Nichole Georgeou | Western Sydney University (original) (raw)

Books by Nichole Georgeou

Food Security in Solomon Islands: A Survey of Honiara Central Market, 2018

This is a report of survey data from the study: Food Security in Solomon Islands: A survey of Hon... more This is a report of survey data from the study: Food Security in Solomon Islands: A survey of Honiara Central Market. The data presented in the report is preliminary, and further data analysis will be published in academic journals. The report as it stands makes an important contribution to understanding the role of the Honiara Central Market in linking rural and urban economies, especially with respect to the roles of women, as well as providing data on produce source, volume and dispersion of fresh agricultural produce throughout the greater Honiara area.

This work comes at an important time of global crisis and change, where the world is ravaged by n... more This work comes at an important time of global crisis and change, where the world is ravaged by natural disasters, wars and poverty. This has increased the pressure on governments and other organisations, such as volunteer sending agencies, which provide aid, and we have seen an upward trend in the number of people volunteering abroad. Within this volatile environment, neoliberal ideology on how aid should be provided and implemented has become embedded in how policy is formulated. A market-driven model of aid provision has become the norm, and governments are increasingly focused on international development volunteering as a form of 'soft diplomacy'. This is the first qualitative empirical study of international development volunteering. The book contributes theoretical knowledge on International Volunteering Sending Agencies (IVSAs) and examines practitioner experience in development volunteering in the context of emerging policy developments. Critical analysis highlights the impact of global and social changes and provides a nuanced understanding of development volunteer motivation, and the relationship between volunteers and sending agencies. The book also puts forward an agenda and model for volunteer sending that addresses the complexities and diversity of the volunteer experience.

This compendium of 34 regionally focused case studies is packaged with the Sixth Edition of the i... more This compendium of 34 regionally focused case studies is packaged with the Sixth Edition of the internationally respected OUP text by John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens, 'The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations'.

The chapters include one by Nichole Georgeou: "Aid Volunteering and Voluntourism: Transantional Actors, State and Market"; and six co-authoured by Nichole Georgeou and Charles Hawksley: "Australia's Seat on the UN Security Council"; "Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger in the Pacific"; "Migration and International Law: The Pacific Solution Mark II"; "Socio-Institutional Neoliberalism, Securitisation and Australia's Aid Program"; "Sovereignty and Intervention in Southeast Asia"; "West Papua and Indonesia: A Forgotten conflict?".

Refereed Journal Articles by Nichole Georgeou

PLOS ONE, 2017

Background Young people in Uganda face various sexual and reproductive health risks, especially t... more Background
Young people in Uganda face various sexual and reproductive health risks, especially those living in urban slums. The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with compre- hensive categories of sexual and reproductive health, including sexual behaviours; sexual education and access to contraceptive services; family planning; prevention of STDs; sexual consent as a right; gender based violence; as well as HIV testing, counselling, disclosure and support.
Methods
The study was cross-sectional in design and was carried out in July 2014 in Makindye and Nakawa Divisions of Kampala City, Uganda. Using systematic random sampling, data were collected on 663 participants aged between 13 and 24 years in Kampala’s urban slums.

Results
Sixty two percent of participants reported having ever had sex and the mean age of sexual debut was 16 years (95%CI: 15.6, 16.4 years, range: 5–23 years). The odds of reporting ever having had sexual intercourse were higher among respondents living alone (OR: 2.75; 95%CI: 1.35, 5.61; p<0.01) than those living in a nuclear family. However, condom use was only 54%. The number of sexual partners in the last 12 months preceding the survey aver- aged 1.8 partners (95%CI: 1.7, 1.9; range 1–4) with 18.1% reporting an age gap of 10 years or older. More than three quarters (80.6%) of sexually active participants reported that their first sexual encounter was consensual, suggesting that most young people are choosing when they make their sexual debut. Low prevalence of willing first sexual intercourse was associated with younger age (OR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.90, p<0.05), having a disability (OR = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.16, 0.98, p<0.05), living with non-relatives (OR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.16, 0.97, p<0.05), and being still at school (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.12, 0.67, p<0.01). These results remained significant after adjusting for covariates, except for disability and the age of participants. The proportion of unwilling first sexual intercourse was significantly higher among women for persuasion (13.2% vs. 2.4%, p<0.001), being tricked (7.1% vs 2.9%, p<0.05) and being forced or raped (9.9% vs 4.4%, p<0.05) than men. A high level of sexual abuse emerged from the data with 34.3% affirming that it was alright for a boy to force a girl to have sex if he had feelings for her; 73.3% affirming that it was common for strangers and relatives to force young females to have sexual intercourse with them without consent; 26.3% indicating that it was sometimes justifiable for a boy to hit his girlfriend, as long as they loved each other.

Conclusion
This study has explored current sexual practice among young people in a specific part of urban Kampala. Young people’s sexual and reproductive health remains a challenge in Uganda. To address these barriers, a comprehensive and harmonised sexual and reproduc- tive health system that is youth friendly and takes into account local socio-cultural contexts is urgently needed.

Background Immigration often results in changes in family dynamics, and within this process of dy... more Background
Immigration often results in changes in family dynamics, and within this process of dynamic relational adjustment youth can be conceptualised as contested sites of culture and associ- ated intergenerational conflicts. This paper considers the experiences of migrant youth in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia using conflict as a useful lens through which to view issues of migrant youth identity and their sense of social connected- ness, belonging, and agency. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to explore how migrant youth cope with acculturative stress and intergenerational conflicts, and 2) to better under- stand the systemic and family-related factors that facilitate positive settlement experiences for migrant youth.

Methods
A total of 14 focus group discussions, comprising 164 people, were carried out in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. These focus groups targeted newly arrived migrant parents and young adults (aged 18–24) of African, Burmese, Nepalese, Indian, Afghani, Bangladeshi and Iraqi backgrounds. Each focus group was 1.5 hours in duration and was conducted by a team of three people (an experienced facilitator, an accredited interpreter/bilingual worker, and a note taker). Data were collected using a standard inter- view schedule, and an accredited interpreter/bilingual worker asked the questions in the appropriate language and translated participant responses into English.
Results
The findings highlight how youth in new migrant families become contested sites of culture as they try to balance integration into the new culture while maintaining their originating country’s cultural values. Two themes and four subthemes emerged from the analysis: Inter- generational acculturation gap (loss of family capital and intergenerational conflicts); and factors that successfully protected positive family values while still allowing young people to integrate (the legal system that disarm authoritarian parenting practices and family rules; and parental use of children’s increased knowledge of the new environment to navigate their new environment). Migrant families conceptualised family capital as the social solidar- ity, influence, and control governing obligations and expectations, intergenerational knowl- edge transmission and information flow, social norms, and cultural identity. The loss of family capital was characterised by children’s refusal to associate with or meet family mem- bers, preferring to be alone in their rooms and private space. Migrant youth find themselves caught between and negotiating two cultures, with unwanted negative consequences at the family level in the form of intergenerational conflicts. The new found freedom among chil- dren and their rapid transition into the Australian society gives children an increased sense of agency, which in turn threatens parental authority, allowing children to exercise three forms of power: increased assertiveness due to legal protection of children against any cor- poral punishment; and English language fluency and greater understanding of the function- ing of Australian social institutions.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest the need for an inter-generational approach to healthy family dynamics within migrant communities when dealing with youth negotiating the complexity and sensitiv- ity of forging their cultural identity.

Immersion tours place a student in an unfamiliar context with the purpose of inducing a change in... more Immersion tours place a student in an unfamiliar context with the purpose of inducing a change in their worldview. While the literature on immersion tours indicates that, on the whole, students have a beneficial experience, the claims that such experiences are 'life changing' are untested. This article examines one cohort of Australian university students who visited the Tibetan community of Dharamsala in India in 2008 and whether the immersion was a transformative experience for them in the long term. While initially most students claimed to have been greatly changed by the experience, five years later none felt that the experience had been truly transformative. This conclusion highlights the need to be sceptical of claims that outbound mobility will transform all students' lives.

With volunteering recognised for its invaluable cross-cutting role, this paper seeks common groun... more With volunteering recognised for its invaluable cross-cutting role, this paper seeks common ground between national and international volunteering agendas within the new global context created by the adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in January 2016. By highlighting the dearth of research at the intersection between national and international volunteering, and by examining opportunities for collaboration and consolidation, the authors propose that now is the time to bring the separate research agendas together.

This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy... more This article highlights the challenges of community sustainability in the emerging market economy of Solomon Islands. It examines the ways in which Solomon Islanders from Savo Island engage with the Honiara Central Market (HCM), the largest fresh food and vegetable market in Solomon Islands. We focus on the produce sold and income earned by the farmers from Savo Island. Data from five focus groups from three villages on Savo Island reveals the critical importance of cash income from market sales at the HCM. The article also demonstrates the mix of logistical and environmental challenges for long-term community sustainability on Savo Island that arise when trying to earn money by selling food.

Journal of Sociology—doi:10.1177/1440783314562416, Jan 26, 2015

The recruitment for what has become known as ‘voluntourism’ takes place in campuses at many Unive... more The recruitment for what has become known as ‘voluntourism’ takes place in campuses at many Universities in Australia. Under the banner of ‘making a difference’ students are solicited to travel to developing countries to aid poor communities, to enjoy the sights and tastes of the distant and exotic ‘other’, the ‘experience’ touted as a useful addition to the curriculum vitae (CV). This article addresses the discursive terrain of voluntourism by providing an analysis of the ways in which students are invited to participate in cultural practices that give little or no information about the lived realities of people in poor nations. We argue that voluntourism reinforces the dominant paradigm that the poor of developing countries require the help of affluent Westerners to induce development. We contend that the recruitment of students by voluntourism organisations is an example of public pedagogy that reinforces a hegemonic discourse of need.

Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 2013

A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 20... more A survey and discussion of Australian foreign policy issues during the period July to December 2012. The authors focus on the period’s high degree of policy continuity characterised by bilateral support for the US Alliance, an emphasis on creating wider trade opportunities within neoliberal globalization, particularly in East Asia, and international engagement with the world through multilateral bodies such as the United Nations and its agencies. They review the return to the Pacific Solution, the Australian presence in the UN Security Council, the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper, and focus on the linking of gender concerns to aid delivery in the region previously referred to as the Arc of Instability.

Australian Journal of Political Science, Jan 1, 2011

Within the large volume of research on aid and development there has been limited study of intern... more Within the large volume of research on aid and development there has been limited study of international development volunteering generally and the ways in which it has been affected by neoliberalism. Development volunteering has undergone a resurgence over the past decade and some new forms of volunteering have emerged, but state-sponsored development programs are still a key form. These programs were relatively immune from

Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and …, Jan 1, 2010

This study explores the relationship between state-citizen relations and changing notions of volu... more This study explores the relationship between state-citizen relations and changing notions of volunteering in Japan.

Book Reviews by Nichole Georgeou

Griffith Law Review (forthcoming, Volume 23(1) (2014), 2014

Book Chapters by Nichole Georgeou

Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to bu... more Responsibility to Protect's Pillar II requires the international community to assist states to build their capacity to promote resilience to genocide and mass atrocities. In this chapter we unpack this 'Responsibility to Assist', and identify its myriad forms with modern peacekeeping and state building. Such operations are often tasked with post-conflict reconstruction, where the emphasis on rule of law requires international police building efforts, and in this chapter we explore this phenomenon in Timor Leste and Solomon Islands. We argue Pillar II police building concentrates on building the rule of law to prevent future atrocities, and by applying gender as a lens to these two operations we unpack the tensions created as local police translate and implement international norms of human rights.

Citation: Hawksley, C. and Georgeou, N. (2016), 'The responsibility to protect and the 'responsibility to assist' : developing human rights protection through police building', The United Nations and Genocide, Palgrave Macmillan 9781137484482

Current Issues in Transitional Justice, Natalia Szablewska and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann (eds), Springer, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, (accepted and forthcoming September 2014) , 2014

Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transition... more Modern interventions focused on state building usually incorporate some mechanisms for transitional justice. The 2003 intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) initially favoured criminal trials to achieve transitional justice, while local initiatives promoted community healing. RAMSI adopted a security paradigm that viewed the conflict as a matter of law and order, rather than as a complex historical and social issue. A central aim of RAMSI has been to rebuild trust in the state’s police force, however this has been a particularly complex process as during the conflict from 1998-2003 many members of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) were implicated in serious crimes. RAMSI has pushed for a generational renewal of the RSIPF, but its emphasis on institutional mechanisms of state control and legal processes has resulted in a lack of coordination with local preferences for restorative justice. This chapter uses a gender lens to unpack the tensions and implications of the RAMSI intervention for women, arguing that the security-first paradigm, along with the exclusion of women from the initial Peace Agreement, has entrenched existing patriarchal social relations and has been counterproductive to later gender-mainstreaming initiatives in peace-building.

Papers by Nichole Georgeou

Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 1, 2013

The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has generated a great deal of discussion on armed humanitari... more The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has generated a great deal of discussion on armed humanitarian intervention in states in which human rights atrocities have been or may be occurring. In contrast, there has been little systematic analysis of the capacity-building role that the international community can play in states that struggle to provide a secure environment for populations within their borders. We have termed this international commitment to build the capacity of states to resist genocide and other mass human rights atrocities the 'Responsibility to Assist'. The international commitment given at the 2005 World Summit included helping all states live up to their obligations of human rights protection. In this chapter we examine how international and regional efforts to develop state capacity in policing (police capacity-building or 'police building') may assist a state to develop a culture of human rights protection, and thus reduce the likelihood of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes or crimes against humanity occurring

PLOS Sustainability and Transformation

UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food securi... more UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger links ending hunger to achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. The Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) is a region where such linkages can be investigated as the PICTs are confronting climate change while facing a decrease in available arable land and increasing rates of urbanisation. Around 80% of all Pacific Islanders still rely on agricultural produce from their own gardens or from small holder farmers to support or to supplement their diets. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has declared the years 2019–2028 to be the Decade of Family Farming. Food imports are increasingly common in PICTs, and can provide cheap, although not particularly nutritious foods, leading to generalised health problems. Increased reliance on imports is itself an indicator of diminishing food security, and with the PICTs facing a range of food security challenges, it is timely to assess ...

Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2012

[Extract] On Saturday 7 July 2012 the people of Timor-Leste went to the polls to decide the compo... more [Extract] On Saturday 7 July 2012 the people of Timor-Leste went to the polls to decide the composition of their next parliament. This was the third major test of electoral security this year with the Presidential elections of March and April resulting in a successful handover of the office of President from José Ramos-Horta to the former guerilla fighter, and most recently the leader of the Armed Forces of the independent state, Taur Matan Ruak. The July Parliamentary poll was widely seen as a barometer of the success of the long term United Nations (UN) presence in the country. With the election being conducted without major violent incident, the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) can adhere to its UN Security Council mandate and begin to withdraw a sizeable component of its police-support at the end of the year in accordance with UNSC Res 2037 (2012)

Food Security in Solomon Islands: A Survey of Honiara Central Market, 2018

PLOS ONE, 2017

Journal of Sociology—doi:10.1177/1440783314562416, Jan 26, 2015

Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 2013

Australian Journal of Political Science, Jan 1, 2011

Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and …, Jan 1, 2010

Australian Journal of Politics and History, Jun 1, 2013

PLOS Sustainability and Transformation

Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2012

Disasters tend to stimulate the creation of spontaneous informal activity by self-organising volu... more Disasters tend to stimulate the creation of spontaneous informal activity by self-organising voluntary groups and individuals. This has been demonstrated by the transnational surge of volunteer activity in the aftermath of countless disasters worldwide that have varied in both size and nature. Yet despite the universality and inevitability of volunteer behaviour, research into the phenomenon of voluntarism following the occurrence of a natural disaster has only been lightly examined. This paper presents a scoping review of the available literature on the emergence of local and international volunteerism following the occurrence of a natural disaster. Four major themes were identified in the literature: (i) motivational drivers of volunteerism in post-disaster contexts; (ii) volunteer typologies; (iii) opportunities and challenges presented by the informal volunteer; and (iv) extending volunteerism.

Between 2006 and 2009 I undertook a comprehensive case study of Palms Australia (referred to as P... more Between 2006 and 2009 I undertook a comprehensive case study of Palms Australia (referred to as Palms), a non-profit International Volunteer Sending Agency (IVSA) established in 1961. As the recipient of the PhD scholarship attached to an Australian Research Council (ARC) Industry Linkage Grant between Palms and the University of Wollongong (UOW), I tracked a cohort of 13 development volunteers as they moved through the volunteer cycle. Palms had received ongoing Australian Government funding to support their volunteer sending programs, but at the time of the study it had not been successful in its most recent tender and was not awarded government funding.

Quality in Ageing and Older Adults

Purpose The purpose of this study is to highlight the challenges and opportunities for the well-b... more Purpose The purpose of this study is to highlight the challenges and opportunities for the well-being of older migrants and refugees in rural Australia by learning from the example of the Bhutanese community in Albury, New South Wales. Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint focusses on health and aged care barriers that affect the well-being of older migrants and refugees in Australia. It also demonstrates how these can be intensified due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings Engagement though agriculture, and a sense of “belonging” strengthen the cultural well-being of the Bhutanese older adults in Albury. However, major issues remain as health-related resources and information are lacking in rural Australia. How this group’s meaningful activities in Albury enabled collaborations to be built is shown in this working example and can provide lessons for other communities that experience similar problems of disconnection as they get older. Research limitations/implications The inform...

Extreme weather events, such as floods and rainstorms, can turn into serious threats due to their... more Extreme weather events, such as floods and rainstorms, can turn into serious threats due to their unpredictable nature and scale. Depending on their magnitude, vulnerable communities may experience substantial losses, especially those residing in riparian and deltaic ecosystems. Despite the significant progress in disaster risk governance over recent years, the implementation of effective resilience plans at the local level remains a challenge. This is often due to the uncertainties of addressing key variations between communities, such as their hydrogeomorphological surroundings, differences in community needs and capacities, and unpredictable local atmospheric conditions. Generalized weather forecasting systems and imported response plans for instance, cannot always be adopted or understood in depth by low-income communities. In contrast, high-income communities and their assets are typically better protected through the use of technology and flood prevention infrastructure. Focus...

Geosciences, 2022

Climate and energy crises are increasing worldwide. Community-led humanitarian engineering interv... more Climate and energy crises are increasing worldwide. Community-led humanitarian engineering interventions for localized sustainable development and disaster resilience could support populations at risk. This article presents findings from a study that investigated flood response and energy needs of two riparian communities in Greece and Nepal. The findings indicate that the co-development of a hybrid unit for hydropower generation and flood warning is most preferred. This prototype could find applications in different riparian areas as either a main or supplementary system.

The responsibility to protect in Oceania: a political assessment of the impact and influence of R... more The responsibility to protect in Oceania: a political assessment of the impact and influence of R2P on police forces

Social Science Protocols, 2021

Background: Floods and storms are the most common natural hazards. Communities in remote, riparia... more Background: Floods and storms are the most common natural hazards. Communities in remote, riparian areas are the most vulnerable in such disasters, particularly when local populations lack reliable energy and early warning systems for hazard response. Our study will investigate energy and flood resilience issues in such communities and use remote methods to enable research continuity in intra and post-pandemic contexts. Methods/Design: A two-round Delphi process will be used to interview 16 participants from Nepal and Greece to understand their priorities and preferred solutions for energy and flood resilience issues. In Round One we aim to understand the current capabilities and vulnerabilities of our focus communities in these areas. In Round Two, we seek feedback on potential options that are either market-available/evidence-informed solutions or co-developed conceptual systems. Remotely deployed semi-structured interviews are the principal method for both rounds. The Round Two s...

International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2021

The need for reliable energy is an ongoing challenge. Poor energy access, particularly in off-gri... more The need for reliable energy is an ongoing challenge. Poor energy access, particularly in off-grid areas, constrains socioeconomic development and reduces resilience against natural hazards. With water-based disasters becoming more frequent and intense, it is important that holistic insights are applied to the assessment of community vulnerabilities and capabilities. Humanitarian engineering interventions that combine renewable energy and flood early warning at the local level offer comprehensive solutions, have long-term potential, and promote synergies between community and professional stakeholders. This study examines a community-centered approach to localised hydropower and flood response within a framework of sustainable development. Using a systems approach, we develop strategies that potentially address multiple needs, including the intersecting needs of key stakeholder groups

Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 2021

Small communities in remote, riparian sites often have limited resources, and experience energy i... more Small communities in remote, riparian sites often have limited resources, and experience energy insufficiencies and poor disaster resilience to intensifying weather hazards such as rainstorms and floods. Humanitarian engineering interventions for off-grid renewable energy generation and flood response at the local level have the potential to support community hazard management and socioeconomic development. This scoping review examines communities in low and lower middle-income countries, and their use of renewable energy and flood warning systems. Its primary focus is vulnerable communities and how they can achieve hazard protection as part of sustainable development initiatives. The findings highlight that it is important to consider institutional, environmental, social/ethical, economic and technical indicators in developing a comprehensive understanding of the success or failure of a given system. The study concludes that an integrated renewable energy and flood warning system may provide an optimal, community-managed approach to address priority needs.

Between 2003-2013 RAMSI had three areas of concentration: Law and Justice, Economic Governance an... more Between 2003-2013 RAMSI had three areas of concentration: Law and Justice, Economic Governance and Growth, and Machinery of Government. The latter has included programs such as Public Service improvement, and strengthening national accountability institutions, parliament, the electoral system, provincial government and encouraging quotas for Women in Government. In this case study we focus on the Law and Justice program and its police capacity-building ("policebuilding") component with the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF). First we situate policing within peace operations, then show how RtoA may be applied to Solomon Islands. Finally, we review the RAMSI/RSIPF relationship from its deployment to preparation for withdrawal, making reference to notions of good governance, human security and gender.

This briefing paper provides a short background to the 2012 elections in Timor-Leste, and explore... more This briefing paper provides a short background to the 2012 elections in Timor-Leste, and explores the UNPOL mandate to support and build the capacity of the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (PNTL – the Timor-Leste National Police), so that Timor-Leste will be able to manage security for its citizens without international assistance. Based on fieldwork conducted during June 2012, including interviews with human rights-focused NGOs, and with international police implementing bilateral and multilateral capacity building, we argue that the 3,200-3,400 strong PNTL is theoretically ready to go it alone when the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste departs, and explore questions as to how the force will be used by the government, and the way in which further diverse institutional police capacity-building efforts by bilateral donors can be coordinated.

At the recent AusAID sponsored UN Strategy and Coordination Conference on the Regional Capacity t... more At the recent AusAID sponsored UN Strategy and Coordination Conference on the Regional Capacity to Protect, Prevent and Respond (May 17-18, Bangkok), the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative on Responsibility to Protect (R2P), Edward Luck, noted that while the three pillars of R2P are becoming better known, 90% of the academic work is on Pillar III (Intervention), even though it is comparatively rare. In contrast we know much less about Pillar II: The Responsibility to Assist. In this briefing paper the authors explore police capacity-building (“police-building”) in three developing states of Oceania and its relation to R2P. This activity forms part of a larger challenge of Security Sector Reform (SSR) occurring within an even wider paradigm of state-building. SSR is linked with the idea of development, as well as with aid delivery and the transmission of technical knowledge and expertise.