ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF INDIGOFERA ASPALATHOIDES VAHL. EX. DC. (original) (raw)
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International journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014
Objective: The current study was done to analyze qualitatively the presence of pharmacological compounds and the antibacterial activity of different extracts of Indigo feraarrecta. Methods: The plant was extracted using hydromethanolic solvent. The extracted compounds were dissolved in different solvents according to their polarity and then concentrated using a rotar vapor with a water bath at 40 o C. The antibacterial assessment was done using well diffusion method and the phytochemicals analysed using standard procedures with minor adjustments. Results: The study demonstrated thatthe plant contains very important pharmacological compounds. The extracts tested had different inhibitions on the microorganisms tested. Ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of all the selected pathogenic organisms while the water extract inhibited the growth of three out of the five microorganisms tested. Hexane and butanol inhibited only Bacillus cereus out of the five microorganisms used in the study. The penicillin which was used as the positive control inhibited the growth of all the organisms, while dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) did not inhibit the growth of any of the organisms.. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed there was significant difference in the microorganisms zones of inhibition (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained in this research are a scientific justification of the plant's use in the treatment of various diseases. The results have revealed thatthe plant has great potency in the treatment against infections caused by all the bacteria tested. However, further research needs to be done to isolate the active compounds, identify their structural formula, their mode of action and their effect in the in vivo environment.
Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2011
Indigofera aspalathoides has been used in Ayurvedic formulations in ancient India. In order to study and evaluate the phytochemical activity of Indigofera aspalathoides, five different solvents methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts were used for the extraction of the active ingredients from the plant leaves. The study of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities were done using the methanolic extract. Excision wound model on Swiss albino mice was used to assess the wound healing activity of the leaves. Remarkable wound healing activity was observed with the ointment formulation of the methanol extract at 1% concentration. The results of our preclinical studies in mice demonstrated that the leaves of Indigofera aspalathoides possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and wound healing activity.
Antibacterial activity of selected plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine
2006
Introduction 2. Motivation 3. Aim 4. Objectives CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Plants in traditional medicine 2.2 Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) 2.3 Identification and treatment of livestock diseases 2.3.1 Plant uses in EVM 2.3.1.1 World wide 2.3.1.2 South Africa 2.3.1.3 Limpopo province 2.3.1.3.1 Plant characteristics (a) Balanites maughamii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (b) Breonadia salicina i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (c) Dombeya rotundifolia i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description i iv. Uses (d) Hyperacanthus amoenus i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (e) Piliostigma thonningii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses 2.4 Bioactive compounds from plants 2.4.1 Nitrogen containing compound 2.4.1.1 Alkaloids 2.4.1.2 Cyanogenic glycosides 2.4.2 Terpenes 2.4.3 Phenolic compounds 2.4.3.1 Flavonoids 2.4.3.2 Lignins 2.4.3.3 Tannins i. Condensed tannins ii. Hydrolysable tannins 2.4.4 Tannin binding agents i. Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) ii. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2.5 Phytochemical analyses of bioactive compounds 31 2.5.1 Preparation of plant extracts 31 2.5.1.1 Tannin assays 31 2.5.1.2 Bioassays 31 2.5.2 Tannin assays 33 2.5.2.1 Colorimetric assay for total phenolics 2.5.2.2 Gravimetric assays 2.5.2.3 Protein precipitation assays: radial diffusion 2.5.4 Bioassays for antibacterial activity 2.5.4.1 Agar-diffusion assays i. Disc diffusion assay ii. Well diffusion assay 2.5.5 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) i. Agar-dilution method ii. Serial dilution method for MIC 2.5.6 Bioautography 2.6 Separation and purification techniques 2.6.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) CHAPTER 3: Material and methods 3.1 Plant selection 3.2 Plant collection 3.3 Plant identification 3.4 Drying and grinding of plant material 3.5 Preparation of crude plant extracts for bioactivity assays 3.5.1. Addition of PEG and PVPP to plant extracts for removal of tannins 42 3.5.2 Determination of tannins 3.5.2.1 Preparation of agarose plates 3.5.2.2 Radial diffusion assay 3.6 Determination of antibacterial activity of plant extracts 3.6.1 Bacteria 3.6.2 Determination of MIC crude plant extracts 44 3.6.2.1 Agar-dilution method 44 3.6.2.2 Serial dilution method 44 3.6.3 Fractionation of crude plant extracts 45 3.6.3.1 Extraction 45 3.6.3.2 Solvent-solvent fractionation of crude extracts 45 iii 3.6.3.3 Separation of bioactive compounds by TLC 3.6.3.4 Detection of separated compounds 3.6.3.5 Bioautographic assay 3.7 Statistical Analysis CHAPTER 4: Results 4.1 Identification of plant material 4.2 Tannins in plant extract 4.2.1 Tannins in 70% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.1.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 70% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 4.2.2 Tannins in 100% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.2.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 51 4.2.2.2 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added to the final extracts (variant 2) 54 4.2.6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts 59 4.2.6.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.6.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.7.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.2.7.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.3 Thin layer chromatography and bioautography 63
In Vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of some selected medicinal plants
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 2010
Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional medicine to cure various infectious diseases in human. The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of successively extracted hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of bulb of Allium sativum, leaf of Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum sanctum against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at different test concentration by agar well diffusion method. The test samples were also subjected to detect the presence of phytochemicals. The results of antibacterial activity was analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The study revealed that the extracts possessed antibacterial activity in a dose dependent manner. Among the test plants E.citriodora showed better activity against test bacteria. Aqueous extract of E.citriodora exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher effect on B.subtilis at the concentration of 0.5 mg / 100 µl. Methanol and aqueous extracts of E.citriodora on B.subtilis, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of E.citriodora on S.aureus and methanol extract of E.citriodora on P. aeruginosa showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher effect at the concentration of 1.0 mg / 100 µl compared to other test extracts. Among the different test samples of O.sanctum, ethanol extract produced better inhibition on B.subtilis. Ethyl acetate extract of A.sativum and aqueous extract of O.sanctum showed inhibitory effect on all test bacteria at the concentration ranged from 1.0 mg / 100 µl to 30.0 mg / 100 µl. Phytochemical study revealed that tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and terpenoids are present in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of E.citriodora. All other test samples except hexane extracts contain at least one of the phytochemical tested. This study suggests that ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of E.citriodora ethyl acetate extract of A.sativum and ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of O.sanctum can be used for further isolation and pur ification of active principles.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine
Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 2016
The extraction of some medicinal plants (Plucheadioscorides aerial part, IPomoeacordofana whole plant, Zaleya pantendra whole plant and Heliotrpium supinum aerial part), are commonly known to treat a variety of diseases in this study. Plants under study were investigated for their antibacterial activity against four standard bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (NCTC8236), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), and two standard fungal strains Aspergillius niger (ATCC9763) and Candida albicans (ATCC7596) in vitro. The plants extracts with diversely solvents with increasing in the polarity, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol at a concentration of 100mg/ml were applied using the agar plate well-diffusion method. All the extracts obtained from Zaleya pantendra were showed high activity against all tested bacterial strains, and while have no activity against fungal strains. The methanol extract showed high significantly activity against of all bacterial strains activity in particular at Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and less activity to Gram-negative bacteria was Escherichia coli. The least anti bacterially active plants was IPomoeacordofana. The crude extract from ethyl acetate of Heliotrpium supinum showed high activity against all tested fugal strains of all extracts, and have broader spectrum towards Aspergillius niger (IZ=30mm). The methanol extract of Zaleya pantendra is appropriate candidates for the development of modern antimicrobial compounds.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS
Medicinal plants are important sources for isolation of pharmaceutical drugs. The current available drugs are in many ways either inefficient or unaffordable to ever increasing forms of microbial infections. Screenings of medicinal plants used by the traditional medicinal healers are the main sources for formulation of herbal drugs. Phytochemicals present in plants are economically important sources of drugs, fragrances, pigments, food additives and pesticides. The present paper reports the analysis of qualitative, quantitative and antimicrobial properties of Centella asiatica L., Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta alba L. Centella asiatica was found to have maximum contents of Flavonoids and phenolics whereas Lawsonia inermis has maximum contents of tannin. Antimicrobial analysis study showed that Centella asiatica has maximum antibacterial property against Escherchia coli MTCC68 and the plant extract of Eclipta alba showed maximum antimicrobial property against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC3160. The present work will help in understanding the comparative phyotochemical and antimicrobial properties of Centella asiatica, Lawsonia enermis and Eclipta alba. Centella asiatica, and set forward towards isolation and characterization of the bioactive compounds present in these medicinally important plants.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Various Indigenous Plant Species
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering TechnologyInternational Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 2021
Plants in the nature constitute various unidentified and excellent properties that can be used for various different purposes including creation of new drugs and therapies. The methanol extract of six medicinal plants i.e., Azadirachta indica (Neem) Calotropis procera (Aakh), Saraca asoca (Ashok), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Ocimum tenuiflorum(Tulsi) and Asparagus racemosus(Shatavari) leaf extract showed highest antimicrobial activity against E.coli and A.niger. The invitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The use of plant extracts with known antimicrobial properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. The study also prove that several plant extracts can be useful in preservation of food articles and constitution of several food preservatives. The presence of phytochemicals is medicinally important for formulation of many therapeutic drugs.
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2015
Please cite this article as: N. Akhtar, I-u. Haq, B. Mirza, Phytochemical analysis and comprehensive evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of 61 medicinal plant species, Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2015), doi: http://dx.Abstract Plants are rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in pharmaceutical industry. To find new sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, methanol/chloroform and aqueous extracts of 61 medicinal plants were evaluated systematically. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against six bacterial and five fungal strains, while natural antioxidants were studied by using reducing power (RP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Six plants exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity while two exerted significant antifungal activity. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples varied from 20.2 -85.6 mg /g dry weight (DW) in M/C extracts and 5.5 -62.1 mg /g DW in aq. extracts, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Total flavonoid content (TFC) varied from 2.9 -44.5 mg quercitin equivalent (QE) /g DW of sample 2 for M/C extracts and 2.4 -37.1 mg QE /g DW for aq. extracts. The results showed that antioxidant activities of plant species varied to a great extent not only among extracts (M/C and aq.) but also between the assays used for antioxidant evaluation. Significant linear correlation (p < 0.01) of TPC with antioxidant activities suggested their contribution to antioxidant activity. Using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), gallic acid and rutin were detected in most of plant extracts with significant antioxidant activities. Study identifies plants with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which could be used for isolation of desired therapeutic compounds and to develop infusions, nutriceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Samples of 61 medicinal plants were collected from different areas of Pakistan and identified by Professor Dr. Rizwana Aleem Qureshi, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Voucher specimens were submitted to the herbarium of Quaid-i-Azam University for future reference. The plants were selected on the basis of local use of these plants in folk medicine.