Dr. Fathullah Asni | Universiti Sains Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Fathullah Asni

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2019

Home is a need since ancient times hitherto. Nowadays, to acquire a home requires high capital un... more Home is a need since ancient times hitherto. Nowadays, to acquire a home requires high capital until one needs to get funding from other party either from individual or institutional. As a result, financial institutions were established and involved in assisting buyers. In the context of Malaysia, the facility led to an establishment of a housing financing contract between bank and buyers since before the Independence Day. For Muslims, the contract was formulated to be Shariah compliance within conventional framework. Hence, this study aims to examine the development of Islamic housing financing contracts since before the independence hitherto. This study using a qualitative method in which the researchers have applied a library research method to obtain secondary data through books, journals and official websites. The study found that housing financing contracts have undergone a phase of change from a simple to a complex contract form by combining multiple contracts. The study also found that the financing contracts have undergone a transformation phase of Islamic-based products that are based on sale and purchase to Islamic based partnership products which were more in line with Shariah requirements. Housing financing products are also change to a better direction as Islamic banks as well as Shariah advisors always responded to any critics to improve their products.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2019

Free-riba Islamic muamalat transactions have been practiced in Malaysia since the 7th century in ... more Free-riba Islamic muamalat transactions have been practiced in Malaysia since the 7th century in line with the advent of Islam. Officially, it was enforced in the law of Malacca in the 16th century. Among the Islamic muamalat transactions that were practiced is bay' al-wafa' or known as conditional sale. After Malaysia was colonized, the conventional banking system was established until it became the mainstream system. The success of Islamic banking in other Islamic countries and the Lembaga Urusan Tabung Haji (LUTH) has led the Muslim community to demand Islamic banking in Malaysia. However, the establishment of Islamic banking in Malaysia was not as comfortable as it was necessary to compete with long-established conventional banks. Hence, this paper is to study the history and establishment of Islamic banking in Malaysia. This study uses a qualitative method where the data are derived from literature studies, i.e. referring to secondary sources such as books and journals. The data collected were analyzed using document and content analysis methods based on the objective. The study found that the success of the establishment of LUTH and Islamic banks in the Middle East has resulted in the Malaysian community demanding to set up Islamic banking in Malaysia and the government welcomed it. The findings also found that the success of Islamic banking in Malaysia was the result of the government's initiative in introducing Islamic banking schemes (IBS) or known as (SKIM PERBANKAN ISLAM SPI) to becoming the mainstream schemes in Malaysia despite having to compete with long-established conventional banks. The study found that the development of Islamic banking was drastically due to the inherent privilege of the Islamic banking scheme, where there was an element of profit sharing and loss in every banking transaction between the bank and the customer, which was different from conventional banking scheme.

International Journal Academic Research Business and Social Sciences, 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors of development of Islam according to the sect... more The purpose of this study is to examine the factors of development of Islam according to the sect of al-Shafi'i in the Malay Archipelago during the post-Islam arrival. This study uses a qualitative method where the data are derived from literature studies i.e. referring to secondary sources such as books and journals. The data collected were analyzed using document and content analysis methods based on the objectives. The study found that the biggest factor in Islamization in the Malay Archipelago was because the royal family was entering into Islam, so it was also followed by subordinates because they were very loyal to the government. The study also found that many Arab preachers (da’i) who came to the Malay Archipelago were al-Shafi'i sect until it became a very strong factor in the spreading of the al-Shafi'i sect in the Malay Archipelago to produce many local al-Shafi'I sect scholars. Then the local scholars were appointed mufti and government advisors, the factor that led the sect of al-Shafi'i as an official sect in force over Muslims in the Malay Archipelago.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

This study is to identify non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam product as an identical bay’ ... more This study is to identify non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam product as an identical bay’ al-inah and therefore to provide alternative methods in executing the deal. This study is qualitative in which data is collected through library research and interview method. The method of library research is to refer to the reference material derived from muamalat books, related bank circulars and journals. While the interview method is to interview the MBSB bank Shariah executive officer in an unstructured way. The findings show that there are four non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam contracts that include tyranny (zulm), treachery (ghubn), not trying to make sure sharia compliance in the product as well as the existence of illegal elements (hilah), ambiguity and obscurity (gharar). The findings also show that there is a temporary alternative method for tawarruq munazzam contracts to be applied.

The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 2018

To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attr... more To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attractive to customers and be competitive with conventional banks, Islamic banks are extending their products by producing multi-varied contracts or known as "hybrid". Hybrid contracts are the merger of several pact of contract that make banking products multipart and flexible especially when involved housing financing. As a result of the bank's products using the Islamic brand, then it cannot avoid the syariah issues in the legality of the product whether it is permitted or otherwise. To achieve the goal, the study will analyzed scholars' arguments on the merger of contract using the Usul Fiqh methodology. The study will also identify hybrid products that were offered by Islamic housing financing in Malaysia and analyzing it from the Islamic perspective. This study use a qualitative method by referring to arguments in the fiqh and Usul Fiqh books as well as articles, statutes and related circulars pertaining to the issues. The study found that the legality of hybrid contracts depend on the form of the mergering either based on lawful obligations such as Ijarah Muntahiyah bi al-Tamlik, Ijarah Mausufah fi al-Dhimmah and Musyarakah Mutanaqisah, or the hybrid that based on prohibited tricks such as Tawarruq and Bay' Bithaman Ajil which is unlawful.

Journal of Hadith Studies, 2018

Al-Tirmidhī merupakan ulama salaf yang menulis karya ḥadīth yang amat berautoriti yang digelar se... more Al-Tirmidhī merupakan ulama salaf yang menulis karya ḥadīth yang amat berautoriti yang digelar sebagai al-Jāmi'. Ia merupakan antara karya hadīth yang paling berautoriti dan lengkap dalam senarai enam kitab-kitab ḥadīth (kutub al-sittah). Sebelum terdapatnya kitab tafsir al-Quran seperti kitab tafsir al-Tabari, umat Islam merujuk tafsir al-Quran kepada ḥadīth-ḥadīth yang mentafsirkan al-Quran dalam kitab-kitab ḥadīth seperti Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim dan Jami' al-Tirmidhi kerana ḥadīth merupakan pentafsir utama al-Quran. Walau bagaimanapun, para ulama ḥadīth berbeza metodologi dalam penulisan dan menghimpunkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth terutama melibatkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth yang mentafsirkan al-Quran seperti al-Tirmidhi memasukkan ḥadīth ḍa'īf di samping dinyatakan status ḥadīth dan alasan kedaifan tersebut. Di samping itu, masih belum terdapat kajian yang menyenaraikan mengenai metodologi penulisan al-Tirmidhi terhadap ḥadīth-ḥadīth dalam abwab al-tafsir dalam kitab al-jami' yang merupakan bab yang terbesar iaitu mengumpulkan sebanyak 420 bilangan ḥadīth. Justeru, kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji manhaj penulisan al-tirmidhi terhadap ḥadīth-ḥadīth abwāb al-tafsir dalam kitab al-Jāmi'. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan dua pendekatan iaitu metodologi pengumpulan data di mana pengkaji akan menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan. Manakala metodologi analisis data pula menggunakan kaedah deduktif dan induktif. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat 12 manhaj penulisan al-Tirmidhi melibatkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth dalam Abwāb al-Tafsīr.

Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 2018

Many academics emphasize free-riderism issues in academic writing. They give the various factors ... more Many academics emphasize free-riderism issues in academic writing. They give the various factors of the problem, among which are high KPI requirements and compete for promotion. This study is to identify non-ethical elements according to Islamic perspective in free-riderism among academicians and therefore to provide solution methods to prevent free-riderism practices. This study is qualitative in which data is collected through library research, i.e. by referring to authoritative newspapers, Islamic ethics books, constitutions and journals. The data were analyzed using document and content analysis. The findings show that there are three non-ethical elements in free-riderism practices that include treason (khiyanah), fraud and trick (hilah). The findings also show that there are ethical values of Islam to be applied in order to prevent free-riderism practices among academics that include intent (niyyah), wasatiyyah, trust (amanah) and courtesy (ihsan).

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation... more The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation among sellers or businesspersons who deliberately take advantage by charging an excessive profit rate. Consequently, it has increased burden to customers in term of purchasing power as well as has raised the price of goods. Based on the issue, this study aimed to investigate profit-taking rates from muamalat perspective. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which datas and informations were collected through literature studies and then scrutinized using content analysis. The findings of this study show that profit-taking standard rates are based on local customs, such as double of the capital. The study discovered that government can control the price of goods and rate of profitability taken by entrepreneurs in order to stabilize the price of goods in the market and avoid any kind of manipulation activities. The findings also show that profit-taking guide follows the half, double, or triple profit-taking rate based on facts of the additional costs incurred. Hence, if profit-taking activities is multiplied extra than the normal standard, it can lead to the implication of ad’afan muda’afah. The results of this study are also supported by concrete support methods, comprising maqasid al-syariah, wasatiyyah, and ihsan.

The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of fatwa uniformity based on the debate on al-f... more The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of fatwa uniformity based on the debate on al-fiqh methods. This study is based on the problem of the existence of fatwa disputes between mufti because it is supported by the fiqh method which means "ijtihad cannot cancel other ijtihad". This method shows that anyone who has the skills to issue a fatwa, has the right to issue a fatwa. Although now in every Muslim country there has been an official mufti organised by the fatwa institution. These fatwa differences can have negative implications from the perspective of fatwa governance management because there is no coordination and can bring confusion to civil society that cannot dissolve due to fatwa disputes among muftis. The methodology of this study is qualitative in which the data are collected through a library research method by studying the books of al-fiqh. The findings show that there is a fiqh method known as mura'ah al-khilaf which gives space to mufti to celebrate the other mufti's opinions although it is entitled to study with his ijtihad. This method can provide an opportunity for the official mufti to issue a fatwa and be followed and celebrated by qualified local scholars to issue a fatwa. It also avoids the release of some of the fatwa from the authoritative parties and others which may have the effect of the fatwa difference.

The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation... more The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation among sellers or businesspersons who deliberately take advantage by charging an excessive profit rate. Consequently, it has increased burden to customers in term of purchasing power as well as has raised the price of goods. Based on the issue, this study aimed to investigate profit-taking rates from muamalat perspective. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which datas and informations were collected through literature studies and then scrutinized using content analysis. The findings of this study show that profit-taking standard rates are based on local customs, such as double of the capital. The study discovered that government can control the price of goods and rate of profitability taken by entrepreneurs in order to stabilize the price of goods in the market and avoid any kind of manipulation activities. The findings also show that profit-taking guide follows the half, double, or triple profit-taking rate based on facts of the additional costs incurred. Hence, if profit-taking activities is multiplied extra than the normal standard, it can lead to the implication of ad’afan muda’afah. The results of this study are also supported by concrete support methods, comprising maqasid al-syariah, wasatiyyah, and ihsan.

The testimony of shahadat is a basic fundamental requirement which is a mandatory for the Muslims... more The testimony of shahadat is a basic fundamental requirement which is a mandatory for the Muslims. Thus, it is a requisite for the Muslims to clearly understand and appreciate the concept of shahadat in order to keep them away from falling into the pit of shirk. Previous studies have shown that the level of knowledge and appreciation on the concept of shahadat among the public is still at an unsatisfactory level. In fact, similar phenomenon appears to happen among the undergraduates. Hence, an assessment of the undergraduates’ precise level of knowledge on the concept of shahadat needs to be carried out in order to obtain empirical results. In this study, a total of 110 undergraduates had participated in answering the questionnaire regarding the concept of shahadat. Data obtained were then run through the SPSS Statistics for statistical analysis. The findings show that the respondents’ level of knowledge is generally low, although their level of interest on the knowledge of divinity is high. Hence, the researchers suggest that the authorities provide a module regarding the concept of shahadat as an effort in making the undergraduates understand the true concept of shahadat, so that their aqidah is preserved with plausible knowledge, instead of mere follow without genuine understanding of the requirement of the kalima shahadat.

To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attr... more To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attractive to customers and be competitive to conventional banks, Islamic banks are extending their products by producing multi-varied contracts or known as “hybrid”. Hybrid contracts are the merger of several pact of contract that make banking products multipart and flexible especially when involved housing financing. As a result of bank's products using the Islamic brand, then it cannot avoid the syariah issues in the legality of the product whether it is permitted or otherwise. It is argued that the product only imitating the conventional practice not in it really wisdom to enhance the welfare to publics. To achieve the goal, this study will analyzed scholars’ arguments on the merger of contract using the Usul Fiqh methodology. This study use a qualitative method by referring to arguments in the fiqh and Usul Fiqh books. The study found that there were two views on the merger of the contract, first who prohibit it and the other is who permitted with conditions and this is the accurate.

In Islam, having dreams of the Prophet Muhammad SAW are not impossible and that they are counted ... more In Islam, having dreams of the Prophet Muhammad SAW are not impossible and that they are counted as true dreams based on authentic hadiths. Nevertheless, it is a necessity to assess the right physique of the Prophet Muhammad SAW in the dream setting. Thus, the objectives of this study are to assess the informants' knowledge of related hadiths on dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and to assess the authenticity of the informants' dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. A qualitative content analysis approach was utilized in this study, whereby informants were interviewed and the data was then transcribed for analysis. A total of four informants were obtained through a snowball sampling technique. The study discovers that the four informants' dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW is true as the description of their dream is in parallel with related hadiths.

The dynamism of muamalat affairs and Islamic finance has undergone rapid development, and that it... more The dynamism of muamalat affairs and Islamic finance has undergone rapid development, and that it becomes increasingly complex. The Islamic scholars recognize this development as in line with the changing times, in which, the objective of shariah is for the benefit of the human beings. Nevertheless, the nas of the Islamic law is limited while the developments is in advance, which very need the role of ijtihad to play its function in dealing with the situation. Notwithstanding the facts, ijtihad must be carried out on consistent methodology, so that the shariah resolutions are competitive and trustworthy. Unfortunately, problems occur when the Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) of the Central Bank, the highest governing body established by the law and has the authority in decision-making regarding Islamic finance in Malaysia, does not submit clear rules and procedures in the issuance of shariah resolutions. This has resulted the decision being challenged in court. Hence, this study is aimed at drawing up a specialized istinbat methodology in muamalat affairs and Islamic finance. This study has been done qualitatively by referring to manuscripts of usul al-fiqh, muamalat, Islamic finance, and statutes. In the findings, the study discovers that there were products approved by the SAC which have been alleged as non-compliant to shariah. This happened because there is no strong legal framework outlined. Therefore, the study attempts to outline a model of istinbat methodology in Islamic banking issues which meets the shariah that can be used as a guideline by the SAC in issuing a resolution.

Wakaf adalah merupakan sebahagian antara bidang dalam perundangan Islam yang berkaitan dengan hal... more Wakaf adalah merupakan sebahagian antara bidang dalam perundangan Islam yang berkaitan dengan hal ehwal ekonomi umat Islam. Pensyariatan wakaf adalah berasal daripada hadith Ibnu Umar di mana Rasulullah SAW memerintahkan supaya ditahan asal harta dan disedekahkan hasilnya. Hadith ini menghasilkan dua elemen dalam harta wakaf iaitu harta yang kekal dan manfaat yang boleh dinikmati daripadanya. Berasaskan hadith ini, perkembangan fekah mengenai wakaf telah berkembang dengan pesat yang bukan sahaja melibatkan harta tak alih tetapi kini meluas sehingga melibatkan harta alih. Antara isu yang biasa dibincangkan berkaitan dengan fekah dan fatwa wakaf ialah keharusan istibdal harta wakaf, wakaf dengan harta alih, wakaf dengan wang tunai dan wakaf yang dilakukan untuk sementara waktu (mu’aqqat) seperti yang melibatkan hartanah lease-hold. Bertitik tolak daripada perbahasan-perbahasan ini, terdapat pelbagai pandangan di kalangan mufti mengenai isu-isu wakaf sehingga menimbulkan pelbagai pandangan untuk digubal dalam undang-undang mengenai harta wakaf. Ini kerana dalam pentadbiran dan pengurusan, hanya satu pandangan yang dipilih untuk dimasukkan sebagai pandangan yang diterimapakai untukpelaksanaan bagi memastikan pentadbiran undang-undang dilaksanakan dengan teratur dan konsisten. Berasaskan kepelbagaian pandangan ini, kajian akan dilakukan dalam situasi di Malaysia bagi menyelidik kedudukan perbezaan pandangan fuqaha’ dalam hal ehwal wakaf, penyeragaman pandangan dan fatwa, serta pelaksanaannya di Malaysia. Penyelidikan ini akan dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan merujuk kepada perbahasan kitab-kitab fekah, peruntukan undang-undang dan pekeliling yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang pentadbiran harta wakaf. Oleh itu, penyelidik akan menyelidik isu-isu yang menyebabkan berlakunya perbezaan pandangan tersebut dan kaedah untuk mengharmonikan fatwa wakaf ini dengan mengenal pasti pendapat yang paling kuat dari sudut dalil dan maslahah (rajih). Ini bagi memastikan pandangan yang dipilih untuk fatwa dan penggubalan undang-undang menjadi kuat dan kukuh, seragam antara semua negeri dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak.
Kata kunci: wakaf, khilaf, fatwa, penyeragaman, undang-undang.

Abstrak Fatwa adalah biasanya dikaitkan dengan keputusan rasmi berkenaan sesuatu hukum syarak yan... more Abstrak Fatwa adalah biasanya dikaitkan dengan keputusan rasmi berkenaan sesuatu hukum syarak yang dikeluarkan oleh sesuatu jawatankuasa agama yang berasaskan wilayah atau negara yang mempunyai bidangkuasa undang-undang. Oleh kerana itu, sesuatu fatwa khususnya yang diwartakan mempunyai kuasa perundangan yang boleh dikuatkuasakan ke atas orang awam di wilayah terbabit. Bagaimanapun perbezaan wilayah dan bidangkuasa agama menyebabkan berlakunya ketidakseragaman fatwa khususnya dalam menanggapi persoalan yang mendapat perselisihan fuqaha' (khilafiyyah). Keadaan ini amat terserlah di Malaysia di mana terdapat 14 Jabatan Mufti Negeri yang berbeza-beza yang mewakili negeri masing-masing. Sebahagian fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh negeri-negeri ini didapati tidak selari antara satu sama lain dan keadaan ini menimbulkan konflik terutamanya dalam pentadbiran undang-undang. Walaupun setiap negeri mempunyai Enakmen Hal Ehwal Pentadbiran Agama Islam yang hampir seragam, mempunyai peruntukan rujukan hukum syarak (qawl muktamad) yang sama dan pemantauan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan dalam sesuatu isu fatwa nasional, namun sebahagian fatwa tersebut masih lagi mendapat perselisihan keputusan. Keadaan ini mewujudan situasi hukum yang tidak adil, tiada keselarasan dalam melakukan ijtihad, yang menafikan maksud kesaksamaan dalam keputusan hukum syarak dalam negara ini. Justeru berdasarkan hal ini, kajian dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti punca ketidakselarasan fatwa ini, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan langkah serta cadangan untuk mengatasinya. Metodologi kajian ini bersifat kualitatif di mana data-data dikumpulkan melalui kajian kepustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Kajian lapangan dilakukan secara metod temubual dengan para mufti, pegawai istinbat dan ahli akademik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Kerajaan Persekutuan melalui Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) telah melakukan beberapa inisiatif untuk mengatasi hal ini namun sikap sesetengah ahli jawatankuasa fatwa negeri yang ketat (rigid) kepada Mazhab Syafi'i dan penguasaan ilmu dalam menerima perbezaan pandangan (mura'ah al-khilaf) mengekang kepada capaian matlamat ini. Ini kerana Majlis Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan (MJFK) telah dipersetujui sebagai medium penyatuan fatwa antara negeri-negeri di negara ini dan sepatutnya diutamakan keputusan hukum di peringkat ini supaya fatwa negeri dapat mengikuti dengan sepenuhnya.
Kata kunci: Fatwa, perbezaan (khilaf), Mufti, kaedah istinbat, Mazhab Syafi'i.

Imam al-Syatibi is a great figure in Islamic law knowledge. He wrote a lot on the understanding m... more Imam al-Syatibi is a great figure in Islamic law knowledge. He wrote a lot on the understanding method of Islamic legal resources to create unity of views and ijtihad. Among them is by linking the Usul Method with Maqasid syariah (syarak objective). Al-Syatibi also outlines the understanding of the method of amar and nahi, mafhum mukhalafah and unification between two opposing arguments to produce uniformity of legal views. Among the reasons for this effort is because the differences between ijtihad among mujtahid may bring a conflict to the community and governance of law and fatwa. Even though the difference in opinion can lead to goodness and grace, it has recently been the opposite. The attitude of some extremists to their follow-up figures will cause fights and partly confuses other members of society. Hence, the study of the al-Syatibi methodology is conducted to look at his efforts in standardising the usul method. This research is done qualitatively by referring to the debates of the usul fiqh books. The study found that among the main elements of al-Syatibi in the standardisation of the usul method was to use maqasid al-Syariah. The study suggests that the theory brought by al-Syatibi will rise to the ranks of official fatwa bodies, especially in Malaysia with 14 official fatwa departments, in order that the fatwa or legal decisions issues will uniforms.

The Shari'ah has guided the Muslims to the protection method of exterior disturbance or inner dis... more The Shari'ah has guided the Muslims to the protection method of exterior disturbance or inner disturbance through the concept of Syariatullah and Sunnatullah, where the Syariatullah is more aimed at inner protection as shown by the Quran and al-Hadith. While Sunnatullah is more focused on the exterior protection because Islam celebrates the cause that makes a reasonable and realistic with rationale. However, the problem occurs when some of the Muslim societies do not understand these concepts well, especially those involving 'home fence' issues until it causes to the rituals that violate the principles of Shari'ah. Hence, this study is to design the concept of home fence according to the Qur'an and al-Sunah for their guide. From the methodology of the study, this research is conducted qualitatively by referring to the debates of related fiqh books. The findings of the study were to formulate a concept of 'house fence' according to the Qur'an and al-Sunnah. Studies suggest that the concept of home fence based on Islam is a short risala to be disseminated to all Muslim societies through Islamic religious departments.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2019

Home is a need since ancient times hitherto. Nowadays, to acquire a home requires high capital un... more Home is a need since ancient times hitherto. Nowadays, to acquire a home requires high capital until one needs to get funding from other party either from individual or institutional. As a result, financial institutions were established and involved in assisting buyers. In the context of Malaysia, the facility led to an establishment of a housing financing contract between bank and buyers since before the Independence Day. For Muslims, the contract was formulated to be Shariah compliance within conventional framework. Hence, this study aims to examine the development of Islamic housing financing contracts since before the independence hitherto. This study using a qualitative method in which the researchers have applied a library research method to obtain secondary data through books, journals and official websites. The study found that housing financing contracts have undergone a phase of change from a simple to a complex contract form by combining multiple contracts. The study also found that the financing contracts have undergone a transformation phase of Islamic-based products that are based on sale and purchase to Islamic based partnership products which were more in line with Shariah requirements. Housing financing products are also change to a better direction as Islamic banks as well as Shariah advisors always responded to any critics to improve their products.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2019

Free-riba Islamic muamalat transactions have been practiced in Malaysia since the 7th century in ... more Free-riba Islamic muamalat transactions have been practiced in Malaysia since the 7th century in line with the advent of Islam. Officially, it was enforced in the law of Malacca in the 16th century. Among the Islamic muamalat transactions that were practiced is bay' al-wafa' or known as conditional sale. After Malaysia was colonized, the conventional banking system was established until it became the mainstream system. The success of Islamic banking in other Islamic countries and the Lembaga Urusan Tabung Haji (LUTH) has led the Muslim community to demand Islamic banking in Malaysia. However, the establishment of Islamic banking in Malaysia was not as comfortable as it was necessary to compete with long-established conventional banks. Hence, this paper is to study the history and establishment of Islamic banking in Malaysia. This study uses a qualitative method where the data are derived from literature studies, i.e. referring to secondary sources such as books and journals. The data collected were analyzed using document and content analysis methods based on the objective. The study found that the success of the establishment of LUTH and Islamic banks in the Middle East has resulted in the Malaysian community demanding to set up Islamic banking in Malaysia and the government welcomed it. The findings also found that the success of Islamic banking in Malaysia was the result of the government's initiative in introducing Islamic banking schemes (IBS) or known as (SKIM PERBANKAN ISLAM SPI) to becoming the mainstream schemes in Malaysia despite having to compete with long-established conventional banks. The study found that the development of Islamic banking was drastically due to the inherent privilege of the Islamic banking scheme, where there was an element of profit sharing and loss in every banking transaction between the bank and the customer, which was different from conventional banking scheme.

International Journal Academic Research Business and Social Sciences, 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors of development of Islam according to the sect... more The purpose of this study is to examine the factors of development of Islam according to the sect of al-Shafi'i in the Malay Archipelago during the post-Islam arrival. This study uses a qualitative method where the data are derived from literature studies i.e. referring to secondary sources such as books and journals. The data collected were analyzed using document and content analysis methods based on the objectives. The study found that the biggest factor in Islamization in the Malay Archipelago was because the royal family was entering into Islam, so it was also followed by subordinates because they were very loyal to the government. The study also found that many Arab preachers (da’i) who came to the Malay Archipelago were al-Shafi'i sect until it became a very strong factor in the spreading of the al-Shafi'i sect in the Malay Archipelago to produce many local al-Shafi'I sect scholars. Then the local scholars were appointed mufti and government advisors, the factor that led the sect of al-Shafi'i as an official sect in force over Muslims in the Malay Archipelago.

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

This study is to identify non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam product as an identical bay’ ... more This study is to identify non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam product as an identical bay’ al-inah and therefore to provide alternative methods in executing the deal. This study is qualitative in which data is collected through library research and interview method. The method of library research is to refer to the reference material derived from muamalat books, related bank circulars and journals. While the interview method is to interview the MBSB bank Shariah executive officer in an unstructured way. The findings show that there are four non-ethical elements in tawarruq munazzam contracts that include tyranny (zulm), treachery (ghubn), not trying to make sure sharia compliance in the product as well as the existence of illegal elements (hilah), ambiguity and obscurity (gharar). The findings also show that there is a temporary alternative method for tawarruq munazzam contracts to be applied.

The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 2018

To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attr... more To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attractive to customers and be competitive with conventional banks, Islamic banks are extending their products by producing multi-varied contracts or known as "hybrid". Hybrid contracts are the merger of several pact of contract that make banking products multipart and flexible especially when involved housing financing. As a result of the bank's products using the Islamic brand, then it cannot avoid the syariah issues in the legality of the product whether it is permitted or otherwise. To achieve the goal, the study will analyzed scholars' arguments on the merger of contract using the Usul Fiqh methodology. The study will also identify hybrid products that were offered by Islamic housing financing in Malaysia and analyzing it from the Islamic perspective. This study use a qualitative method by referring to arguments in the fiqh and Usul Fiqh books as well as articles, statutes and related circulars pertaining to the issues. The study found that the legality of hybrid contracts depend on the form of the mergering either based on lawful obligations such as Ijarah Muntahiyah bi al-Tamlik, Ijarah Mausufah fi al-Dhimmah and Musyarakah Mutanaqisah, or the hybrid that based on prohibited tricks such as Tawarruq and Bay' Bithaman Ajil which is unlawful.

Journal of Hadith Studies, 2018

Al-Tirmidhī merupakan ulama salaf yang menulis karya ḥadīth yang amat berautoriti yang digelar se... more Al-Tirmidhī merupakan ulama salaf yang menulis karya ḥadīth yang amat berautoriti yang digelar sebagai al-Jāmi'. Ia merupakan antara karya hadīth yang paling berautoriti dan lengkap dalam senarai enam kitab-kitab ḥadīth (kutub al-sittah). Sebelum terdapatnya kitab tafsir al-Quran seperti kitab tafsir al-Tabari, umat Islam merujuk tafsir al-Quran kepada ḥadīth-ḥadīth yang mentafsirkan al-Quran dalam kitab-kitab ḥadīth seperti Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim dan Jami' al-Tirmidhi kerana ḥadīth merupakan pentafsir utama al-Quran. Walau bagaimanapun, para ulama ḥadīth berbeza metodologi dalam penulisan dan menghimpunkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth terutama melibatkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth yang mentafsirkan al-Quran seperti al-Tirmidhi memasukkan ḥadīth ḍa'īf di samping dinyatakan status ḥadīth dan alasan kedaifan tersebut. Di samping itu, masih belum terdapat kajian yang menyenaraikan mengenai metodologi penulisan al-Tirmidhi terhadap ḥadīth-ḥadīth dalam abwab al-tafsir dalam kitab al-jami' yang merupakan bab yang terbesar iaitu mengumpulkan sebanyak 420 bilangan ḥadīth. Justeru, kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji manhaj penulisan al-tirmidhi terhadap ḥadīth-ḥadīth abwāb al-tafsir dalam kitab al-Jāmi'. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan dua pendekatan iaitu metodologi pengumpulan data di mana pengkaji akan menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan. Manakala metodologi analisis data pula menggunakan kaedah deduktif dan induktif. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat 12 manhaj penulisan al-Tirmidhi melibatkan ḥadīth-ḥadīth dalam Abwāb al-Tafsīr.

Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 2018

Many academics emphasize free-riderism issues in academic writing. They give the various factors ... more Many academics emphasize free-riderism issues in academic writing. They give the various factors of the problem, among which are high KPI requirements and compete for promotion. This study is to identify non-ethical elements according to Islamic perspective in free-riderism among academicians and therefore to provide solution methods to prevent free-riderism practices. This study is qualitative in which data is collected through library research, i.e. by referring to authoritative newspapers, Islamic ethics books, constitutions and journals. The data were analyzed using document and content analysis. The findings show that there are three non-ethical elements in free-riderism practices that include treason (khiyanah), fraud and trick (hilah). The findings also show that there are ethical values of Islam to be applied in order to prevent free-riderism practices among academics that include intent (niyyah), wasatiyyah, trust (amanah) and courtesy (ihsan).

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018

The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation... more The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation among sellers or businesspersons who deliberately take advantage by charging an excessive profit rate. Consequently, it has increased burden to customers in term of purchasing power as well as has raised the price of goods. Based on the issue, this study aimed to investigate profit-taking rates from muamalat perspective. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which datas and informations were collected through literature studies and then scrutinized using content analysis. The findings of this study show that profit-taking standard rates are based on local customs, such as double of the capital. The study discovered that government can control the price of goods and rate of profitability taken by entrepreneurs in order to stabilize the price of goods in the market and avoid any kind of manipulation activities. The findings also show that profit-taking guide follows the half, double, or triple profit-taking rate based on facts of the additional costs incurred. Hence, if profit-taking activities is multiplied extra than the normal standard, it can lead to the implication of ad’afan muda’afah. The results of this study are also supported by concrete support methods, comprising maqasid al-syariah, wasatiyyah, and ihsan.

The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of fatwa uniformity based on the debate on al-f... more The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of fatwa uniformity based on the debate on al-fiqh methods. This study is based on the problem of the existence of fatwa disputes between mufti because it is supported by the fiqh method which means "ijtihad cannot cancel other ijtihad". This method shows that anyone who has the skills to issue a fatwa, has the right to issue a fatwa. Although now in every Muslim country there has been an official mufti organised by the fatwa institution. These fatwa differences can have negative implications from the perspective of fatwa governance management because there is no coordination and can bring confusion to civil society that cannot dissolve due to fatwa disputes among muftis. The methodology of this study is qualitative in which the data are collected through a library research method by studying the books of al-fiqh. The findings show that there is a fiqh method known as mura'ah al-khilaf which gives space to mufti to celebrate the other mufti's opinions although it is entitled to study with his ijtihad. This method can provide an opportunity for the official mufti to issue a fatwa and be followed and celebrated by qualified local scholars to issue a fatwa. It also avoids the release of some of the fatwa from the authoritative parties and others which may have the effect of the fatwa difference.

The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation... more The absence of profit-taking rate guideline in Islam has caused misunderstanding and manipulation among sellers or businesspersons who deliberately take advantage by charging an excessive profit rate. Consequently, it has increased burden to customers in term of purchasing power as well as has raised the price of goods. Based on the issue, this study aimed to investigate profit-taking rates from muamalat perspective. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which datas and informations were collected through literature studies and then scrutinized using content analysis. The findings of this study show that profit-taking standard rates are based on local customs, such as double of the capital. The study discovered that government can control the price of goods and rate of profitability taken by entrepreneurs in order to stabilize the price of goods in the market and avoid any kind of manipulation activities. The findings also show that profit-taking guide follows the half, double, or triple profit-taking rate based on facts of the additional costs incurred. Hence, if profit-taking activities is multiplied extra than the normal standard, it can lead to the implication of ad’afan muda’afah. The results of this study are also supported by concrete support methods, comprising maqasid al-syariah, wasatiyyah, and ihsan.

The testimony of shahadat is a basic fundamental requirement which is a mandatory for the Muslims... more The testimony of shahadat is a basic fundamental requirement which is a mandatory for the Muslims. Thus, it is a requisite for the Muslims to clearly understand and appreciate the concept of shahadat in order to keep them away from falling into the pit of shirk. Previous studies have shown that the level of knowledge and appreciation on the concept of shahadat among the public is still at an unsatisfactory level. In fact, similar phenomenon appears to happen among the undergraduates. Hence, an assessment of the undergraduates’ precise level of knowledge on the concept of shahadat needs to be carried out in order to obtain empirical results. In this study, a total of 110 undergraduates had participated in answering the questionnaire regarding the concept of shahadat. Data obtained were then run through the SPSS Statistics for statistical analysis. The findings show that the respondents’ level of knowledge is generally low, although their level of interest on the knowledge of divinity is high. Hence, the researchers suggest that the authorities provide a module regarding the concept of shahadat as an effort in making the undergraduates understand the true concept of shahadat, so that their aqidah is preserved with plausible knowledge, instead of mere follow without genuine understanding of the requirement of the kalima shahadat.

To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attr... more To gain a strong position in the banking industry, by meeting a sharia-compliance as well as attractive to customers and be competitive to conventional banks, Islamic banks are extending their products by producing multi-varied contracts or known as “hybrid”. Hybrid contracts are the merger of several pact of contract that make banking products multipart and flexible especially when involved housing financing. As a result of bank's products using the Islamic brand, then it cannot avoid the syariah issues in the legality of the product whether it is permitted or otherwise. It is argued that the product only imitating the conventional practice not in it really wisdom to enhance the welfare to publics. To achieve the goal, this study will analyzed scholars’ arguments on the merger of contract using the Usul Fiqh methodology. This study use a qualitative method by referring to arguments in the fiqh and Usul Fiqh books. The study found that there were two views on the merger of the contract, first who prohibit it and the other is who permitted with conditions and this is the accurate.

In Islam, having dreams of the Prophet Muhammad SAW are not impossible and that they are counted ... more In Islam, having dreams of the Prophet Muhammad SAW are not impossible and that they are counted as true dreams based on authentic hadiths. Nevertheless, it is a necessity to assess the right physique of the Prophet Muhammad SAW in the dream setting. Thus, the objectives of this study are to assess the informants' knowledge of related hadiths on dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and to assess the authenticity of the informants' dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. A qualitative content analysis approach was utilized in this study, whereby informants were interviewed and the data was then transcribed for analysis. A total of four informants were obtained through a snowball sampling technique. The study discovers that the four informants' dream of the Prophet Muhammad SAW is true as the description of their dream is in parallel with related hadiths.

The dynamism of muamalat affairs and Islamic finance has undergone rapid development, and that it... more The dynamism of muamalat affairs and Islamic finance has undergone rapid development, and that it becomes increasingly complex. The Islamic scholars recognize this development as in line with the changing times, in which, the objective of shariah is for the benefit of the human beings. Nevertheless, the nas of the Islamic law is limited while the developments is in advance, which very need the role of ijtihad to play its function in dealing with the situation. Notwithstanding the facts, ijtihad must be carried out on consistent methodology, so that the shariah resolutions are competitive and trustworthy. Unfortunately, problems occur when the Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) of the Central Bank, the highest governing body established by the law and has the authority in decision-making regarding Islamic finance in Malaysia, does not submit clear rules and procedures in the issuance of shariah resolutions. This has resulted the decision being challenged in court. Hence, this study is aimed at drawing up a specialized istinbat methodology in muamalat affairs and Islamic finance. This study has been done qualitatively by referring to manuscripts of usul al-fiqh, muamalat, Islamic finance, and statutes. In the findings, the study discovers that there were products approved by the SAC which have been alleged as non-compliant to shariah. This happened because there is no strong legal framework outlined. Therefore, the study attempts to outline a model of istinbat methodology in Islamic banking issues which meets the shariah that can be used as a guideline by the SAC in issuing a resolution.

Wakaf adalah merupakan sebahagian antara bidang dalam perundangan Islam yang berkaitan dengan hal... more Wakaf adalah merupakan sebahagian antara bidang dalam perundangan Islam yang berkaitan dengan hal ehwal ekonomi umat Islam. Pensyariatan wakaf adalah berasal daripada hadith Ibnu Umar di mana Rasulullah SAW memerintahkan supaya ditahan asal harta dan disedekahkan hasilnya. Hadith ini menghasilkan dua elemen dalam harta wakaf iaitu harta yang kekal dan manfaat yang boleh dinikmati daripadanya. Berasaskan hadith ini, perkembangan fekah mengenai wakaf telah berkembang dengan pesat yang bukan sahaja melibatkan harta tak alih tetapi kini meluas sehingga melibatkan harta alih. Antara isu yang biasa dibincangkan berkaitan dengan fekah dan fatwa wakaf ialah keharusan istibdal harta wakaf, wakaf dengan harta alih, wakaf dengan wang tunai dan wakaf yang dilakukan untuk sementara waktu (mu’aqqat) seperti yang melibatkan hartanah lease-hold. Bertitik tolak daripada perbahasan-perbahasan ini, terdapat pelbagai pandangan di kalangan mufti mengenai isu-isu wakaf sehingga menimbulkan pelbagai pandangan untuk digubal dalam undang-undang mengenai harta wakaf. Ini kerana dalam pentadbiran dan pengurusan, hanya satu pandangan yang dipilih untuk dimasukkan sebagai pandangan yang diterimapakai untukpelaksanaan bagi memastikan pentadbiran undang-undang dilaksanakan dengan teratur dan konsisten. Berasaskan kepelbagaian pandangan ini, kajian akan dilakukan dalam situasi di Malaysia bagi menyelidik kedudukan perbezaan pandangan fuqaha’ dalam hal ehwal wakaf, penyeragaman pandangan dan fatwa, serta pelaksanaannya di Malaysia. Penyelidikan ini akan dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan merujuk kepada perbahasan kitab-kitab fekah, peruntukan undang-undang dan pekeliling yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang pentadbiran harta wakaf. Oleh itu, penyelidik akan menyelidik isu-isu yang menyebabkan berlakunya perbezaan pandangan tersebut dan kaedah untuk mengharmonikan fatwa wakaf ini dengan mengenal pasti pendapat yang paling kuat dari sudut dalil dan maslahah (rajih). Ini bagi memastikan pandangan yang dipilih untuk fatwa dan penggubalan undang-undang menjadi kuat dan kukuh, seragam antara semua negeri dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak.
Kata kunci: wakaf, khilaf, fatwa, penyeragaman, undang-undang.

Abstrak Fatwa adalah biasanya dikaitkan dengan keputusan rasmi berkenaan sesuatu hukum syarak yan... more Abstrak Fatwa adalah biasanya dikaitkan dengan keputusan rasmi berkenaan sesuatu hukum syarak yang dikeluarkan oleh sesuatu jawatankuasa agama yang berasaskan wilayah atau negara yang mempunyai bidangkuasa undang-undang. Oleh kerana itu, sesuatu fatwa khususnya yang diwartakan mempunyai kuasa perundangan yang boleh dikuatkuasakan ke atas orang awam di wilayah terbabit. Bagaimanapun perbezaan wilayah dan bidangkuasa agama menyebabkan berlakunya ketidakseragaman fatwa khususnya dalam menanggapi persoalan yang mendapat perselisihan fuqaha' (khilafiyyah). Keadaan ini amat terserlah di Malaysia di mana terdapat 14 Jabatan Mufti Negeri yang berbeza-beza yang mewakili negeri masing-masing. Sebahagian fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh negeri-negeri ini didapati tidak selari antara satu sama lain dan keadaan ini menimbulkan konflik terutamanya dalam pentadbiran undang-undang. Walaupun setiap negeri mempunyai Enakmen Hal Ehwal Pentadbiran Agama Islam yang hampir seragam, mempunyai peruntukan rujukan hukum syarak (qawl muktamad) yang sama dan pemantauan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan dalam sesuatu isu fatwa nasional, namun sebahagian fatwa tersebut masih lagi mendapat perselisihan keputusan. Keadaan ini mewujudan situasi hukum yang tidak adil, tiada keselarasan dalam melakukan ijtihad, yang menafikan maksud kesaksamaan dalam keputusan hukum syarak dalam negara ini. Justeru berdasarkan hal ini, kajian dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti punca ketidakselarasan fatwa ini, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan langkah serta cadangan untuk mengatasinya. Metodologi kajian ini bersifat kualitatif di mana data-data dikumpulkan melalui kajian kepustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Kajian lapangan dilakukan secara metod temubual dengan para mufti, pegawai istinbat dan ahli akademik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Kerajaan Persekutuan melalui Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) telah melakukan beberapa inisiatif untuk mengatasi hal ini namun sikap sesetengah ahli jawatankuasa fatwa negeri yang ketat (rigid) kepada Mazhab Syafi'i dan penguasaan ilmu dalam menerima perbezaan pandangan (mura'ah al-khilaf) mengekang kepada capaian matlamat ini. Ini kerana Majlis Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan (MJFK) telah dipersetujui sebagai medium penyatuan fatwa antara negeri-negeri di negara ini dan sepatutnya diutamakan keputusan hukum di peringkat ini supaya fatwa negeri dapat mengikuti dengan sepenuhnya.
Kata kunci: Fatwa, perbezaan (khilaf), Mufti, kaedah istinbat, Mazhab Syafi'i.

Imam al-Syatibi is a great figure in Islamic law knowledge. He wrote a lot on the understanding m... more Imam al-Syatibi is a great figure in Islamic law knowledge. He wrote a lot on the understanding method of Islamic legal resources to create unity of views and ijtihad. Among them is by linking the Usul Method with Maqasid syariah (syarak objective). Al-Syatibi also outlines the understanding of the method of amar and nahi, mafhum mukhalafah and unification between two opposing arguments to produce uniformity of legal views. Among the reasons for this effort is because the differences between ijtihad among mujtahid may bring a conflict to the community and governance of law and fatwa. Even though the difference in opinion can lead to goodness and grace, it has recently been the opposite. The attitude of some extremists to their follow-up figures will cause fights and partly confuses other members of society. Hence, the study of the al-Syatibi methodology is conducted to look at his efforts in standardising the usul method. This research is done qualitatively by referring to the debates of the usul fiqh books. The study found that among the main elements of al-Syatibi in the standardisation of the usul method was to use maqasid al-Syariah. The study suggests that the theory brought by al-Syatibi will rise to the ranks of official fatwa bodies, especially in Malaysia with 14 official fatwa departments, in order that the fatwa or legal decisions issues will uniforms.

The Shari'ah has guided the Muslims to the protection method of exterior disturbance or inner dis... more The Shari'ah has guided the Muslims to the protection method of exterior disturbance or inner disturbance through the concept of Syariatullah and Sunnatullah, where the Syariatullah is more aimed at inner protection as shown by the Quran and al-Hadith. While Sunnatullah is more focused on the exterior protection because Islam celebrates the cause that makes a reasonable and realistic with rationale. However, the problem occurs when some of the Muslim societies do not understand these concepts well, especially those involving 'home fence' issues until it causes to the rituals that violate the principles of Shari'ah. Hence, this study is to design the concept of home fence according to the Qur'an and al-Sunah for their guide. From the methodology of the study, this research is conducted qualitatively by referring to the debates of related fiqh books. The findings of the study were to formulate a concept of 'house fence' according to the Qur'an and al-Sunnah. Studies suggest that the concept of home fence based on Islam is a short risala to be disseminated to all Muslim societies through Islamic religious departments.

Kajian ini berkenaan penyeragaman fatwa dalam aspek pindah milik harta di Malaysia. Kajian ini di... more Kajian ini berkenaan penyeragaman fatwa dalam aspek pindah milik harta di Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan kerana terdapat ketidak selarasan dalam rujukan mazhab fiqh dalam istinbat hukum atau fatwa serta kaedah yang ada terlalu umum. Ini menyebabkan berlaku perbezaan fatwa antara sebahagian negeri-negeri di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hal ini dengan memfokus kepada sejarah fatwa, kaedah meraikan perbezaan pandangan (mura’ah al-khilaf), penggubalan fatwa, perbezaan fiqh di Malaysia dan pendekatan penyeragamannya. Skop yang ditumpukan ialah dalam bidang pindah milik harta yang merangkumi hibah, wakaf, wasiat, harta pusaka dan harta sepencarian. Metodologi kajian ini bersifat kualitatif iaitu metod pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah secara kajian kepustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Kajian lapangan dilakukan secara metod temu bual dengan para mufti dan pegawai istinbat. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa dalil-dalil Usul al-Fiqh dan kaedah meraikan perbezaan pandangan (mura’ah al-khilaf) adalah metod istinbat hukum yang utama. Selain itu, terdapat perbezaan keputusan fatwa di antara jabatan mufti di negeri-negeri dan juga di antara jabatan mufti negeri dan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan. Pelaksanaan qawl rajih oleh jabatan-jabatan mufti boleh menatijahkan penyeragaman fatwa melalui pandangan yang rajih dan menepati maslahah. Kaedah meraikan perbezaan pandangan (mura’ah al-khilaf) terdapat dalam peruntukan qawl mu’tamad sekiranya ia ditelusuri secara keseluruhan. Di samping itu, kajian juga mendapati bahawa penyatuan pandangan fiqh untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kod undang-undang adalah tidak bersalahan dengan syarak serta memastikan pentadbiran undang-undang dilaksanakan dengan teratur dan konsisten.