PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT INDIGOFERA ARRECTA SOLVENT EXTRACTS AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS (original) (raw)
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Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2006
Medicinal plants are an important therapeutic aid for various ailments. Scientific experiments on the antimicrobial properties of plant components were first documented in the late 19 th century. [1] In India, from ancient times, different parts of medicinal plants have been used to cure specific ailments. Today, there is widespread interest in drugs derived from plants. This interest primarily stems from the belief that green medicine is safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects. Natural antimicrobials can be derived from plants, animal tissues, or microorganisms. [2] The shortcomings of the drugs available today, propel the discovery of new pharmacotherapeutic agents in medicinal plants. [3] To determine the potential and promote the use of herbal medicine, it is essential to intensify the study of medicinal plants that find place in folklore. [4],[5] In this study, some selected plants of Saurashtra region, India, were screened for potential antibacterial activity. A total of 20 plants were screened. [Table 1] Different parts of the plants were collected, air dried, and powdered in a homogeniser, and 10 g of each plant was used for aqueous and ethanol extraction. The aqueous extraction was done in distilled water for 6 hours at slow heat. The extract was
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICINAL PLANT: A REVIEW ON ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
IJBBAS, 2020
For millions of years, plants were utilized to store food, to treat health conditions, and to cure infection like epidemics. Over the ages the awareness of their medicinal benefits has been conveyed within and amongst human cultures. Actually, data on various plants' antimicrobial activity, so far assumed empirical, have been clinically verified, along with the growing amount of studies on antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Materials obtained from natural can potentially suppress bacterial growth in various circumstances and in the particular associated with disease treatment, numerous researches have been done to identify the chemical structure of these plant antimicrobial agents and the mechanisms engaged in bacterial inhibitory effect, whether separately or in conjunction with conventional antimicrobials. Thus, herbal medicines with focus on their antibacterial properties will be investigated in the present study.
The antibacterial activity of various solvent extracts of medicinal plants was evaluated against the human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus by agar cup diffusion method. Methanol extracts of Clerodendrum inerme L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Curcuma amada Roxb., Anacardium occidentale L., Duranta repens L., Eucalyptus camaldulenis Dehnh and Euphorbia cotinifolia L. showed significant activity. The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Terminalia chebula, Curcuma amada and Piper betel also showed promising results. The antibacterial activity of promising plant extracts when compared with standard drugs streptomycin and gentamycin recorded siginificant inhibition. Phytochemical analysis of the different extracts of the screened plants indicated the presence of flavanoids, terpinoids, tannins steriodas, alkaloids and glysocides. The positive results of screening of medicinal plants for antibacterial activity forms primary platform for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
Antibacterial activity of plants used in Indian herbal medicine
International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2010
Delonix elata, Enicostemma axillare, Merremia tridentata, Mollugo cerviana and Solanum incanum are medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants were selected to evaluate their potential antibacterial activity. To determine antibacterial activity and phytochemicals in the crude extracts of five medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments like rheumatism, piles fever, skin diseases and snake bite. The antibacterial activity of organic solvent extracts of these plants were determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques against grampositive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Results revealed that the chloroform and methanol extracts of D. elata and methanol extracts of M. cerviana exhibited significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 1.5 to 100 mg/ml. Methanol extracts of M. tridentata exhibited activity only against gram-positive bacterial strains with MBC ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg/ml. Extracts of E. axillare and S. incanum showed activity only against B. subtilis and were not bactericidal at 100 mg/ml. The most susceptible organism to the organic extracts from all the studied plants was B. subtilis and the most resistant organism was P. aeruginosa. The presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids and glycosides in the extracts of these plants supports their traditional uses as medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments. The present study reveals potential use of these plants for developing new antibacterial compounds against pathogenic microorganisms.
Medicinal Plants and its Antimicrobial Properties: A Review
The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the secondary products present in the plant although, it is usually not attributed to a single compound but a combination of the metabolites. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a particular plant species or group, consistent with the concept that the combination of secondary products in a particular plant is taxonomically distinct. The screening of plants usually involves several approach; ethno botanical approach is one of the common methods that are employed in choosing the plant for pharmacological study. In the present review paper, antimicrobial properties of various medicinal plants were reviewed. The present review deals with the antibacterial and antifungal activity of various medicinal plants.
Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Traditionally Used as Medicines Against Some Pathogens
2010
The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of various plant extracts in different solvents such as ethanol (98%), hexane (99%) and distilled water of plants traditionally used as medicines as Bidens pilosa L., Bixa orellana L., Cecropia peltata L., Cinchona officinalis L., Gliricidia sepium, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Justica secunda Vahl., Piper pulchrum, P. paniculata L. and Spilanthes americana were evaluated against five bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus β hemolytic, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus Candidia albicans. These plants are used in Indian folk medicine to treat infections of microbial origin.
In Vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of some selected medicinal plants
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 2010
Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional medicine to cure various infectious diseases in human. The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of successively extracted hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of bulb of Allium sativum, leaf of Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum sanctum against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at different test concentration by agar well diffusion method. The test samples were also subjected to detect the presence of phytochemicals. The results of antibacterial activity was analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The study revealed that the extracts possessed antibacterial activity in a dose dependent manner. Among the test plants E.citriodora showed better activity against test bacteria. Aqueous extract of E.citriodora exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher effect on B.subtilis at the concentration of 0.5 mg / 100 µl. Methanol and aqueous extracts of E.citriodora on B.subtilis, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of E.citriodora on S.aureus and methanol extract of E.citriodora on P. aeruginosa showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher effect at the concentration of 1.0 mg / 100 µl compared to other test extracts. Among the different test samples of O.sanctum, ethanol extract produced better inhibition on B.subtilis. Ethyl acetate extract of A.sativum and aqueous extract of O.sanctum showed inhibitory effect on all test bacteria at the concentration ranged from 1.0 mg / 100 µl to 30.0 mg / 100 µl. Phytochemical study revealed that tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and terpenoids are present in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of E.citriodora. All other test samples except hexane extracts contain at least one of the phytochemical tested. This study suggests that ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of E.citriodora ethyl acetate extract of A.sativum and ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of O.sanctum can be used for further isolation and pur ification of active principles.
Antibacterial activity of methanol root extract of Indigofera lupatana Baker F.
Indigofera lupatanaBaker F. (locally known as Mugiti) has been used by Mbeere community of Kenya to treat cough, diarrhea, pleurisy and gonorrhea. These infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic micro-organisms such as, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria gonorrhea, among others. Infectious diseases are a cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Their effects are further aggravated by drug resistance, making it difficult to contain these infections. This callsfor search of new drugs that will mitigate these problems. Indigenous plants are promising as a cheap alternative source of new therapeutic agents. Powdered sample of I. lupatanaBaker F. roots were extracted using methanol solvent. The resultant extract was subjected to anti-microbial assay. The extract showed the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis (28.0 mm), Bacillus cereus(22.0 mm),Escherichia coli (21.7mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16.7 mm),Klebsiella pneumonia (15.3 mm) andProteus mirabilis (12.3 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.7 mm), Salmonella typhimurium (11.3 mm).The phytochemical studies of extract fractions showed presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and phlobatannins. These compounds are responsible for the bioactivity of the sample fractions. The activity was greater among the Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The MIC ranged from between 25 to 400mg/ml.
Antimicrobial activity of some Indian medicinal plants
African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM / African Networks on Ethnomedicines, 2007
The antimicrobial potential of seventy-seven extracts from twenty-four plants was screened against eight bacteria and four pathogenic fungi, using microbroth dilution assay. Lowest concentration of the extract, which inhibits any visual microbial growth after treatment with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet, was considered to be minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Water extracts of Acacia nilotica, Justicia zelanica, Lantana camara and Saraca asoca exhibited good activity against all the bacteria tested and the MIC was recorded in range of 9.375-37.5 microg/ml and 75.0-300.0 microg/ml against the bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. The other extracts of Phyllanthus urinaria, Thevetia nerifolia, Jatropha gossypifolia Saraca asoca, Tamarindus indica, Aegle marmelos, Acacia nilotica, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Mangifera indica, Woodfordia fruticosa and Phyllanthus emblica showed antimicrobial activity in a range of 75-1200 microg/ml.
I In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful II DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains neither materials previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university or other institutes, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. ABSTRACT The aim of the study was assess the antibacterial effect of some medicinal plant extracts and their synergistic antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract of medicinal plants were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus for alcoholic extract, and water reflux for aqueous extracts. The antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated using the disk diffusion method as well as well diffusion method; the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimeters. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were assessed using microdilution method. The synergistic effect between plants and extraction of antibiotics and / or Non-antibiotic drugs was assessed using disk diffusion method. The results of this study showed that ethanolic extracts used against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were showed antimicrobial and synergistic effect with most antibiotics better than methanolic and aquatic extracts.Water extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and ethanolic extracts against E. coli and S. aureus. Ethanolic extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and aquatic extracts against P. aeruginosa. The results of this study showed that there is a decrease in MIC in case of methanolic extract of E. camaldulensis against E. coli (3.125 mg/ml), and the methanol and aquatic extract of F. sycomorus (leaves) against S.aureus varying from 6.25 to 3.125 mg/ml, and the ethanol extract of E. camaldulensis against P. areuginosa (6.25 mg/ml). Thereby, our results indicate the possibility of using these extracts in the treatment of bacterial infections, and the results of this study was encouraging, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the real effectiveness and potential toxic effects in vivo. These results was revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotic and Non-antibiotic drugs in control of bacteria.