Muhammad T Al-Sharkawi | Wayne State University (original) (raw)

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Videos by Muhammad T Al-Sharkawi

أشرح في هذا المقطع تصوري عن نقطة بداية دراسة تاريخ العربية والفرق بين النقطة الفعلية والنقطة التا... more أشرح في هذا المقطع تصوري عن نقطة بداية دراسة تاريخ العربية والفرق بين النقطة الفعلية والنقطة التاريخية

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تفكير في العلاقات التركيبية المتشابكة بين العربية وأنماطها من ناحية واللغات السامية من ناحية أخرى

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Papers by Muhammad T Al-Sharkawi

Eurasian Arabic Studies, 2023

Издаётся с августа 2018 года-4 выпуска в год Размещается на платформах РУНЭБ (elibrary.ru), БД «К... more Издаётся с августа 2018 года-4 выпуска в год Размещается на платформах РУНЭБ (elibrary.ru), БД «КиберЛенинка» и Ulrich`sPeriodicalsDirectory. Рубрики и специальности журнала Филологические науки: 5.9.2. Литературы народов мира 5.9.6. Языки народов зарубежных стран 5.9.8. Теоретическая, прикладная и сравнительно-сопоставительная лингвистика Педагогические науки: 5.8.1. Общая педагогика, история педагогики и образования 5.8.2. Теория и методика обучения и воспитания (по областям и уровням образования) 5.8.7. Методология и технология профессионального образования Исторические науки: 5.6.2. Всеобщая история 5.6.3. Археология 5.6.7. История международных отношений и внешней политики Теология (по исследовательскому направлению ислам): 5.11.1. Теоретическая теология 5.11.2. Историческая теология 5.11.3. Практическая теология Журнал включен в перечень ВАК по специальностям «Филологические науки» (

Euroasian Arabic Stidies, 2022

Размещается на платформах РУНЭБ (elibrary.ru), БД «КиберЛенинка» и Ulrich`sPeriodicalsDirectory И... more Размещается на платформах РУНЭБ (elibrary.ru), БД «КиберЛенинка» и Ulrich`sPeriodicalsDirectory Издаётся с августа 2018 года-4 выпуска в год Рубрики и специальности журнала Филологические науки: 5.9.2. Литературы народов мира 5.9.6. Языки народов зарубежных стран 5.9.8. Теоретическая, прикладная исравнительно-сопоставительнаялингвистика Педагогические науки: 5.8.1. Общая педагогика, история педагогики и образования 5.8.2. Теория и методика обучения и воспитания (по областям и уровням образования) 5.8.7. Методология и технология профессионального образования Исторические науки:

Eurasian Arabic Studies, 2021

This article proposes that the Semitic ancestry of Arabic is neither beneficial to the study of t... more This article proposes that the Semitic ancestry of Arabic is neither beneficial to the study of the history of Arabic; nor is it methodologically feasible in light of the current status in so far as the Semitic and Arabic linguistic data is concerned. In order to make the Argument, the article discusses the current status of data on the Semitic languages. Then, the article also introduced structural (from Peninsular dialects) and ecological (demographic and historical) data from the Arabic language in late antiquity. The article concludes that despite the indisputable Semitic origin of the Arabic language, the relationship between different varieties of Arabic and a specific Semitic branch is methodologically vague and does not cast any explanatory light on the history of Arabic.

International Journal of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 2022

This article explores the manner by which Classical Arabic sounds emerged. It makes the claim tha... more This article explores the manner by which Classical Arabic sounds emerged. It makes the claim that sounds came to be standardized through a process of selection based on prestige. It also claims that the sounds of the Hijaz region were considered prestigious and were therefore selected as Classical Arabic in the 4th/10th century. The article tracks the position of the kaškaša, kaskasa, šanšana in the grammatical literature and traces its development to show that they were moved from accepted variants to less acceptable to bad variants to the advantage of the Hijazi /k/ variant. The article then shows that the variants under study were more geographically and demographically widespread. But prestige of Hijaz region in the 4th/10th century was more powerful than the established grammatical rule of preferring the more common variant over the less common variant.

International Journal of Arabic Linguistics, 2022

Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik Journal of Arabic Linguistics Journal de Linguistique Arabe, 2021

Euroasian Studies, 2020

In this article I will trace the position of mā al-ḥijāziyya as a variant of Classical Arabic. I ... more In this article I will trace the position of mā al-ḥijāziyya as a variant of Classical Arabic. I will discuss the phenomenon in the Qurʾān. I will show that the rarity of its presence in the Holy Book correlates positively with its lack of use in other modes of expression. Section three will introduce the historical digression of the variant in the books of Arabic grammar up to the 4th/10th century and consequently its status as luġa.

This article shows that Classical Arabic expresses verbal number. Arabic, of all the Semitic lang... more This article shows that Classical Arabic expresses verbal number. Arabic, of all the Semitic language family, meets the typological tests of the languages expressing verbal number. In addition, I will show that Classical Arabic provides a morphological verb form to express number. I will, however, show that for the form to express verbal number it requires a combination of morphological and semantic conditions. Without which the designated form does not express number, but expresses transitivity or the transfer of agency. These conditions are: form II must come from a root that has a form I, form I must be the transitive meaning of the root and the root must express an instant action. Form II, therefore, does not exclusively express number. Verbal number in Arabic is conditional. However, I will also propose that when form II verb expresses number, it does not express the transfer of agency.

This article proposes that the 'imāla phenomenon was an innovation in the Najd region. The non-'i... more This article proposes that the 'imāla phenomenon was an innovation in the Najd region. The non-'imāla form was the traditional form because it is the vowel production in the available Ancient North Arabian data. The article will separate the use of 'imāla as an assimilatory vowel from the Najdi non-assimilatory production by analyzing the testimonial data in the traditional books of grammar. Finally, the article will use the available genealogical literature to establish an approximate chronology for the innovation and to justify the spread of the innovation among the pre-Islamic tribes.

This article studies the developmental behavior of case in Modern Standard Arabic. In the first s... more This article studies the developmental behavior of case in Modern Standard Arabic. In the first section, I introduce the position of the case system in pre-Islamic Arabic. It is important to note that case was irrelevant in function and ambivalent in use. Despite that unstable position of case, grammarians of Arabic both medieval and modern give case a prominent position in their theoretical frameworks and in their books. Section two discusses examples from theoretical and didactic works of grammar from both Arab and Western scholars of Arabic. This prominent position allows the case system to be present both in the consciousness of users and in the structures of Modern Standard Arabic. In the third section, I will discuss examples from the modern use of case. I will show that despite the low function of case in Modern Standard Arabic it is present in the minds and texts of users.

This article suggests that the dual suffix in pre-Islamic Arabic did not differentiate for case. ... more This article suggests that the dual suffix in pre-Islamic Arabic did not differentiate for case. Tamīm, one of the most trustworthy pre-Islamic dialects, treated the dual suffix invariably although it had a full case system. There are also tokens of the same invariable treatment in the Qurʾān. The article proposes that the suffix long vowel variation due to the phenomenon of ʾimāla makes the formal origin of the invariable dual suffix difficult to ascribe to the East and Northwest Semitic oblique dual allomorph.

This article makes the claim that the difference between Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in ... more This article makes the claim that the difference between Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabic went through in the 7 th century in the conquered territories. Contact-induced linguistic processes of koineization and structural simplification in the newly established urban centers in the Middle East and North Africa helped enhance the gender development that was already in effect before the Arab conquests. By comparing Bedouin and urban dialects to Classical Arabic, the article establishes that the three varieties were in a process of development in gender. Classical Arabic stopped at a particular stage, and Bedouin and urban dialects continued. Comparing Central Asian dialects to urban dialects of Egypt we can see that at least to the 8 th century gender was a common feature of Peninsular dialects. The article concludes by stating that the urban dialects developed further to lose all gender distinction in the plural because of the leveling and borrowing processes of the koineization in the urban centers in their formative period. . Through contact processes of leveling and regularization took place, rendering different koines in different garrison towns because the tribes that participated in the population of each garrison differed. After the conquests proved lucrative, the financial benefits of living in the garrison towns became obvious, and the commercial and agricultural conditions in the provinces worsened, sectors of the monolingual local populations migrated to the vicinity of the booming garrison towns. Due to an imbalance of prestige and wealth, the language of the job givers and wealth owners, Arabic, was chosen to be the language of communication between both groups. Because learning Arabic was informal and the desire to communicate was mutual, Arabs used simplification strategies to make their language more accessible to non-Arab learners. Structural differences between the old peninsular dialects and those of the New Arabic type of the language that was used in the garrison towns, therefore, can be ascribed to the effect of these two contact strategies, koineization and simplification.

This article suggests that the Arabicization of Iraq, Syria and Egypt in the seventh and eighth c... more This article suggests that the Arabicization of Iraq, Syria and Egypt in the seventh and eighth centuries was made possible by the urbanization of the region. I discuss three relevant points: the manner of conquests, the establishment of Arab urban centers, and the migration of Arabs and non-Arabs to these towns. The article suggests that establishing garrison towns, the concentration of Arabs in these towns, and the subsequent migration of local populations to these towns established the Arabic language as a majority language of prestige. The Arabs' need to communicate for practical reasons enticed them to use simplified registers known in similar modern contexts of language contact as foreigner talk registers. Imperial migration policies permitted Arabs to migrate to the garrison towns only if they belonged to the same tribes that took part in the initial conquest of the province, which permitted only a limited number of Arabic dialects to mix for a long time in the new urban centers. Eventually, the differences among the dialects were leveled and the structures regularized. A new urban koine emerged in every garrison town that was both different from the original dialects of Arabic in the peninsula and from each other. The article suggests that these linguistic processes of simplification and koineization shaped the input that was learnt by the local populations, and caused the differences between the old dialects of Arabic and the new urban dialects in the Arab world.