Patrick James - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Patrick James

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1993

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact

Nations and Nationalism, 2007

We owe a great deal to those who have read this book in its previous drafts and offered help. Ahm... more We owe a great deal to those who have read this book in its previous drafts and offered help. Ahmet Sözen provided insightful criticism and suggestions on our Cyprus chapter. We also are also indebted to Özgür Özdamar for making our figures and providing helpful suggestions; Janet Bradshaw for extensive help with word processing; and Azat Atadjanov, Balkan Devlen, and Leslie Liu for research assistance.

Chinese Political Science Review, 2022

Since its launch in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) quickly has become the cornerstone o... more Since its launch in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) quickly has become the cornerstone of foreign policy for the People's Republic of China (PRC) under Xi Jinping's leadership to project China's new-found economic influence through networks of infrastructure, trade, and investment deals. Considerable scholarship about the BRI has focused on China's motivations, domestic politics, strategic culture, policy instruments, and the perceptions, effects, and implications across various countries and regions. While competing IR paradigms and levels of analysis have been applied to analyze the BRI and its impact, little research has examined the complex causal mechanisms of the BRI in a comprehensively visualized and rigorous way. How, for example, does the BRI look in the context of power transition theory? Is this time-honored theory, which focuses on the dynamics of capabilities, able to explain the characteristics of BRI, notably its impact upon policies and outcomes at the regional and international levels? Through the prism of systemism, this paper seeks to answer such questions. The systemist approach, which emphasizes the graphic portrayal of cause and effect, is well suited to the task of comparing and evaluating theoretical arguments about developments such as the BRI. A visualization of power transition theory is used to obtain insights about the likely direction of China's BRI in terms of the USA and China as leading states and rivals faced with the challenge of managing conflict short of war in East Asia. Keywords Systemism • Power transition theory • Belt and road initiative (BRI) • Chinese foreign policy An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the Annual Convention of the American Political Science Association, September 11-13, 2020. We thank Sarah Gansen for her excellent research assistance and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.

InPerpetual Peace, ImmanuelKant presents six preliminary articles for perpetual peace before the ... more InPerpetual Peace, ImmanuelKant presents six preliminary articles for perpetual peace before the three well-known definitive articles about republic constitutions, commercial relations, and international organi-zations. In his third preliminary article, Kant argues that “Standing Armies (miles perpetuus) Shall in Time be Totally Abolished ” because they are themselves “a cause of offensive war. ” Empirical results based on state-of-the-art data analysis that refers to both peace-years correction and distributed-lags logistic regres-sion show that themost obvious among the neglected preliminary articles byKant—militarymanpower sys-tem—is indeed connected to involvement in militarized interstate disputes during the period from 1886 to 1992. For neo-Kantian peace theory and research, this means that a military manpower system with con-scripted, not standing (i.e., professional or voluntary), soldiers is associated with disputes.

Whether it is remembered as a traumatic event or great accomplishment, one thing that can be cert... more Whether it is remembered as a traumatic event or great accomplishment, one thing that can be certain about the First Ministers ’ Conference of 1981 is that its legacy lives on in Canadian politics. Constitutional negotiations among the prime minister and provincial premiers in 1981 produced the only ‘packaged ’ agreement since Confederation to achieve even the minimal support necessary to achieve ratification. The resulting Constitution Act of 1982, which included the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, remains in place and is the principal manifestation of intergovernmental bargaining from over two decades ago. This study, which unfolds in four sections, attempts to assess the strategic interaction and conflict processes that took place between Ottawa and the provinces in negotiations leading up to that fateful November 1981 conference. Learning more about how respective governments represented provincial and national interests at that time may help in dealing with ongoing and similar ...

Political Research Quarterly, 2021

Scholars of foreign policy decision-making have argued that international interactions ultimately... more Scholars of foreign policy decision-making have argued that international interactions ultimately are grounded in people acting singly or in groups. Unfortunately, data limitations prevent many of these crucial foreign policy decision-making theories from being rigorously tested and systematically compared with theories from alternative perspectives. A promising approach to remedying this deficiency is the addition of decision-making variables to existing, large- N data sets. In this study, we coded a series of foreign policy decision-making variables for all U.S. cases in the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data set, and examined how these decision-making variables compared with structural factors in shaping crisis outcomes. The results reveal that when controlling for structural factors such as conflict setting and power discrepancy, foreign policy decision-making variables related to leaders’ traits, advisory structure, and the political context shaped the severity and centra...

Études internationales, 1994

Recent events in world politics raise Fundamental doubts about the reasons behind conflict, crisi... more Recent events in world politics raise Fundamental doubts about the reasons behind conflict, crisis and war. What, for example, causes a state to become involved in an international crisis ? In an attempt to answer that question, the present study focuses on the experiences of a leading member of the international System over a sustained period of time, specifically, the United States in the post-World War 11 era. Ultimately, in order to develop a more comprehensive explanation of activity by the United States in international crises, this investigation combines external factors with others from within the state. Following a brief review of the research program on conflict linkage, internal attributes with potential relevance to involvement by states in crises are identified. External influences on foreign policy, consistent with the tradition of realpolitik, also are specified. These elements then are combined in a model of conflict linkage. Using data pertaining both the US as a po...

Complexity and Cross-Boundary Effects in Security: Britain and the Unification of Germany, 1989–90

Foreign Policy Analysis, 2016

If one trend characterizes the study of foreign and security policy over the past several decades... more If one trend characterizes the study of foreign and security policy over the past several decades, it may be the search for concepts that assist in addressing the complexity of global politics.2 We embrace that complexity and reimagine security as a social phenomenon that interweaves between social collectives, bleeding across boundaries and tying collectivities together as they seek to reconcile different systems of security meaning-making. At its core, security is a socially constructed system for making sense of danger and threat (Buzan et al. 1998). Thinking about security as a phenomenon of linked social constructions opens the field of inquiry up to a massive amount of complexity and interactivity. We offer two concepts as a possible basis for …

Journal of Conflict Studies, Jun 6, 1988

INTRODUCTION Terrorists' acts do not normally cause a business to close down operations, although... more INTRODUCTION Terrorists' acts do not normally cause a business to close down operations, although that can happen. But terrorism does contribute to the economic factors that may in fact create the climate for such a decision. As terrorism contributes to a deteriorating economic, political and psychological situation, it influences basic investmant decisions in a very negative manner .... Consequently, the company suffers, the affected country suffers even more and the. .. national interest suffers. 1 During the worst period of terrorist violence in Argentina in the 1970s, the disinvestment and departure of multinational corporations (MNCs), especially North American firms such as ITT, IBM, Coca-Cola, John Deere, Otis Elevator, and Alcan, were directly attributable to the prevalent terrorist tactic of expatriate executive kidnapping. 2 Radical displacements of this nature disrupt coordination of operational management tasks, have an impact upon productivity, and create substantial problems in tactical decision making. Many parallels are being drawn in the counter-terrorism and intelligence communities and the security industry between the situation then and current conditions in Colombia, where the agenda of declared assassination targets for terrorist groups features expatriate and domestic businessmen, as well as police and government officials. Summer 1988 overseas operations is in itself not large. In relation to the number of vehicular deaths in Canada in any year or the annual homicide rate of a major U.S. city it is not substantial. However, the incidents impart a disproportionately high impact on business. Shock tactics, such as the assassination of an executive, are met with a "gut reaction" and it is possible through these measures to drive foreign executives and their companies from a country. 3 A brief review of the statistics on terrorist incidents, particularly those against business, is in order. There are at least eight organizations keeping terrorism databases. Because of the disparity in coding procedures between and among official agencies-such as CIA and State Department-and International Terrorist Research Center, Risks International, Intertel and other private firms, only two sources are used here for benchmark data." In the five-year time-frame from 1983-the year of the terrorist truckbomb attack on U.S. Marine Headquarters at Beirut Airport-through year-end 1987, annual terrorist incidents, according to official figures, rose from 485 to 832 (831 plus one attack that occurred in international waters). Business Risks International (BRI), using coding criteria substantially different from State Department and other U.S. government agencies, reports a total of 3089 terrorist incidents in 1987 (2860 in 1986), with 1868 of them taking place in Latin America. U.S. government figures reflect 108 of 831 incidents as having occurred in Latin America, while 370 transpired in the Middle East. BRI puts 211 incidents in the Middle East/North Africa of their 3089 incident total.' Casualty figures from official sources reflect an increase in dead and

Modeling the Democracy-Peace Nexus: New Tools, New Uses

Theory as Thought: Britain and German Unification

Security Studies, 2014

ABSTRACT Inspired by Rudra Sil and Peter Katzenstein's call for analytic eclecticism and ... more ABSTRACT Inspired by Rudra Sil and Peter Katzenstein's call for analytic eclecticism and making use of newly available, previously classified archival documents, we distill the essential logics of realism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism and examine their role in shaping the debates amongst British policymakers in the context of German unification in 1989-90. We find that, although all the theoretical logics help shape the policymaking surrounding unification, none stands alone as a basis for understanding social reality. Indeed, all functioned together as British policymakers thought in terms of theory to make sense of German unification. The logic of realism clearly played an important role in shaping the perceptions of top British leadership, particularly Margaret Thatcher, of German unification as a problem. But realism did not determine the solution to the "problem." Instead, British policymakers drew on the logic embedded in neoliberal institutionalism, turning to institutions to manage the unification process. The reason for this can be found in the role of constructivist logics-particularly identity and rhetorical entrapment-that constrained British policymakers to cooperative policy options. By taking this approach, this article makes several important contributions. First, it sheds light on British policy during a critical historical moment. Second, it significantly improves understanding regarding Germany's historical and current place in Europe. Third, it ties major theoretical traditions together through a foreign policy analytical approach, and in the process suggests that many of the theoretical boundaries separating scholars are overdrawn. Finally, the article pushes international relations scholars to keep in mind the complex relationship between reality and theory. In the final analysis, bringing to bear these three perspectives highlights the complexity of the processes that produced British policy-and by extension those that shaped German unification-as well as the importance of breaking free of the strictures of the ideas versus materiality debate.

Falling From Grace: Nonestablished Brokerage Parties and the Weight of Predominance in Canadian Provinces and Australian States

Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1997

... Stable ascriptive foundations arise out of dominant electoral cleavages and provide an essent... more ... Stable ascriptive foundations arise out of dominant electoral cleavages and provide an essential and reliable storehouse of voter loyalty.6 These cleavages ... Even after the cleavage fails to retain political significance, it may still constitute a critical source of electoral division.10 ...

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2009

and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study pu... more and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

International Studies Review, 2003

The US Power Cycle, Expected Utility, and the Probable Future of the FTAA

International Political Science Review, 2003

Power cycle theory, which associates future foreign policy role expectations with the level and t... more Power cycle theory, which associates future foreign policy role expectations with the level and trend of relative power, will be used to derive propositions about the likely us role in future trade negotiations involving the Free Trade Area for the Americas (ftaa). In power cycle theory, foreign policy role is the “bargaining substance” of statecraft, requiring actor initiative and systemic (other actors') acceptance. Leadership is not hegemony. The concept of “systemism” provides a persuasive justification for the research on micro-micro and micro-macro linkages in power cycle theory. Forecasting negotiation outcomes, the Decision Insights expected utility bargaining model finds support for the hypotheses derived from the known us position on its power cycle, and for the theory's claim that the inertia of role change is greater than that of power.

Quebec's economic and political future with North America

International Interactions, 1997

Through use of the expected utility forecasting model, we make predictions about the prospects fo... more Through use of the expected utility forecasting model, we make predictions about the prospects for constitutional negotiations that would satisfy Quebec, as well as the likelihood that member governments of the NAFTA would accommodate Quebec and seek further integration of the North American economies. The investigation unfolds in four stages. The first section describes the historical background to the political

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2009

International Intervention in a Changing World This study examines the influence of religion on t... more International Intervention in a Changing World This study examines the influence of religion on the extent of intervention in ethnic conflict using data from the Minorities at Risk~MAR! dataset. Key questions include whether ethnoreligious minorities-which are defined here as ethnic minorities who belong to a different religion or a different denomination of the same religion as the majority group in a state-attract more intervention and whether religious affinities between a state and an ethnic minority make it more likely that the state will intervene on that minority's behalf. Although it also addresses other regions and other religions, this study focuses on the Middle East-North Africa region~MENA! and Islam. Anecdotally, Islamic identity has been becoming increasingly prominent in recent years and there have been a number of high-profile interventions on behalf of Muslim minorities in the MENA and elsewhere. However, anecdotal evidence is insufficient to reach definitive conclusions about whether the MENA is unique in this respect. Beyond these more specific concerns, the general issue of international intervention is becoming more visible in the world after the Cold War for three reasons. First, the end of superpower rivalry during the Cold War made intervention less one-dimensional than in the past. For example, when the United States and its allies intervene, they no longer

Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2011

. Poliheuristic theory (PH) is an innovative attempt to conceptualize decision making in a way th... more . Poliheuristic theory (PH) is an innovative attempt to conceptualize decision making in a way that recognizes patterns deriving from both cognitive and rational schools of thought about how foreign policy is made. Crisis decision making, a setting in which the political aspects emphasized by PH can be expected to operate, is the subject of this article. The study focuses on Turkey and China, two important states that frequently are characterized as sui generis and possibly unsuited to comparative analysis in the context of any overarching theory. As will become apparent, PH is capable of explaining crisis decision making for China and Turkey and the common pattern we explore is perhaps only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to cross-national application of the theory within the crisis domain.Résumé. La théorie poliheuristique (PH) est une tentative novatrice de concevoir la prise de décision en reconnaissant l&amp;#39;apport des modes de comportement issus des écoles de pensée cognitive et rationnelle. Cet article porte sur la politique étrangère en temps de crise et offre un cadre politique au sein duquel les modes de comportement identifiés par la théorie poliheuristique devraient normalement opérer. Plus particulièrement, l&amp;#39;étude se concentre sur le cas de la Chine et de la Turquie, deux États souvent considérés comme singuliers et possiblement inadaptés à l&amp;#39;analyse théorique de la politique étrangère comparée. Toutefois, comme cet article le démontre, la PH est en mesure d&amp;#39;expliquer de manière comparée la prise de décision de la Chine et de la Turquie en temps de crise. Les conclusions de recherche laissent penser que cette étude pourrait bien être le prélude de nombreuses recherches employant la PH dans le domaine de la politique étrangère comparée en temps de crise.

Canadian Regional Development: The Quest for Convergence

Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 2008

. This article assesses the economic development of Canadian provinces in the context provided by... more . This article assesses the economic development of Canadian provinces in the context provided by the theory of convergence. Two basic questions will be asked and to some extent answered. First, to what degree do the Canadian provinces reveal convergence over time in terms of general economic performance? Second, what are the implications of convergence theory for Canadian provincial policy? These questions combine to give the article a purpose that is both academic and policy relevant in nature.Four additional sections make up this article. The first explains the central place of convergence theory within the study of development, most notably as related to peripheries or lagging economies. Second, convergence theory is discussed within the special and interesting setting of the Canadian economy. Third, the research design and data analysis are presented. The results suggest that convergence is serving as a natural and highly robust corrective to regional disparity. Fourth, and finally, conclusions are offered and policy implications derived.Résumé. Cet article examine le développement économique des provinces canadiennes dans le cadre de la théorie de la convergence. Il pose deux grandes questions, auxquelles il répond en partie. Premièrement, dans quelle mesure les provinces canadiennes présentent-elles une convergence à long terme pour ce qui est de leur performance économique? Deuxièmement, quelles sont les implications de la théorie de la convergence pour les politiques provinciales ? Par ces deux questions, le présent article revêt à la fois une portée académique et une pertinence en matière de politique publique.L&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;article comprend également quatre parties. La première explique la place centrale qu&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;occupe la théorie de la convergence dans l&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;étude du développement économique, notamment en ce qui concerne les périphéries ou les économies accusant un certain retard. La deuxième discute la théorie de la convergence dans le cadre spécifique et intéressant de l&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;économie canadienne. La troisième précise le cadre d&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;analyse et dévoile l&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;analyse des données. Les résultats démontrent que la convergence représente un correctif naturel et fort efficace des disparités régionales. La quatrième et dernière partie présente les conclusions et quelques implications politiques qui en découlent.

American Review of Canadian Studies, 1996

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 1993

Nations and Nationalism, 2007

Chinese Political Science Review, 2022

Political Research Quarterly, 2021

Études internationales, 1994

Complexity and Cross-Boundary Effects in Security: Britain and the Unification of Germany, 1989–90

Foreign Policy Analysis, 2016

Journal of Conflict Studies, Jun 6, 1988

Modeling the Democracy-Peace Nexus: New Tools, New Uses

Theory as Thought: Britain and German Unification

Security Studies, 2014

Falling From Grace: Nonestablished Brokerage Parties and the Weight of Predominance in Canadian Provinces and Australian States

Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1997

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2009

International Studies Review, 2003

The US Power Cycle, Expected Utility, and the Probable Future of the FTAA

International Political Science Review, 2003

Quebec's economic and political future with North America

International Interactions, 1997

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2009

Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China

Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2011

Canadian Regional Development: The Quest for Convergence

Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 2008

American Review of Canadian Studies, 1996

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2009

International Intervention in a Changing World This study examines the influence of religion on t... more International Intervention in a Changing World This study examines the influence of religion on the extent of intervention in ethnic conflict using data from the Minorities at Risk ~MAR! data-set. Key questions include whether ethnoreligious minorities—which are defined here as ethnic minorities who belong to a different religion or a different denomination of the same religion as the majority group in a state—attract more intervention and whether religious affinities between a state and an ethnic minority make it more likely that the state will intervene on that minority's behalf. Although it also addresses other regions and other religions, this study focuses on the Middle East-North Africa region ~MENA! and Islam. Anec-dotally, Islamic identity has been becoming increasingly prominent in recent years and there have been a number of high-profile interventions on behalf of Muslim minorities in the MENA and elsewhere. However, anecdotal evidence is insufficient to reach definitive conclusions about whether the MENA is unique in this respect. Beyond these more specific concerns, the general issue of international intervention is becoming more visible in the world after the Cold War for three reasons. First, the end of superpower rivalry during the Cold War made intervention less one-dimensional than in the past. For example, when the United States and its allies intervene, they no longer