Inhibitory Activity of Avocado Seed Fatty Acid Derivatives (Acetogenins) AgainstListeria Monocytogenes (original) (raw)
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Molecules, 2019
Acetogenins are bioactive fatty acid derivatives found in avocado tissues. Their efficacy as antimicrobials has been documented and initiated interest to use them as replacements of synthetic food additives. The present work focused on evaluation of multiple analytical methodologies for detection and quantification of organic solids present in a food-grade acetogenin-enriched extract (Avosafe®), and on its safety evaluations using bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) tests and acute oral toxicity to rat assays. Results confirmed chemical structures of two acetogenins as present in Avosafe® (AcO-avocadyne-(0) and AcO-avocadiene B-(3)), and together with seven other previously known compounds, quantified 94.74 ± 5.77% w/w of its solids as acetogenins. Safety evaluations indicated that Avosafe® was non-mutagenic and had an acute median lethal oral dose (LD50) to rats higher than the maximum concentration tested (>2000 mg·kg−1), with no signs of macroscopic abnormalities in organs. Mean...
International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2017
SummaryAnticlostridial activity of acetogenins from avocado seed was further characterised, and their stability and effectiveness under food processing conditions, and in a model food system, studied for the first time. Isolated AcO‐avocadenyne (1) and AcO‐avocadene (2) showed anticlostridial potential, particularly the latter molecule. Enriched acetogenins extracts, obtained at laboratory scale (EAE) and semi‐commercially (Avosafe®), presented similar MIC values (3.9–9.8 ppm) and a bacteriostatic effect. Extracts bioactivity showed resistance to heat (≤120 °C), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP; 300–600 MPa, 3–6 min, 25 °C) and salt (≤3% w/v). In addition, the extract was most stable at pH ≥ 7.0 and potency against endospores increased after HHP treatment and exposure to pH 9.5, suggesting a positive effect on solubility or structure of particular acetogenins. In a model food system processed by HHP, acetogenins were retained; however, initial quantities gradually declined by 63% and ...
Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering
The proximate, functional, antinutrient and antimicrobial properties of avocado pear (Persea americana) seeds were studied using standard methods. The proximate contents (%) of avocado peat seed flour, ASF, in decreasing order were moisture (13.09±0.14) followed by ash (3.82±0.00), fibre (2.87±0.00), protein (2.64±0.01) and fat (0.33±0.00). The energy value, carbohydrate and dry matter content respectively was 334.01±1.05%, 80.12±0.15% and 86.91±0.14% while the water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity respectively was 2.70±0.00% and 1.80±0.00%. The anti-nutrients (mg/100g) in decreasing order were saponins (8.10±0.01) followed by alkaloids (2.14±0.00), flavonoids (1.81±0.01), tannins (1.14±0.01), cyanogenic glycosides (1.02±0.00) and phenols (0.29±0.01). The avocado pear seed extract (ASE) elicited antibacterial activity (mm) against Proteus mirabilis (23±0.14), Staphylococcus aureus (16±0.04) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15±0.11) though lower than the corresponding activity by the standard, Ciprofloxacin. ASE had higher activity (18±0.31mm) against the fungus, Aspergilus niger compared with the standard antifungal, Ketoconazole (8±0.22mm) while it had a comparable activity as the standard against Candida albicans but no activity against Penicillum notatum in contrast to the standard drug (6±0.24mm). Thus, ASF had appreciable nutrient and antinutrient contents with apparently moderate storage value while, out of the tested pathogens, ASE had a broad spectrum antibacterial activity, a selective antifungal activity and an overriding activity against Aspergilus niger. These while highlighting possible diet and drug potentials of ASF and ASE, respectively, provided basis for ethno-medicinal applications of avocado pear seeds, hence warranting further studies.
DYNA
NaNO2 is used in meat products to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms; its use is limited, and it forms carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. There is currently a great demand for natural products. The Hass avocado seed extract produces an antimicrobial reaction against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. After the seed of the Hass avocado (AS) had been dehydrated at 50°C for 10 hours, we undertook a quality and analysis of the moisture and microbiological test. The extract was obtained in hot water and in solvents to perform an antimicrobial sensitivity test, which is an inhibition halo test using the strain Staphylococcus aureus as microorganisms. A minimum capacity inhibition test was also carried out. The concentration of the extract by solvents was 7 mg/mL, and it presented an inhibition halo of 1.8mm.The combination of AS and nitrites caused oxidation and darkening in the halos. The compounds that were extracted from the Hass avocado seeds with the methods used are not effective...
Food Chemistry: X
The processing industry discards avocado seeds, which increases production and ultimately pollutes the environment. It would be advantageous to handle these waste by-products both economically and environmentally. Avocado seeds are rich in polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive substances. The nutritional and phytochemical composition of avocado seeds has been well studied and discussed. Avocado-seed extracts also have many health-related bioactive properties, such as anti-hyperglycaemic, anticancer, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurogenerative effects are clearly demonstrated how these properties can be used to formulate or fortify food. The health-promoting properties of avocado seeds have been studied. These properties are attributed to various phytochemicals, such as acetogenin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, estragole, etc. Additionally, items made from valorized avocado seeds that people can consume have been explored. The best applications of valorized by-products have been created for the pharmaceutical, functional food, and nutraceutical sectors while considering quality and safety. More clinical testing and product development research are required to prove the effectiveness of avocado seeds.
Plants
The aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) for possible applications in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other relevant industries. Initially, a study of the process efficiency (η) was carried out, which revealed yields in the range of 2.96–12.11 wt%. The sample obtained using scCO2 was found to be the richest in total phenols (TPC) and total proteins (PC), while the sample obtained with the use of EtOH resulted in the highest content of proanthocyanidins (PAC). Phytochemical screening of AS samples, quantified by the HPLC method, indicated the presence of 14 specific phenolic compounds. In addition, the activity of the selected enzymes (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, transglutaminase, and superoxide dismutase) was quantified for the firs...
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2009
The present study had the aim of testing the hexane and methanol extracts of avocado seeds, in order to determine their toxicity towards Artemia salina, evaluate their larvicidal activity towards Aedes aegypti and investigate their in vitro antifungal potential against strains of Candida spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia pachydermatis through the microdilution technique. In toxicity tests on Artemia salina, the hexane and methanol extracts from avocado seeds showed LC50 values of 2.37 and 24.13mg mL-1 respectively. Against Aedes aegypti larvae, the LC50 results obtained were 16.7mg mL-1 for hexane extract and 8.87mg mL-1 for methanol extract from avocado seeds. The extracts tested were also active against all the yeast strains tested in vitro, with differing results such that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the hexane extract ranged from 0.625 to 1.25mg L-¹, from 0.312 to 0.625mg mL-1 and from 0.031 to 0.625mg mL-1, for the strains of Candida spp, Cryptococcus neof...
PROXIMATE, ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSIS OFAVOCADO (Persea americana) SEED
Journal of Bio Innovation
determination respectively. The Proximate analysis indicated the presence of Crude fibre (6.56%), Protein (1.4%), Fat (26.72%), Ash (3.4%), Moisture Content (8.3%) and Carbohydrate (53.09%) while the Elemental analysis showed the presence of Cadmium (0.013ppm), Calcium (6.645ppm), Nickel (1.0733ppm), Sodium (31.724ppm) and Iron (1.387ppm). The result showed that Cadmium fell within the recommended standard (0.01ppm). The Efficacy of Antimicrobial activities of Aqueous and n-hexane extract was carried out against different fungi (Candida albican and Aspergillus niger), and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus, Streptococcus pyogene and Staphylococcus aureus). The results obtained from both extracts showed no significant Antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms. Nevertheless, Avocado seed which is normally discarded as a waste is a rich source of nutrients.
Fractionation and Hydrolyzation of Avocado Peel Extract: Improvement of Antibacterial Activity
Antibiotics, 2020
Avocado Hass (Persea americana Mill) peel extract (APE) has the potential as a natural ingredient to substitute for chemical preservatives. The objectives of this study were to assess the phytochemical composition by high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometry (HPLC-qTOF-MS/MS), total phenolic content (TPC), proanthocyanidin (PAC) content, and antioxidant activity of the APE, the organic fraction (OF), the aqueous fraction (AF), and the acid-microwave hydrolyzed APE (HAPE), on the antibacterial activity (ABA). The results indicated that APE and OF contained (p ˂ 0.05) a higher phenolic composition and antioxidant activity than AF and HAPE. The ABA specified that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were inhibited by all the extracts (minimal inhibitory concentration—MIC ≥ 500 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus was only significantly inhibited by APE (≥750 µg/mL), the same MIC was observed for the OF on Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocyt...
Biological Activity of Four Antifungal Compounds in Immature Avocado
Journal of Phytopathology, 1989
Anthracnose caused by Colletotriebum gloeosporioides in ripe avocados originates as latent infections in the immature fruits. Concentrated ether extract of the peel of apparently healthy, immature avocados when bioassayed on thin layer chromatographic plates with conidia of either Cladosporium eladosporioides or C. gloeosporioides produced four inhibition areas at Rf 0.30, 0.32, 0.70 and 0.75 (these were denoted as AvIV, AvIII, AvII and AvI respectively). A hot chloroform extract was partitioned on a silica gel column and the four antifungal compounds were separated. Spectroscopic data revealed that one of these compounds, AvII, was similar to cis-l-acetoxy-2hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene and another (AvIV) was a long chain saturated compound comprising hydroxyl group(s) having molecular weight of 268. Toxicity of AvII to C gloeosporioides was 2 times that of AvIV and 6.5 and 7.5 times that of AvIII and AvI respectively. The amounts of these four antifungal compounds increased gradually during fruit development and reached their maxima at harvest. The concentration of AvI, AvII, AvIII and AvIV was 1300, 920, 1050 and 780 ,ug/g fresh peel respectively in the fruit at harvesting maturity. The amount of AvII and AvIV decreased to 53 and 64 f(g/g fresh peel respectively in the fruit at the ripe stage at which neither AvI nor AvIII was detected. This took place in coincidence with the onset of progressive lesion development by the fungus. Zusammenfassung Biologische Aktivitat von vier antipilzlichen Substanzen in unreifen Avocados Eine Anthraknose, die durch Colletotriehum gloeosporioides verursacht ist, geht in reifen Avocadofruchten von latenten Infektionen der unreifen Fruchte aus. Konzentrierter Atherextrakt der Schale aus scheinbar gesunden, unreifen Avocadofruchten, der nach diinnschichtchromatographischer Trennung mit Konidien von entweder Cladosporium eladosporioides oder C. gloeosporioides entwikkelt wurde, zeigte vier Hemmzonen mit Rf-Werten 0,30, 0,32, 0,70 und 0,75 (die als AvIV, AvIII, AvII bzw. AvI bezeichnet wurden). Nach einer heifien Chloroformextraktion wurde der Extrakt an einer Silicagelsaule fraktioniert, und die vier fungiziden Verbindungen getrennt. Spektroskopische Analyse ergab, dafi die Verbindung AvII eine Ahnlicbkcit mit cis-l-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-U.S.