Dr. Arijit Roy - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Dr. Arijit Roy has attended many prestigious institutes like IITs, NTU (Singapore) and industry like Infineon Technologies in his career. Presently, he is assistant professor in the department of electronics at WBSU, where he is driving for excellence in teaching and research.
Apart from teaching and research in the core area of Electronics, Dr. Roy has taken initiative in multi-disciplinary research, especially, in broader sense related to Quantum Computing, Electrical Bioimpedance, Measurement and Instrumentation, Microelectronics Reliability, Piezo-electric-film Sensors, Electronic Materials and Microstructure, Analog Circuits and Systems, Electronics Teaching.
He has authored (or co-authored) more than 35 research papers in International Journals of repute. His published works are very generic, demonstrative and applied in nature and thus he has contributed to science, engineering and technology for betterment. Among his many publications, a 75-Journal-Page-Size Review Article published in Materials Science and Engineering Reports: R (impact factor more than 20.00) is well received by the community. His another significant contribution is a research paper titled "A Transmon-based quantum half-adder scheme" published in international journal, Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics.
Dr. Roy is frequently invited to act as reviewer for prestigious international journals to review manuscripts for possible publication. He is also associated with few international academic organizations.
Dr. Roy's biography is listed in "Who's Who in Science and Engineering" and in "Who's Who in World". So far his research works are cited about 700 times (excluding self citation) and his h-index is 12.
Research Interest: Bioimpedance, Instrumentation, Piezo-electric-film Sensor, Microelectronic Reliability, Quantum Circuits, Analog Circuits, Microstructure attributes, Science Education, Teaching.
To know more about his activities, visit http://wbsubregistration.academia.edu/DrArijitRoy/CurriculumVitae
https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=dTNmyxQAAAAJ
Phone: +91-3324251976 (O)
Address: Department of Electronics,
West Bengal State University,
Barasat, 24 Parganas (North),
Kolkata, India 700 126.
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Books by Dr. Arijit Roy
This work is intended for the beginners and the advanced readers. Electromigration is VLSI/ULSI i... more This work is intended for the beginners and the advanced readers. Electromigration is VLSI/ULSI interconnection remains one of the major failure issues in microelectronics and electromigration remains an attractive research area in last few decades. This work attempts to explore the driving force formalism of the electromigration phenomenon.
The prime interest of this work is to investigate the physics of failure in submicron (down to 100 nm wide) Cu interconnections including the effect of surrounding materials. A combined driving force model, including the forces from the stress and temperature gradients is presented. In order to develop the combined driving force model, commercial finite element analysis package is used. Plenty of experiments on Cu damascene interconnects are conducted, and extensive failure analyses are performed to investigate the root causes of electromigration failure. Good correlations between the model predictions and experiments are obtained. The future challenges on the study of electromigration are also discussed.
Papers by Dr. Arijit Roy
Accurate diagnosis of liver diseases through the application of deep convolutional neural network on biopsy images
AIMS biophysics, Dec 31, 2022
Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. ... more Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. Manual detection of the disease is not only prone to human error but is also time consuming. Using artificial intelligence and deep learning, we have successfully demonstrated the issues of the manual detection of liver diseases with a high degree of precision. This article uses various neural network-based techniques to assess non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this investigation, more than five thousand biopsy images were employed alongside the latest versions of the algorithms. To detect prominent characteristics in the liver from a collection of Biopsy pictures, we employed the YOLOv3, Faster R-CNN, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, and SSD models. A highlighting point of this paper is comparing the state-of-the-art Instance Segmentation models, including Mask R-CNN, U-Net, YOLOv5 Instance Segmentation, YOLOv7 Instance Segmentation, and YOLOv8 Instance Segmentation. The extent of severity of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was examined for liver cell ballooning, steatosis, lobular, and periportal inflammation, and fibrosis. Metrics used to evaluate the algorithms' effectiveness include accuracy, precision, specificity, and recall. Improved metrics are achieved by optimizing the hyperparameters of the associated models. Additionally, the liver is scored in order to analyse the information gleaned from biopsy images. Statistical analyses are performed to establish the statistical relevance in evaluating the score for different zones.
AIMS biophysics, 2023
In these days, energy, water, fossil fuel restrictions and greenhouse gas emission have become th... more In these days, energy, water, fossil fuel restrictions and greenhouse gas emission have become the mutual problem of all countries. The application of hydro turbines, especially pumps as turbines in water distribution network, can be a great solution to these problems. In this research study, it is aimed to introduce a procedure for obtaining the optimum position of a pump as turbine in water distribution network. For this purpose, two objective functions are considered, namely power and up surge ratio. The reason of selecting the power is to maximize the energy production and minimize the payback period, and the reason of selecting the upsurge ratio is to minimize the initial costs and network risks. In the proposed methodology, a transient analysis database is being combined with optimization algorithms. In this research study, Bently hammer software has been used for generating the mentioned database. Ant colony optimization algorithm has been used for obtaining the discrete variable and three other heuristic algorithms, namely grey wolf optimizer, whale optimization algorithm and ion motion algorithm were used for finding the best continuous variable. Pipe number and the position of hydro turbine on the pipe were considered as the discrete and continuous variables, respectively. The proposed methodology was tested on a network in Palermo which data were available. The results indicated that the proposed methodology can suggest the best 6 pipes among 70 pipes of network and also the accurate position of the turbine on the pipe.
43. Construction and remote demonstration of an inexpensive but efficient experimental setup for studying self-inductance and mutual-inductance between two coils
Phys. Educ. 59, 025022, 2024
Measurement of self-inductance and mutual-inductance has been demonstrated as a laboratory experi... more Measurement of self-inductance and mutual-inductance has been
demonstrated as a laboratory experiment with great simplicity. The novelty
of this demonstration lies in its straightforward circuitry and methodology,
enabling the experiment accessible to students with minimal prerequisite
knowledge. A coil-pair setup was constructed using discarded common
household articles, costing very low but provides high quality throughput in
teaching-learning experience. The demonstration can be easily conducted
online using a laptop without the need of extra power supply. The experiment suits for high school and pre-university students, as evident by twenty first-semester undergraduate physics and electronics students who found it both satisfying and enjoyable with a relatively flat learning curve.
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. ... more Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. Manual detection of the disease is not only prone to human error but is also timeconsuming. Using artificial intelligence and deep learning, we have successfully demonstrated the issues of the manual detection of liver diseases with a high degree of precision. This article uses various neural network-based techniques to assess non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this investigation, more than five thousand biopsy images were employed alongside the latest versions of the algorithms. To detect prominent characteristics in the liver from a collection of Biopsy pictures, we employed the YOLOv3, Faster R-CNN,
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is cha... more Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is challenging. Precise estimation of Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data is crucial, since the physiological state of any biological tissue or body is described in terms of Cole parameters. To extract Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data, the conventional gradient-based non-linear least square (NLS) optimization algorithm is found to be significantly inaccurate. In this work, we have presented a robust methodology to establish an accurate process to estimate Cole parameters and relaxation time from measured BIS data. Six nature inspired algorithms, along with NLS are implemented and studied. Experiments are conducted to obtain BIS data and analysis of variation (ANOVA) is performed. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm achieved a better fitment result and is also able to extract the Cole parameters most accurately among all the algorithms under consideration. The ANOVA result shows that CS algorithm achieved a higher confidence rate. In addition, the CS algorithm requires less sample size compared to other algorithms for distinguishing the change in physical properties of a biological body.
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is cha... more Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is challenging. Precise estimation of Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data is crucial, since the physiological state of any biological tissue or body is described in terms of Cole parameters. To extract Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data, the conventional gradient-based nonlinear least square (NLS) optimization algorithm is found to be significantly inaccurate. In this work, we have presented a robust methodology to establish an accurate process to estimate Cole parameters and relaxation time from measured BIS data. Six nature inspired algorithms, along with NLS are implemented and studied. Experiments are conducted to obtain BIS data and analysis of variation (ANOVA) is performed. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm achieved a better fitment result and is also able to extract the Cole parameters most accurately among all the algorithms under consideration. The ANOVA result shows that CS algorithm achieved a higher confidence rate. In addition, the CS algorithm requires less sample size compared to other algorithms for distinguishing the change in physical properties of a biological body.
39. Construction and remote demonstration of an inexpensive but efficient linear differential variable transformer (LVDT) for physics or electronics teaching during COVID-19 pandemic
Physics Education, 2022
A linear variable differential transformer is termed as LVDT in short. A simple miniature and ine... more A linear variable differential transformer is termed as LVDT in short. A simple miniature and inexpensive LVDT was constructed for laboratory teaching. Starting from the fundamental physics of LVDT, a complete demonstration was presented. The heart of an LVDT is three coils that were taken from the electrical ‘Ding-dong’ doorbell. A universal laboratory experiment kit named ‘ExpEyes-17’ is used to drive the LVDT and display the input and output signals on a laptop screen. Thus, a compact LVDT system was developed. Displacement experiments were conducted, and the well-known V-shape response for our LVDT was obtained. The theory and experiment were presented with a high degree of clarity for ease of understanding. A complete demonstration was given to a group of students while teaching the theory of LVDT, and an excellent response from the group was obtained. Moreover, online demonstration of LVDT experiments using our kit was easily achievable. The authors have used the setup for remote demonstration the experiment to the students during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
Electromigration in chip level interconnect is commonly described by atomic drift due to electron... more Electromigration in chip level interconnect is commonly described by atomic drift due to electron-wind force that arises from electron-ion momentum transfer. As an alternative to this model, in early 1980's, Sah proposed a two dimensional analytical 'void-surface bond-breaking' model by dropping the atomic drift term that resulted from electron-wind force (in his book 'Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronics') and the rate of change of area of void is computed. Due to the continuous down scaling and evolution of interconnect patterning technologies, the void growth process in modern interconnect becomes more complex and electromigration failures are found to be catastrophic in nature instead of gradual type failures observed in early days. In this work, Sah's model is revisited from the perspective of its applicability to modern submicron copper interconnects. The electromigration-induced resistance change behavior is analytically derived considering a three-dimensional atomic drift-less model. A good correlation between the findings of our model with experimental observations is presented.
Journal of Scientific Research, 2022
A simple, inexpensive and efficient circuit for generating sawtooth waves is demonstrated in this... more A simple, inexpensive and efficient circuit for generating sawtooth waves is demonstrated in this paper. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the voltage of a charging capacitor provides linear response when it is charged through a reverse-biased diode. A rectangular wave of extremely high duty cycle is used as a reference signal to drive the passive circuit consists of a diode–capacitor pair. During the on-time of the reference signal, the diode remains in reverse biased condition while charging the capacitor and during charging through the reverse-biased diode, the capacitor voltage produces the required ramp. During the off-time of the reference wave, the diode becomes forward biased and the capacitor discharges very fast through the forward-biased diode and thus a sawtooth wave has resulted. At high frequencies, the parasitic depletion capacitance of the diode cannot be ignored and it limits the frequency of operation. Laboratory experiments, as well as PSPICE circuit ...
AIMS Biophysics, 2021
Artificial intelligence techniques are used on chest X-ray images for accurate detection of disea... more Artificial intelligence techniques are used on chest X-ray images for accurate detection of diseases and this paper aims to develop a process which is capable of diagnosing COVID-19 using deep learning methods on X-ray images. For this purpose, we used Mask R-CNN method to train and test on the dataset to classify between patients infected and non-infected with COVID-19. The dataset used here contains a large number of frontal views of X-ray images which are an essential resource for the algorithms used in the development of tools for the detection of COVID-19. Using 668 chest Xray images, the proposed model achieved an accuracy as high as 96.98%, specificity of 97.36% with the precision of 96.60%. The entire process is presented in detail. When a comparison table on the AIbased techniques is prepared, it is noticed that the Mask R-CNN technique on chest X-ray images provides better efficiency in the detection of COVID-19. The Mask R-CNN method is found to be accurate and robust in the detection of COVID-19 from chest X-ray images.
AIMS Biophysics, 2020
A non-invasive method of measuring bioimpedance is presented to study the effect of moisturizing ... more A non-invasive method of measuring bioimpedance is presented to study the effect of moisturizing cream on human skin. A novel two-electrode system is developed to get electrical access at the area of interest on human skin. Controlled experiments are conducted for a duration of 47 days. Bioimpedance is measured by LCR meter in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 5 kHz. The measured impedance is then fitted with the Cole model and the relevant Cole parameters are extracted. Analysis of variance is performed on the Cole parameters to gain statistical relevance. It is found that one of the Cole parameters, namely the relaxation-time changes significantly due to the treatment of the skin with a moisturizing cream at more than 95% confidence level. The relaxation-time increases sharply during the treatment period and drops sharply in the post-treatment period. The effectiveness of the two types of cream is studied. The gender distinguishability during the application of a moisturizing cream is also studied. A very generic bioimpedance measurement method to assess the physiological condition of local skin is demonstrated here and the method has potential application in human skin related diseases and treatments.
AIMS Biophysics, 2020
It is difficult to apply bioimpedance technique to discriminate plant tissues due to the large va... more It is difficult to apply bioimpedance technique to discriminate plant tissues due to the large variability of Cole parameters. A novel electronic method for characterizing tissue of fruit or vegetable with discrimination capability is presented. A specially designed electrode-pair is used to measure the bioimpedance and Cole parameters are extracted. The relaxation time which is a fundamental property of a given tissue is then estimated and analysis of variance is performed to gain statistical relevance. Bioimpedance is measured for apple and potato tissues in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz and rigorous data analyses are performed. With 99% confidence, it is shown than the relaxation time is independent of position of measurement and is specific for a given fruit or vegetable. Further, the tissues of different species of a given fruit (or vegetable) is shown to be discriminated statistically at the confidence level of 98%. An excellent correlation is shown between the bioimpedance parameters and the parameters of cellular structure. Experimental data shows that our technique can be generalized to distinguish unhealthy or treated fruits (or vegetables) and therefore bearing immense applicability in the characterization of plant tissue.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 2020
Usable electrical energy harvesting from mechanical vibration is novel for operating low-power re... more Usable electrical energy harvesting from mechanical vibration is novel for operating low-power remote devices. Two different mass loaded cantilever type piezofilms (commonly used as piezo sensor) are considered in this investigation to convert mechanical vibration into electrical energy. An artificial vibrator is fabricated to simulate the ambient vibration. The ac power generated by the piezofilms is converted by a commercial passive converter to obtain usable dc power. A total of eight experiments are c onducted and we found that in the regime of ambient vibration (<100 Hz), the piezofilms of lower area with lower resonant frequency can provide higher power. Further, when energy harvester contains mult iple piezofilms, better performance is obtained for homogeneous films in contrast to the heterogeneous films. Study on load characteristics reveals that parallel combination of films generates highest power, signifying that a vibrating piezofilm acts as a current source. In our study, peak power is obtained for a load resistance of 480 kΩ, signifying a better current driving capability of the harvester. The peak power is found to be highly nonlinear with the vibrating frequency and is found to be maximum around the vibrating frequency of 59 Hz. In addition, electrical power delivered to the resistive load per unit area of the film is found to be as high as 1.43 µW/cm 2 and it is much higher than the similar reported harvesters.
IEEE Int. Conf. EDKCON 2018, 2018
Harnessing and usability of electrical energy from piezofilm-based energy harvester is investigat... more Harnessing and usability of electrical energy from piezofilm-based energy harvester is investigated. Three possible combinations such as parallel, series-parallel and series configurations of piezofilms are investigated for load carrying capability. A total of six mass loaded piezofilms are employed in this study. An artificial vibrator is used to simulate the ambient vibration to generate electrical energy from the piezofilms. A commercial passive converter is used to convert generated ac power into usable dc power. Load characteristics are obtained at different vibrating frequency for all the three configurations. Among these three configurations, experimentally it is found the parallel combination of the piezofilms is the best configuration as far power generation capability is concerned, even at low vibrating frequency. It is also noticed that, the peak power is obtained at almost equal load for the first two configurations while the same is found to be at larger load resistance for the last configuration. The possible reasons for differences in the load characteristics of the three configurations are discussed.
IEEE Int. Conf. EDKCON 2018, 2018
Electromigration-induced resistance change carries lot of information about the failure phenomeno... more Electromigration-induced resistance change carries lot of information about the failure phenomenon and is an important aspect of the degradation process. Hence modeling electromigration-induced resistance degradation is of paramount importance, especially for submicron dual-damascene Cu interconnects. On the other hand, Markov model is extensively used in reliability engineering. This study focuses on the nature of the time-domain discrete states in the failure process. We argue about the memoryless discrete states in Markovian model to predict the electromigration-induced resistance degradation. The physics behind the electromigration failure does not support the application of Markovian model in electromigration and the inadequacy of such application is described. In contrast to the memoryless states, the resistance change behavior can be better explained by considering very generic and dependent discrete states. Whenever required, simulations are performed to obtain the resistance change behaviors. Our findings are concurrence with the experimental observations.
Solid-State Electronics, 2018
The features of electromigration-induced resistance change profile are important aspects of relia... more The features of electromigration-induced resistance change profile are important aspects of reliability, especially for ULSI interconnect. By experimenting on 0.28 µm wide Cu dual-damascene interconnects, clear evidence of catastrophic failure is observed even
when the failure criterion of only 2% resistance change is imposed. Applying theoretical constitutive law of degradation and using basic principles of generic model, constitutive equation for resistance degradation in electromigration is derived and simulated for catastrophic failure. Then real-time resistance change profile is obtained by a simple analytical model which incorporates the Nernst-Einstein relation of mass transport. The convergence of the analytical model to the generic one is also shown. The various aspects of
catastrophic failure are discussed. A good correlation between the results obtained from the model and experiment are shown.
The beauty of a diode lies in its voltage-dependent nonlinear resistance. The voltage on a chargi... more The beauty of a diode lies in its voltage-dependent nonlinear resistance. The voltage on a charging and discharging capacitor through a reverse-biased diode is calculated from basic equations and is found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. Instead of the exponential dependence of charging and discharging voltages with time for a resistor-capacitor circuit, a linear time dependence is found when the resistor is replaced by a reverse-biased diode. Thus, well controlled positive and negative ramp voltages are obtained from the charging and discharging diode-capacitor circuits. This experiment can readily be performed in an introductory physics and electronics laboratory.
28. Multiple data access via a common cavity bus in circuit QED
International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2017
Accessing multiple data through a common bus in quantum information processing is challenging. Ex... more Accessing multiple data through a common bus in quantum information processing is challenging. Experimental demonstration of quantum state transfer between a pair of superconducting phase qubit [M. A. Sillanpää et al., Nature 449, 438 (2007)] motivates us to construct a scheme for accessing and transferring multi-qubit quantum information through a common cavity bus. Here, we have presented an efficient scheme to access multiple data through single channel using superconducting qubit and superconducting cavity resonator. The qubit–cavity photon coupling offers transfer of quantum data in different location of a quantum processing system from multiple users through a common superconducting cavity resonator. Instead of phase qubit, charge qubit is found to be more advantageous in qubit–cavity interaction for quantum data transformation, because charge qubit is immune to flux and external flux is used to select specific qubit from a set of qubits. The scheme is very generic and provides M-output from N-number of inputs via a common cavity in circuit quantum electrodynamics. The flexibility of the scheme allows us to implement multiplexer, demultiplexer, and so on for quantum data manipulation in a similar manner as in classical digital electronics. This scheme is useful to reduce the circuit complexity in quantum processor named as ‘quprocessor’.
Conversion efficiency of mechanical impact into electrical voltage remains ever increasing demand... more Conversion efficiency of mechanical impact into electrical voltage remains ever
increasing demand for piezoelectric PVDF film sensor. For a given film sensor, the
output voltage produced due to mechanical impact is highly dependent on the direction
of stretching (or compressing) and active area of the film sensor. More is the active
area of the film; higher will be the output voltage. It is shown that the active area is
significantly increased due to the ridge-like shape given at the inner surfaces of the
plates of sandwich type loadcell and as a result of which higher conversion efficiency
is obtained. The effectiveness of the ridge-like shape is confirmed statistically by conducting
two factorial design of experiment in which shape and material of the loadcell
are considered as the two factors with 24 matrix. In case of loadcell made of glass
plates, more than 100% increase in the output voltage is observed for ridge-like shape
in comparison to its plain counterpart. Both the bandwidth and frequency range of the
output signal is found to be independent and dependent of the loadcell materials for
indirect and direct impact with the loadcell respectively. The merits and demerits of the
fabricated loadcells are discussed.
This work is intended for the beginners and the advanced readers. Electromigration is VLSI/ULSI i... more This work is intended for the beginners and the advanced readers. Electromigration is VLSI/ULSI interconnection remains one of the major failure issues in microelectronics and electromigration remains an attractive research area in last few decades. This work attempts to explore the driving force formalism of the electromigration phenomenon.
The prime interest of this work is to investigate the physics of failure in submicron (down to 100 nm wide) Cu interconnections including the effect of surrounding materials. A combined driving force model, including the forces from the stress and temperature gradients is presented. In order to develop the combined driving force model, commercial finite element analysis package is used. Plenty of experiments on Cu damascene interconnects are conducted, and extensive failure analyses are performed to investigate the root causes of electromigration failure. Good correlations between the model predictions and experiments are obtained. The future challenges on the study of electromigration are also discussed.
Accurate diagnosis of liver diseases through the application of deep convolutional neural network on biopsy images
AIMS biophysics, Dec 31, 2022
Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. ... more Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. Manual detection of the disease is not only prone to human error but is also time consuming. Using artificial intelligence and deep learning, we have successfully demonstrated the issues of the manual detection of liver diseases with a high degree of precision. This article uses various neural network-based techniques to assess non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this investigation, more than five thousand biopsy images were employed alongside the latest versions of the algorithms. To detect prominent characteristics in the liver from a collection of Biopsy pictures, we employed the YOLOv3, Faster R-CNN, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, and SSD models. A highlighting point of this paper is comparing the state-of-the-art Instance Segmentation models, including Mask R-CNN, U-Net, YOLOv5 Instance Segmentation, YOLOv7 Instance Segmentation, and YOLOv8 Instance Segmentation. The extent of severity of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was examined for liver cell ballooning, steatosis, lobular, and periportal inflammation, and fibrosis. Metrics used to evaluate the algorithms' effectiveness include accuracy, precision, specificity, and recall. Improved metrics are achieved by optimizing the hyperparameters of the associated models. Additionally, the liver is scored in order to analyse the information gleaned from biopsy images. Statistical analyses are performed to establish the statistical relevance in evaluating the score for different zones.
AIMS biophysics, 2023
In these days, energy, water, fossil fuel restrictions and greenhouse gas emission have become th... more In these days, energy, water, fossil fuel restrictions and greenhouse gas emission have become the mutual problem of all countries. The application of hydro turbines, especially pumps as turbines in water distribution network, can be a great solution to these problems. In this research study, it is aimed to introduce a procedure for obtaining the optimum position of a pump as turbine in water distribution network. For this purpose, two objective functions are considered, namely power and up surge ratio. The reason of selecting the power is to maximize the energy production and minimize the payback period, and the reason of selecting the upsurge ratio is to minimize the initial costs and network risks. In the proposed methodology, a transient analysis database is being combined with optimization algorithms. In this research study, Bently hammer software has been used for generating the mentioned database. Ant colony optimization algorithm has been used for obtaining the discrete variable and three other heuristic algorithms, namely grey wolf optimizer, whale optimization algorithm and ion motion algorithm were used for finding the best continuous variable. Pipe number and the position of hydro turbine on the pipe were considered as the discrete and continuous variables, respectively. The proposed methodology was tested on a network in Palermo which data were available. The results indicated that the proposed methodology can suggest the best 6 pipes among 70 pipes of network and also the accurate position of the turbine on the pipe.
43. Construction and remote demonstration of an inexpensive but efficient experimental setup for studying self-inductance and mutual-inductance between two coils
Phys. Educ. 59, 025022, 2024
Measurement of self-inductance and mutual-inductance has been demonstrated as a laboratory experi... more Measurement of self-inductance and mutual-inductance has been
demonstrated as a laboratory experiment with great simplicity. The novelty
of this demonstration lies in its straightforward circuitry and methodology,
enabling the experiment accessible to students with minimal prerequisite
knowledge. A coil-pair setup was constructed using discarded common
household articles, costing very low but provides high quality throughput in
teaching-learning experience. The demonstration can be easily conducted
online using a laptop without the need of extra power supply. The experiment suits for high school and pre-university students, as evident by twenty first-semester undergraduate physics and electronics students who found it both satisfying and enjoyable with a relatively flat learning curve.
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. ... more Accurate detection of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through biopsies is challenging. Manual detection of the disease is not only prone to human error but is also timeconsuming. Using artificial intelligence and deep learning, we have successfully demonstrated the issues of the manual detection of liver diseases with a high degree of precision. This article uses various neural network-based techniques to assess non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this investigation, more than five thousand biopsy images were employed alongside the latest versions of the algorithms. To detect prominent characteristics in the liver from a collection of Biopsy pictures, we employed the YOLOv3, Faster R-CNN,
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is cha... more Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is challenging. Precise estimation of Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data is crucial, since the physiological state of any biological tissue or body is described in terms of Cole parameters. To extract Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data, the conventional gradient-based non-linear least square (NLS) optimization algorithm is found to be significantly inaccurate. In this work, we have presented a robust methodology to establish an accurate process to estimate Cole parameters and relaxation time from measured BIS data. Six nature inspired algorithms, along with NLS are implemented and studied. Experiments are conducted to obtain BIS data and analysis of variation (ANOVA) is performed. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm achieved a better fitment result and is also able to extract the Cole parameters most accurately among all the algorithms under consideration. The ANOVA result shows that CS algorithm achieved a higher confidence rate. In addition, the CS algorithm requires less sample size compared to other algorithms for distinguishing the change in physical properties of a biological body.
AIMS Biophysics, 2023
Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is cha... more Accurate extraction of Cole parameters for applications in bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is challenging. Precise estimation of Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data is crucial, since the physiological state of any biological tissue or body is described in terms of Cole parameters. To extract Cole parameters from measured bioimpedance data, the conventional gradient-based nonlinear least square (NLS) optimization algorithm is found to be significantly inaccurate. In this work, we have presented a robust methodology to establish an accurate process to estimate Cole parameters and relaxation time from measured BIS data. Six nature inspired algorithms, along with NLS are implemented and studied. Experiments are conducted to obtain BIS data and analysis of variation (ANOVA) is performed. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm achieved a better fitment result and is also able to extract the Cole parameters most accurately among all the algorithms under consideration. The ANOVA result shows that CS algorithm achieved a higher confidence rate. In addition, the CS algorithm requires less sample size compared to other algorithms for distinguishing the change in physical properties of a biological body.
39. Construction and remote demonstration of an inexpensive but efficient linear differential variable transformer (LVDT) for physics or electronics teaching during COVID-19 pandemic
Physics Education, 2022
A linear variable differential transformer is termed as LVDT in short. A simple miniature and ine... more A linear variable differential transformer is termed as LVDT in short. A simple miniature and inexpensive LVDT was constructed for laboratory teaching. Starting from the fundamental physics of LVDT, a complete demonstration was presented. The heart of an LVDT is three coils that were taken from the electrical ‘Ding-dong’ doorbell. A universal laboratory experiment kit named ‘ExpEyes-17’ is used to drive the LVDT and display the input and output signals on a laptop screen. Thus, a compact LVDT system was developed. Displacement experiments were conducted, and the well-known V-shape response for our LVDT was obtained. The theory and experiment were presented with a high degree of clarity for ease of understanding. A complete demonstration was given to a group of students while teaching the theory of LVDT, and an excellent response from the group was obtained. Moreover, online demonstration of LVDT experiments using our kit was easily achievable. The authors have used the setup for remote demonstration the experiment to the students during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
Electromigration in chip level interconnect is commonly described by atomic drift due to electron... more Electromigration in chip level interconnect is commonly described by atomic drift due to electron-wind force that arises from electron-ion momentum transfer. As an alternative to this model, in early 1980's, Sah proposed a two dimensional analytical 'void-surface bond-breaking' model by dropping the atomic drift term that resulted from electron-wind force (in his book 'Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronics') and the rate of change of area of void is computed. Due to the continuous down scaling and evolution of interconnect patterning technologies, the void growth process in modern interconnect becomes more complex and electromigration failures are found to be catastrophic in nature instead of gradual type failures observed in early days. In this work, Sah's model is revisited from the perspective of its applicability to modern submicron copper interconnects. The electromigration-induced resistance change behavior is analytically derived considering a three-dimensional atomic drift-less model. A good correlation between the findings of our model with experimental observations is presented.
Journal of Scientific Research, 2022
A simple, inexpensive and efficient circuit for generating sawtooth waves is demonstrated in this... more A simple, inexpensive and efficient circuit for generating sawtooth waves is demonstrated in this paper. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the voltage of a charging capacitor provides linear response when it is charged through a reverse-biased diode. A rectangular wave of extremely high duty cycle is used as a reference signal to drive the passive circuit consists of a diode–capacitor pair. During the on-time of the reference signal, the diode remains in reverse biased condition while charging the capacitor and during charging through the reverse-biased diode, the capacitor voltage produces the required ramp. During the off-time of the reference wave, the diode becomes forward biased and the capacitor discharges very fast through the forward-biased diode and thus a sawtooth wave has resulted. At high frequencies, the parasitic depletion capacitance of the diode cannot be ignored and it limits the frequency of operation. Laboratory experiments, as well as PSPICE circuit ...
AIMS Biophysics, 2021
Artificial intelligence techniques are used on chest X-ray images for accurate detection of disea... more Artificial intelligence techniques are used on chest X-ray images for accurate detection of diseases and this paper aims to develop a process which is capable of diagnosing COVID-19 using deep learning methods on X-ray images. For this purpose, we used Mask R-CNN method to train and test on the dataset to classify between patients infected and non-infected with COVID-19. The dataset used here contains a large number of frontal views of X-ray images which are an essential resource for the algorithms used in the development of tools for the detection of COVID-19. Using 668 chest Xray images, the proposed model achieved an accuracy as high as 96.98%, specificity of 97.36% with the precision of 96.60%. The entire process is presented in detail. When a comparison table on the AIbased techniques is prepared, it is noticed that the Mask R-CNN technique on chest X-ray images provides better efficiency in the detection of COVID-19. The Mask R-CNN method is found to be accurate and robust in the detection of COVID-19 from chest X-ray images.
AIMS Biophysics, 2020
A non-invasive method of measuring bioimpedance is presented to study the effect of moisturizing ... more A non-invasive method of measuring bioimpedance is presented to study the effect of moisturizing cream on human skin. A novel two-electrode system is developed to get electrical access at the area of interest on human skin. Controlled experiments are conducted for a duration of 47 days. Bioimpedance is measured by LCR meter in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 5 kHz. The measured impedance is then fitted with the Cole model and the relevant Cole parameters are extracted. Analysis of variance is performed on the Cole parameters to gain statistical relevance. It is found that one of the Cole parameters, namely the relaxation-time changes significantly due to the treatment of the skin with a moisturizing cream at more than 95% confidence level. The relaxation-time increases sharply during the treatment period and drops sharply in the post-treatment period. The effectiveness of the two types of cream is studied. The gender distinguishability during the application of a moisturizing cream is also studied. A very generic bioimpedance measurement method to assess the physiological condition of local skin is demonstrated here and the method has potential application in human skin related diseases and treatments.
AIMS Biophysics, 2020
It is difficult to apply bioimpedance technique to discriminate plant tissues due to the large va... more It is difficult to apply bioimpedance technique to discriminate plant tissues due to the large variability of Cole parameters. A novel electronic method for characterizing tissue of fruit or vegetable with discrimination capability is presented. A specially designed electrode-pair is used to measure the bioimpedance and Cole parameters are extracted. The relaxation time which is a fundamental property of a given tissue is then estimated and analysis of variance is performed to gain statistical relevance. Bioimpedance is measured for apple and potato tissues in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz and rigorous data analyses are performed. With 99% confidence, it is shown than the relaxation time is independent of position of measurement and is specific for a given fruit or vegetable. Further, the tissues of different species of a given fruit (or vegetable) is shown to be discriminated statistically at the confidence level of 98%. An excellent correlation is shown between the bioimpedance parameters and the parameters of cellular structure. Experimental data shows that our technique can be generalized to distinguish unhealthy or treated fruits (or vegetables) and therefore bearing immense applicability in the characterization of plant tissue.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 2020
Usable electrical energy harvesting from mechanical vibration is novel for operating low-power re... more Usable electrical energy harvesting from mechanical vibration is novel for operating low-power remote devices. Two different mass loaded cantilever type piezofilms (commonly used as piezo sensor) are considered in this investigation to convert mechanical vibration into electrical energy. An artificial vibrator is fabricated to simulate the ambient vibration. The ac power generated by the piezofilms is converted by a commercial passive converter to obtain usable dc power. A total of eight experiments are c onducted and we found that in the regime of ambient vibration (<100 Hz), the piezofilms of lower area with lower resonant frequency can provide higher power. Further, when energy harvester contains mult iple piezofilms, better performance is obtained for homogeneous films in contrast to the heterogeneous films. Study on load characteristics reveals that parallel combination of films generates highest power, signifying that a vibrating piezofilm acts as a current source. In our study, peak power is obtained for a load resistance of 480 kΩ, signifying a better current driving capability of the harvester. The peak power is found to be highly nonlinear with the vibrating frequency and is found to be maximum around the vibrating frequency of 59 Hz. In addition, electrical power delivered to the resistive load per unit area of the film is found to be as high as 1.43 µW/cm 2 and it is much higher than the similar reported harvesters.
IEEE Int. Conf. EDKCON 2018, 2018
Harnessing and usability of electrical energy from piezofilm-based energy harvester is investigat... more Harnessing and usability of electrical energy from piezofilm-based energy harvester is investigated. Three possible combinations such as parallel, series-parallel and series configurations of piezofilms are investigated for load carrying capability. A total of six mass loaded piezofilms are employed in this study. An artificial vibrator is used to simulate the ambient vibration to generate electrical energy from the piezofilms. A commercial passive converter is used to convert generated ac power into usable dc power. Load characteristics are obtained at different vibrating frequency for all the three configurations. Among these three configurations, experimentally it is found the parallel combination of the piezofilms is the best configuration as far power generation capability is concerned, even at low vibrating frequency. It is also noticed that, the peak power is obtained at almost equal load for the first two configurations while the same is found to be at larger load resistance for the last configuration. The possible reasons for differences in the load characteristics of the three configurations are discussed.
IEEE Int. Conf. EDKCON 2018, 2018
Electromigration-induced resistance change carries lot of information about the failure phenomeno... more Electromigration-induced resistance change carries lot of information about the failure phenomenon and is an important aspect of the degradation process. Hence modeling electromigration-induced resistance degradation is of paramount importance, especially for submicron dual-damascene Cu interconnects. On the other hand, Markov model is extensively used in reliability engineering. This study focuses on the nature of the time-domain discrete states in the failure process. We argue about the memoryless discrete states in Markovian model to predict the electromigration-induced resistance degradation. The physics behind the electromigration failure does not support the application of Markovian model in electromigration and the inadequacy of such application is described. In contrast to the memoryless states, the resistance change behavior can be better explained by considering very generic and dependent discrete states. Whenever required, simulations are performed to obtain the resistance change behaviors. Our findings are concurrence with the experimental observations.
Solid-State Electronics, 2018
The features of electromigration-induced resistance change profile are important aspects of relia... more The features of electromigration-induced resistance change profile are important aspects of reliability, especially for ULSI interconnect. By experimenting on 0.28 µm wide Cu dual-damascene interconnects, clear evidence of catastrophic failure is observed even
when the failure criterion of only 2% resistance change is imposed. Applying theoretical constitutive law of degradation and using basic principles of generic model, constitutive equation for resistance degradation in electromigration is derived and simulated for catastrophic failure. Then real-time resistance change profile is obtained by a simple analytical model which incorporates the Nernst-Einstein relation of mass transport. The convergence of the analytical model to the generic one is also shown. The various aspects of
catastrophic failure are discussed. A good correlation between the results obtained from the model and experiment are shown.
The beauty of a diode lies in its voltage-dependent nonlinear resistance. The voltage on a chargi... more The beauty of a diode lies in its voltage-dependent nonlinear resistance. The voltage on a charging and discharging capacitor through a reverse-biased diode is calculated from basic equations and is found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. Instead of the exponential dependence of charging and discharging voltages with time for a resistor-capacitor circuit, a linear time dependence is found when the resistor is replaced by a reverse-biased diode. Thus, well controlled positive and negative ramp voltages are obtained from the charging and discharging diode-capacitor circuits. This experiment can readily be performed in an introductory physics and electronics laboratory.
28. Multiple data access via a common cavity bus in circuit QED
International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 2017
Accessing multiple data through a common bus in quantum information processing is challenging. Ex... more Accessing multiple data through a common bus in quantum information processing is challenging. Experimental demonstration of quantum state transfer between a pair of superconducting phase qubit [M. A. Sillanpää et al., Nature 449, 438 (2007)] motivates us to construct a scheme for accessing and transferring multi-qubit quantum information through a common cavity bus. Here, we have presented an efficient scheme to access multiple data through single channel using superconducting qubit and superconducting cavity resonator. The qubit–cavity photon coupling offers transfer of quantum data in different location of a quantum processing system from multiple users through a common superconducting cavity resonator. Instead of phase qubit, charge qubit is found to be more advantageous in qubit–cavity interaction for quantum data transformation, because charge qubit is immune to flux and external flux is used to select specific qubit from a set of qubits. The scheme is very generic and provides M-output from N-number of inputs via a common cavity in circuit quantum electrodynamics. The flexibility of the scheme allows us to implement multiplexer, demultiplexer, and so on for quantum data manipulation in a similar manner as in classical digital electronics. This scheme is useful to reduce the circuit complexity in quantum processor named as ‘quprocessor’.
Conversion efficiency of mechanical impact into electrical voltage remains ever increasing demand... more Conversion efficiency of mechanical impact into electrical voltage remains ever
increasing demand for piezoelectric PVDF film sensor. For a given film sensor, the
output voltage produced due to mechanical impact is highly dependent on the direction
of stretching (or compressing) and active area of the film sensor. More is the active
area of the film; higher will be the output voltage. It is shown that the active area is
significantly increased due to the ridge-like shape given at the inner surfaces of the
plates of sandwich type loadcell and as a result of which higher conversion efficiency
is obtained. The effectiveness of the ridge-like shape is confirmed statistically by conducting
two factorial design of experiment in which shape and material of the loadcell
are considered as the two factors with 24 matrix. In case of loadcell made of glass
plates, more than 100% increase in the output voltage is observed for ridge-like shape
in comparison to its plain counterpart. Both the bandwidth and frequency range of the
output signal is found to be independent and dependent of the loadcell materials for
indirect and direct impact with the loadcell respectively. The merits and demerits of the
fabricated loadcells are discussed.
26. Microstructure Measurement Techniques for Studying Electromigration in ULSI Interconnects
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2016
Electromigration reliability remains a major threat to microelectronic circuits. Microstructure o... more Electromigration reliability remains a major threat to microelectronic circuits. Microstructure of a thin film conductor used in integrated circuit affects the electromigration lifetime significantly. A wealth of knowledge is acquired on thin film microstructure and electromigration in metallic interconnects from relevant studies in past few decades. However, it is noticed that the various techniques to measure microstructure-related attributes of thin film metallization are not presented
in the context of electromigration, since these measurement techniques have their own importance. On the other hand, aggressive scaling of interconnect line-width down to nano regime, poses new challenges to microstructure characterization techniques. This article connects these two
aspects of electromigration study, e.g., the characterization of microstructure and measurement techniques for the influential microstructural attributes especially for Cu-based interconnects. The microstructure-related parameters, attributes, and their impacts on electromigration lifetime are
discussed. The sample preparation and various techniques to measure attributes of microstructure are presented in detail. This article describes the current state-of-the-art for the advancement of studying microstructure dependent electromigration reliability.
Analog signals can be added or subtracted according to requirements using Op-Amp. At end of these... more Analog signals can be added or subtracted according to requirements using Op-Amp. At end of these two lectures, a methodology is presented to operate addition and subtraction of analog signals simultaneously using only one Op-Amp.
These three lectures are about: Various types of feedback amplifiers, Practical considerations, A... more These three lectures are about: Various types of feedback amplifiers, Practical considerations, Amplifiers with negative feedback, Advantages of negative feedback, Effect of negative feedback on (i) Desensitivity (stability), (ii) Bandwidth, (iii) Non-linear distortion, (iv) Noise, (v) Input resistance and (vi) Output resistance. Some numerical problems with solutions are also provided.
This lecture is about Howland Current Source with circuit analysis.
here are mainly two types of computer. What you probably think about " computer " is a digital co... more here are mainly two types of computer. What you probably think about " computer " is a digital computer. Numbers are represented by blocks of 0's and 1's where 1 and 0 are representation of two different voltages (e.g. 0 V and +5 V respectively). In digital computer, operations are simple logical operations (e.g. AND, OR etc.) or arithmetic operations (e.g. addition, subtraction). Operations involved 'Calculus' are difficult and complicated to perform. On the other hand, we have analog computer in which numbers are represented by continuously varying quantities such voltage. A typical simulation of physical system involves mathematical model consisting of a set of one or more differential equations and initial conditions on the variables. If the system is linear, the differential equations are linear. In contrast to digital logic blocks; active integrator, active differentiator, inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, adder, subtractor etc. are basic building blocks in analog computer. Instead of active differentiator, active integrator is most frequently used in analog computer because: (i) less noisy (integrator has a tendency to average out the effects of noise while differentiator has tendency to accumulate it), (ii) more stable and (iii) easy to impose initial condition. Let us consider a differential equation: = + + with the initial conditions of (0) = ℎ and (0) =. In order to solve this differential equation, let us assume that y " as an input signal, and we want to obtain y' and y from it using integrators. The right-hand side of the differential equation can be constructed using a general add-subtract circuit. The block diagram of such a system is shown below. Fig. 1: Block diagram for solution of a differential equation using integrator circuit. Now, since the RHS of the differential equation equals y'', we close the loop of the above block to assumed input. The solution to the equation would then be y. Further, the summation in the above figure (to produce RHS) involves general Add-subtract operation by Op-Amp. Thus before we proceed to solve differential equation using Op-Amp, at this stage it is necessary to review general Add-subtract operation by Op-Amp.
This lecture is about Pole-Zero of Electronic Circuits.
This lecture will help to RECAP your knowledge studied during B.Sc. course.