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Research paper thumbnail of Vendor managed inventory performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies

Research paper thumbnail of Industrial Revolution 4.0 Readiness: A SMEs Perspective on Internet of Things (IOT)

Research paper thumbnail of The impact of information and communication technology on VMI performance

Research paper thumbnail of A Case Study of Inventory Analysis in a Healthcare Product Manufacturing Company

International Journal of Supply Chain Management, Jun 27, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of organizational culture toward 5S’s practices: A case of Universiti Utara Malaysia

This research aimed to identify the influence of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The ... more This research aimed to identify the influence of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The four organizational cultures are involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission as independent variables, while the 5s practices is a dependent variable. This study aimed to identify the relationship between organizational culture towards 5s practices in. This study chosen 59 respondents as a sample size based from on the population of STML staff. The questionnaire will give to 59 respondents in STML. The method that is used is quantitative and question is based on five scales Likert such as 1 (strongly disagreed) to 5 (strongly agreed). The finding shows that culture of involvement to be significant elements of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The organizational culture towards 5s practices did play an effective role in influencing the organizational performance in department productivity

Research paper thumbnail of Kajian terhadap kepentingan kompenen teknologi (Technoware) di kalangan PKS bumiputera di Negeri Kedah menggunakan pendekatan Proses Analisis Hierarki (AHP)

This study is discussing about the usage and ownership of technology by SMEs.Technoware is one of... more This study is discussing about the usage and ownership of technology by SMEs.Technoware is one of the four components of technology that has been highlighted by the researchers.The other components are Humanware, Infoware and Orgaware.Technoware has its elements of its own.A total of 51 Bumiputera SMEs in manufacturing industry in the state of Kedah were selected to be the respondent and the data they obtained through directory PKNK, FMM and SME Corp Malaysia.Data analysis was made using the approach Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results show Technoware contributes and be a greater emphasis on SMEs

Research paper thumbnail of Customers’ purchase intention towards online cosmetic products among STML undergraduate students in UUM

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of TQM elements towards organizational performance: A case of Universiti Utara Malaysia

Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of International Review of Management and Marketing Critical Success Factors to Implementing Building Information Modeling in Malaysia Construction Industry

Building information modeling (BIM) known as the features existing the earliest concept to demoli... more Building information modeling (BIM) known as the features existing the earliest concept to demolition and it involves creating and using an intelligent three-dimensional model to inform and communicate to make a decision on the project. The potential of BIM will be improve overall in the construction performance in term of cost effectiveness, increase quality of project and reduce time to develop the project. Besides that, the advantages of BIM in constructions industrialized is far beneficial to the majority of stakeholders to implementing BIM in the projects. The limited take up is also associated with readiness issues, lack of previous experience in BIM, lack of knowledge about BIM and lack of market demand BIM. Thus, the paper reviews literatures to identify the critical success factors for construction projects in implementing BIM.

Research paper thumbnail of Ipr: A Case of One Small and Medium Enterprise (Sme) in Northern Malaysia

The purpose of this article was to highlight the importance of implementation of Intellectual Pro... more The purpose of this article was to highlight the importance of implementation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in one of the Small and Medium enterprises (SMEs) in Northern part of Malaysia. The main objective of this article was to examine the extent of implementation of IPR of Al Ridhwee Holdings (M) Sdn. Bhd (AHSB). The second objective was to analyse the “strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats” of AHSB by implementing IPR. Interview method was used to gather the data to be studied. Key personnel of the company had been chosen to be interviewed. Observations also was done in order to look how the process of implementing the use of IPR in the company to protect their products and services. It was found out that the implementation of IPR in AHSB was in the very early stage. SWOT analysis has been able to detect the issues and challenges that would be meaningful for the future improvement of this company. Therefore, data obtain from SWOT analysis would be able to provi...

Research paper thumbnail of Suatu penilaian tahap kesediaan transformasi di sebuah agensi kerajaan

Pelan strategik sektor awam telah mengariskan lima teras utama iaitu mendaya upaya bakat, merekay... more Pelan strategik sektor awam telah mengariskan lima teras utama iaitu mendaya upaya bakat, merekayasa organisasi, merakyatkan penyampaian perkhidmatan, merangkum dan sepunya, dan membudaya nilai sebagai teras transformasi perkhidmatan awam. Walaupun pelbagai inisiatif penambahbaikan telah dijalankan sebelum ini, masih terdapat aduan-aduan ketidakcekapan dan ketidakberkesanan dilaporkan. Maka, persoalan yang perlu untuk dijawab ialah sejauh manakah kesediaan agensi kerajaan melaksanakan transformasi, dan apakah terdapat perbezaan persepsi terhadap elemen-elemen kesediaan organisasi dikalangan kumpulan jawatan. Oleh itu, kesediaan sesebuah agensi kerajaan dalam memacu transformasi perkhidmatan akan dinilai berasaskan elemen 7s McKinsey iaitu strategi, struktur, sistem, staf, gaya, perkongsian nilai dan kemahiran. Malah perbezaan persepsi terhadap keupayaan organisasi dalam merealisasikan transformasi juga dikaji. Sehubungan dengan itu sebuah agensi kerajaan telah dipilih untuk dirujuk ...

Research paper thumbnail of Students' satisfaction towards bus service performance

This research determines the level of students’ satisfaction towards bus service performance at U... more This research determines the level of students’ satisfaction towards bus service performance at UUM.Bus services performance is very important for UUM student to help students to move in campus and enable students to conduct educational activities. But the quality bus service that provided does not meet the student’s requirements.There are several factors that contribute to this problem which is the attitude of the bus driver’s attitude, availability of the buses and lack of the bus service system.So, the study is based on a survey carried out from the questionnaire that is administered involving 100 students who stays at route C.All data are analyzed by SPSS software. By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among students towards bus service performance has provided are examined.The findings show that the levels of satisfaction among students are mixed. In case of Universiti Utara Malaysia, due to the current bus service, most students seem dissatisfied to use t...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors that influencing strategic location of Varsity Mall, UUM on perspective STML student UUM

This research aims to examine the factors that influencing strategic location of the Varsity Mall... more This research aims to examine the factors that influencing strategic location of the Varsity Mall towards School of technology management and logistic (STML) students.A field survey of Varsity Mall customer in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) in Sintok Kedah was conducted among students especially STML students. This study also examines the student’s satisfaction and to identify the important need that students wants from Varsity Mall.Have five factors that influencing the strategic location of Varsity Mall, which is comfort, entertainment, diversity, convenience and mall essence.Over 180 questionnaires were distributed to respondents through judgement sampling. All data are analyzed by SPSS software.By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among STML students towards Varsity Mall performance has provided are examined. The findings of this study will help the company or organization or the university to improve their facilities provided to the students in achieving...

Research paper thumbnail of Service quality in UUM sport centre and its impact on UUM students satisfactions

This research aimed to identify the significant relationship between quality of service at Univer... more This research aimed to identify the significant relationship between quality of service at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Sport Centre its impact toward UUM students satisfaction by using SERVQUAL model.A field survey of UUM Sport Centre service quality was conducted in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) that located at Sintok, Kedah in which involved UUM students’ participation as the research target group.This study aimed to identifying which dimensions of SERVQUAL model has the greatest influence on UUM student’s satisfaction.The five SERVQUAL dimensions are tangible, responsiveness, assurance, reliability, and empathy as independent variables, while students’ satisfaction is the dependent variable. SERVQUAL model was tested to determine and measure their relationship with UUM student’s satisfaction.Over 200 questionnaires were distributed to respondents through judgment sampling.The finding shows that UUM students tend to be satisfied with UUM Sport Centre service quality whereby ...

Research paper thumbnail of STML student's perception on 3R program in UUM

Green concept is the priority in the higher education institution for reducing the pollution, thu... more Green concept is the priority in the higher education institution for reducing the pollution, thus, the issue of 3R being popular to discuss. STML had been run this program during a long time period already.However, there is no any impactful at the end of the program in STML.So, the Purpose of this research is to identify the level of STML students’ awareness of 3R program at UUM and the barrier of implementation of 3R.Data was collect from 278 student from STML using a survey questionnaire.This research would like to know the STML students’ perception on 3R program, what is the reason a few number of student participate in this program.3R program should be perform in anywhere in UUM, not only in STML.The facility of 3R in UUM is insufficient.The facility provide is not the proper facility.UUM should take action in the facility.

Research paper thumbnail of Towards Designing Tools for Universities’ R&D Performance Measurement on Mobile Platform

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 2019

Research paper thumbnail of A Case Study of Inventory Analysis in a Healthcare Product Manufacturing Company

A worldwide market inventory is one of the biggest and most significant resources of a manufactur... more A worldwide market inventory is one of the biggest and most significant resources of a manufacturing industry. ABC analysis is one of the techniques used comprehensively in manufacturing industries for inventory classification. The ABC inventory classification technique has an efficient control on a huge amount of inventory items. The ABC inventory classification approach categorizes inventory items as A, B and C classes according to their annual consumption value. To direct and control the inventory items more proficiently the inventory managers regularly classify and group all the inventory items. Thus, in this paper, we concentrate on inventory management in a healthcare product manufacturing company in Kedah, Malaysia. A case study approach is used to make a preliminary inventory assessment through ABC analysis in order to control the inventory items more efficiently.

Research paper thumbnail of Enabling Partnering in the Malaysian Construction Industry: A Research on Policies for Effective Implementation

In response to the issues faced by the Malaysian construction industry, the Construction Industry... more In response to the issues faced by the Malaysian construction industry, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has identified and recommended partnering as a method to overcome the current problems within the industry. This is also in line with the establishment of "Public Private Partnership Unit" (3PU) under the Prime Minister's Department in 2009 to oversee the implementation of partnering in the Malaysian construction industry. It is crucial that the policies in place should facilitate the practitioners so that the full potential of partnering to overcome the many problems in the Malaysian construction industry can be fully utilized. This paper describes the conceptual aspects and the preliminary stage of an ongoing research. The research aims to identify whether current policies in place are serving as an enabler for effective partnering or a deterrent to the adoption of partnering by the practitioners in the Malaysian construction industry. It is dete...

Research paper thumbnail of GEOGRAFIA Online TM Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 12 issue 3 (88-94) Key success factors for team integration practice in Malaysian Industrialised Building System (IBS) construction industry

Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been recognized as synonymous with industrialisation of ... more Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been recognized as synonymous with industrialisation of the construction industry. In Malaysia, the domination of traditional method in IBS project has gained much attention not only from researchers but also construction industry practitioners as the implementation of IBS through traditional approach almoat always led to the rise of construction problems such as increasing project time and cost, redesigning, ineffective supply chain, and others. Fragmentation process in traditional method is not a line with the concept of IBS which is required a high communication and collaboration among the project stakeholders. This study took closer look at current practice of IBS projects in Malaysia, at the need for an integration approach, and at the availability of integrated approaches in IBS projects with the objective of identifying critical success factors for integrated teams in IBS construction projects. The findings from the Focus Group Discuss...

Research paper thumbnail of The Importance of Project Manager, Project Team Towards and Project Related Factors towards Environmental Management Practices (EMP) Success

Most of the construction stakeholders around the world especially in developing countries are not... more Most of the construction stakeholders around the world especially in developing countries are not really aware of the Environmental Management Practices (EMP) for their construction projects. Previous studies reported that EMP issues received less attention from the construction industry stakeholders compared to construction costs and time related issues.However, this trend has changed due to the depletion of non-renewable resources, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.Based on these issues, construction stakeholders worldwide have given wider attention to EMP in their construction projects. Many efforts are being directed to build greener construction projects through proper application of EMP.The focus of this research is to introduce the concept of EMP in achieving sustainability in the Malaysian construction industry. The main objective of this research is to identify the importance of Project Manager and Project Team role for the successful implementation of EMP in the ...

Research paper thumbnail of Vendor managed inventory performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies

Research paper thumbnail of Industrial Revolution 4.0 Readiness: A SMEs Perspective on Internet of Things (IOT)

Research paper thumbnail of The impact of information and communication technology on VMI performance

Research paper thumbnail of A Case Study of Inventory Analysis in a Healthcare Product Manufacturing Company

International Journal of Supply Chain Management, Jun 27, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of organizational culture toward 5S’s practices: A case of Universiti Utara Malaysia

This research aimed to identify the influence of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The ... more This research aimed to identify the influence of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The four organizational cultures are involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission as independent variables, while the 5s practices is a dependent variable. This study aimed to identify the relationship between organizational culture towards 5s practices in. This study chosen 59 respondents as a sample size based from on the population of STML staff. The questionnaire will give to 59 respondents in STML. The method that is used is quantitative and question is based on five scales Likert such as 1 (strongly disagreed) to 5 (strongly agreed). The finding shows that culture of involvement to be significant elements of organizational culture towards 5s practice. The organizational culture towards 5s practices did play an effective role in influencing the organizational performance in department productivity

Research paper thumbnail of Kajian terhadap kepentingan kompenen teknologi (Technoware) di kalangan PKS bumiputera di Negeri Kedah menggunakan pendekatan Proses Analisis Hierarki (AHP)

This study is discussing about the usage and ownership of technology by SMEs.Technoware is one of... more This study is discussing about the usage and ownership of technology by SMEs.Technoware is one of the four components of technology that has been highlighted by the researchers.The other components are Humanware, Infoware and Orgaware.Technoware has its elements of its own.A total of 51 Bumiputera SMEs in manufacturing industry in the state of Kedah were selected to be the respondent and the data they obtained through directory PKNK, FMM and SME Corp Malaysia.Data analysis was made using the approach Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results show Technoware contributes and be a greater emphasis on SMEs

Research paper thumbnail of Customers’ purchase intention towards online cosmetic products among STML undergraduate students in UUM

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of TQM elements towards organizational performance: A case of Universiti Utara Malaysia

Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of International Review of Management and Marketing Critical Success Factors to Implementing Building Information Modeling in Malaysia Construction Industry

Building information modeling (BIM) known as the features existing the earliest concept to demoli... more Building information modeling (BIM) known as the features existing the earliest concept to demolition and it involves creating and using an intelligent three-dimensional model to inform and communicate to make a decision on the project. The potential of BIM will be improve overall in the construction performance in term of cost effectiveness, increase quality of project and reduce time to develop the project. Besides that, the advantages of BIM in constructions industrialized is far beneficial to the majority of stakeholders to implementing BIM in the projects. The limited take up is also associated with readiness issues, lack of previous experience in BIM, lack of knowledge about BIM and lack of market demand BIM. Thus, the paper reviews literatures to identify the critical success factors for construction projects in implementing BIM.

Research paper thumbnail of Ipr: A Case of One Small and Medium Enterprise (Sme) in Northern Malaysia

The purpose of this article was to highlight the importance of implementation of Intellectual Pro... more The purpose of this article was to highlight the importance of implementation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in one of the Small and Medium enterprises (SMEs) in Northern part of Malaysia. The main objective of this article was to examine the extent of implementation of IPR of Al Ridhwee Holdings (M) Sdn. Bhd (AHSB). The second objective was to analyse the “strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats” of AHSB by implementing IPR. Interview method was used to gather the data to be studied. Key personnel of the company had been chosen to be interviewed. Observations also was done in order to look how the process of implementing the use of IPR in the company to protect their products and services. It was found out that the implementation of IPR in AHSB was in the very early stage. SWOT analysis has been able to detect the issues and challenges that would be meaningful for the future improvement of this company. Therefore, data obtain from SWOT analysis would be able to provi...

Research paper thumbnail of Suatu penilaian tahap kesediaan transformasi di sebuah agensi kerajaan

Pelan strategik sektor awam telah mengariskan lima teras utama iaitu mendaya upaya bakat, merekay... more Pelan strategik sektor awam telah mengariskan lima teras utama iaitu mendaya upaya bakat, merekayasa organisasi, merakyatkan penyampaian perkhidmatan, merangkum dan sepunya, dan membudaya nilai sebagai teras transformasi perkhidmatan awam. Walaupun pelbagai inisiatif penambahbaikan telah dijalankan sebelum ini, masih terdapat aduan-aduan ketidakcekapan dan ketidakberkesanan dilaporkan. Maka, persoalan yang perlu untuk dijawab ialah sejauh manakah kesediaan agensi kerajaan melaksanakan transformasi, dan apakah terdapat perbezaan persepsi terhadap elemen-elemen kesediaan organisasi dikalangan kumpulan jawatan. Oleh itu, kesediaan sesebuah agensi kerajaan dalam memacu transformasi perkhidmatan akan dinilai berasaskan elemen 7s McKinsey iaitu strategi, struktur, sistem, staf, gaya, perkongsian nilai dan kemahiran. Malah perbezaan persepsi terhadap keupayaan organisasi dalam merealisasikan transformasi juga dikaji. Sehubungan dengan itu sebuah agensi kerajaan telah dipilih untuk dirujuk ...

Research paper thumbnail of Students' satisfaction towards bus service performance

This research determines the level of students’ satisfaction towards bus service performance at U... more This research determines the level of students’ satisfaction towards bus service performance at UUM.Bus services performance is very important for UUM student to help students to move in campus and enable students to conduct educational activities. But the quality bus service that provided does not meet the student’s requirements.There are several factors that contribute to this problem which is the attitude of the bus driver’s attitude, availability of the buses and lack of the bus service system.So, the study is based on a survey carried out from the questionnaire that is administered involving 100 students who stays at route C.All data are analyzed by SPSS software. By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among students towards bus service performance has provided are examined.The findings show that the levels of satisfaction among students are mixed. In case of Universiti Utara Malaysia, due to the current bus service, most students seem dissatisfied to use t...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors that influencing strategic location of Varsity Mall, UUM on perspective STML student UUM

This research aims to examine the factors that influencing strategic location of the Varsity Mall... more This research aims to examine the factors that influencing strategic location of the Varsity Mall towards School of technology management and logistic (STML) students.A field survey of Varsity Mall customer in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) in Sintok Kedah was conducted among students especially STML students. This study also examines the student’s satisfaction and to identify the important need that students wants from Varsity Mall.Have five factors that influencing the strategic location of Varsity Mall, which is comfort, entertainment, diversity, convenience and mall essence.Over 180 questionnaires were distributed to respondents through judgement sampling. All data are analyzed by SPSS software.By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among STML students towards Varsity Mall performance has provided are examined. The findings of this study will help the company or organization or the university to improve their facilities provided to the students in achieving...

Research paper thumbnail of Service quality in UUM sport centre and its impact on UUM students satisfactions

This research aimed to identify the significant relationship between quality of service at Univer... more This research aimed to identify the significant relationship between quality of service at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) Sport Centre its impact toward UUM students satisfaction by using SERVQUAL model.A field survey of UUM Sport Centre service quality was conducted in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) that located at Sintok, Kedah in which involved UUM students’ participation as the research target group.This study aimed to identifying which dimensions of SERVQUAL model has the greatest influence on UUM student’s satisfaction.The five SERVQUAL dimensions are tangible, responsiveness, assurance, reliability, and empathy as independent variables, while students’ satisfaction is the dependent variable. SERVQUAL model was tested to determine and measure their relationship with UUM student’s satisfaction.Over 200 questionnaires were distributed to respondents through judgment sampling.The finding shows that UUM students tend to be satisfied with UUM Sport Centre service quality whereby ...

Research paper thumbnail of STML student's perception on 3R program in UUM

Green concept is the priority in the higher education institution for reducing the pollution, thu... more Green concept is the priority in the higher education institution for reducing the pollution, thus, the issue of 3R being popular to discuss. STML had been run this program during a long time period already.However, there is no any impactful at the end of the program in STML.So, the Purpose of this research is to identify the level of STML students’ awareness of 3R program at UUM and the barrier of implementation of 3R.Data was collect from 278 student from STML using a survey questionnaire.This research would like to know the STML students’ perception on 3R program, what is the reason a few number of student participate in this program.3R program should be perform in anywhere in UUM, not only in STML.The facility of 3R in UUM is insufficient.The facility provide is not the proper facility.UUM should take action in the facility.

Research paper thumbnail of Towards Designing Tools for Universities’ R&D Performance Measurement on Mobile Platform

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 2019

Research paper thumbnail of A Case Study of Inventory Analysis in a Healthcare Product Manufacturing Company

A worldwide market inventory is one of the biggest and most significant resources of a manufactur... more A worldwide market inventory is one of the biggest and most significant resources of a manufacturing industry. ABC analysis is one of the techniques used comprehensively in manufacturing industries for inventory classification. The ABC inventory classification technique has an efficient control on a huge amount of inventory items. The ABC inventory classification approach categorizes inventory items as A, B and C classes according to their annual consumption value. To direct and control the inventory items more proficiently the inventory managers regularly classify and group all the inventory items. Thus, in this paper, we concentrate on inventory management in a healthcare product manufacturing company in Kedah, Malaysia. A case study approach is used to make a preliminary inventory assessment through ABC analysis in order to control the inventory items more efficiently.

Research paper thumbnail of Enabling Partnering in the Malaysian Construction Industry: A Research on Policies for Effective Implementation

In response to the issues faced by the Malaysian construction industry, the Construction Industry... more In response to the issues faced by the Malaysian construction industry, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) has identified and recommended partnering as a method to overcome the current problems within the industry. This is also in line with the establishment of "Public Private Partnership Unit" (3PU) under the Prime Minister's Department in 2009 to oversee the implementation of partnering in the Malaysian construction industry. It is crucial that the policies in place should facilitate the practitioners so that the full potential of partnering to overcome the many problems in the Malaysian construction industry can be fully utilized. This paper describes the conceptual aspects and the preliminary stage of an ongoing research. The research aims to identify whether current policies in place are serving as an enabler for effective partnering or a deterrent to the adoption of partnering by the practitioners in the Malaysian construction industry. It is dete...

Research paper thumbnail of GEOGRAFIA Online TM Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 12 issue 3 (88-94) Key success factors for team integration practice in Malaysian Industrialised Building System (IBS) construction industry

Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been recognized as synonymous with industrialisation of ... more Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been recognized as synonymous with industrialisation of the construction industry. In Malaysia, the domination of traditional method in IBS project has gained much attention not only from researchers but also construction industry practitioners as the implementation of IBS through traditional approach almoat always led to the rise of construction problems such as increasing project time and cost, redesigning, ineffective supply chain, and others. Fragmentation process in traditional method is not a line with the concept of IBS which is required a high communication and collaboration among the project stakeholders. This study took closer look at current practice of IBS projects in Malaysia, at the need for an integration approach, and at the availability of integrated approaches in IBS projects with the objective of identifying critical success factors for integrated teams in IBS construction projects. The findings from the Focus Group Discuss...

Research paper thumbnail of The Importance of Project Manager, Project Team Towards and Project Related Factors towards Environmental Management Practices (EMP) Success

Most of the construction stakeholders around the world especially in developing countries are not... more Most of the construction stakeholders around the world especially in developing countries are not really aware of the Environmental Management Practices (EMP) for their construction projects. Previous studies reported that EMP issues received less attention from the construction industry stakeholders compared to construction costs and time related issues.However, this trend has changed due to the depletion of non-renewable resources, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.Based on these issues, construction stakeholders worldwide have given wider attention to EMP in their construction projects. Many efforts are being directed to build greener construction projects through proper application of EMP.The focus of this research is to introduce the concept of EMP in achieving sustainability in the Malaysian construction industry. The main objective of this research is to identify the importance of Project Manager and Project Team role for the successful implementation of EMP in the ...