirmed through powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The crystalline nature of asprepared MnO 2 NPs was evident from XRD pattern. The morphology of the material was studied using SEM analysis, which suggested a rod-like nature with an average diameter of 50 nm. Further, the TEM and HR-TEM images confirmed the rod shape of the as-prepared MnO2 NPs with an interplanar distance of 0.271 nm. In addition, the concentric rings from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis show the crystalline nature of the as-prepared material, which further supports the obtained XRD pattern. The anticancer efficacy of MnO 2 NPs was evaluated against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, which showed up to 96% inhibition of the cells at 400 µg/mL concentration. Conclusion: Bio-conjugation of MnO 2 NPs can provide enough scope for the therapeutic use of Gmelina arborea, assuming appropriate mechanistic evaluations are conducted.