Comb and Propolis Waxes from Brazil: Triterpenoids in Propolis Waxes (original) (raw)

Hydrocarbons and monoesters of propolis waxes from Brazil

Apidologie, 1998

Waxes of 23 samples of propolis of Apis mellifera mostly from Brazil yielded monoesters as main constituents, followed by hydrocarbons. The methyl and acetyl esters of the carboxylic acids and alcohols, respectively, derived from the monoesters, and the hydrocarbons were analysed by gas chromatography/electron impact-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbons comprise nalkanes and alkenes, the main homologues being C 27 H 56 , C 29 H 60 , C 31 H 64 and C 33 H 68. iso-Alkanes in low amounts were found in some samples. The main carboxylic acids are C 16:0 , C 18:0 , C 18:1. The primary alcohols range from C 24 to C 34 , C 30 being generally the main constituent. A wide variation in the distribution of hydrocarbons, acids and alcohols was found comparing one sample with another. The composition of propolis wax is similar to that of comb wax, which suggests that propolis waxes are probably secreted by the bees, rather than originating from plants. © Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris Apis mellifera / propolis / waxes / hydrocarbon / monoester

Comb and propolis waxes from Brazil (states of São Paulo and Paraná)

Journal of the Brazilian …, 2000

Samples of propolis and comb waxes of Apis mellifera were analyzed. Monoesters predominated, followed by hydrocarbons. The constituents were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Wide variations in the patterns of hydrocarbons, ...

Clustering of comb and propolis waxes based on the distribution of aliphatic constituents

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2003

Chemical composition data for 41 samples of propolis waxes and 9 samples of comb waxes of Apis mellifera collected mainly in Brazil were treated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). For chemometrical analysis, the distribution of hydrocarbons and residues of alcohols and carboxylic acids of monoesters were considered. The clustering obtained revealed chemical affinities and differences not previously grasped by simple eye-inspection of the data. No consistent differences were detected between comb and propolis waxes. These and previous results suggest that hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols and esters from both comb and propolis waxes are bee-produced compounds and, hence, the differences detected between one and another region are dependent on genetic factors related to the insects rather than the local flora. The samples analyzed were split into two main clusters, one of them comprising exclusively material collected in the State of São Paulo. The results are discussed with respect to the africanization of honeybees that first took place in that State and therefrom irradiated to other parts of Brazil.

Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2005

Propolis is a hive product containing chiefly beeswax and plant-derived substances such as resin and volatile compounds. Propolis has been used as an antiseptic and wound healer since ancient times and interest for the product has increased recently. Probably few plant species contribute as major resin sources. Green propolis derives mainly from vegetative apices ofBaccharis dracunculifolia(alecrim plants). However, wide variation detected in the chemical composition suggests contributions from alternative resin plant sources. Predominant components of the resin of green propolis are cinnamic acids, chiefly compounds bearing prenyl groups. Terpenoid compounds, such as sesqui, di and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been detected in many, but not all, samples investigated. Propolis research has uncovered potentialities of substances previously isolated from plants and has detected constituents of plant origin that would hardly be known otherwise.

Comparative Chemistry of Propolis from Eight Brazilian Localities

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013

Propolis is a complex honeybee product with resinous aspect, containing plant exudates and beeswax. Their color, texture, and chemical composition vary, depending on the location of the hives and local flora. The most studied Brazilian propolis is the green (alecrim-do-campo) type, which contains mainly prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoylquinic acids. Other types of propolis are produced in Brazil, some with red color, others brown, grey, or black. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical profiles of alcohol and chloroform extracts of eight samples of propolis, corresponding to six Brazilian regions. Methanol and chloroform extracts were obtained and analyzed by HPLC/DAD/ESI/MS and GC/MS. Two chemical profiles were recognized among the samples analyzed: (1) black Brazilian propolis, characterized chiefly by flavanones and glycosyl flavones, stemming from Picos (Piauí state) and Pirenópolis (Goiás state); (2) green Brazilian propolis, characterized by prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoylquinic acids, stemming from Cabo Verde (Bahia state), Lavras and Mira Bela (Minas Gerais state), Pariquera-Açu and Bauru (São Paulo state), and Ponta Grossa (Paraná state). The present work represents the first report of prenylated flavonoids in Brazilian propolis and schaftoside (apigenin-8-C-glucosyl-6-C-arabinose) in green propolis.

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Alkanoates in Propolis

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 1999

A series of high molecular mass pentacyclic terpenoid wax esters (TTFAE) were characterized for the first time in hexane extracts of Brazilian propolis (Carangola, Minas Gerais State). Identification was by HT-HRGC (High Temperature High Resolution Gas Chromatography) and HT-HRGC coupled to mass spectrometry (HT-HRGC-MS).

Physical Properties and Chemical Analysis of Iraqi Propolis

Journal Article, 2012

Propolis is a complex resinous substance manufactured by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) to mainly protect the hive against pathogens. Physical properties of Iraqi propolis from eight regions (Al-Sulaymania, Erbil, Dohuk, Nineveh, Kirkuk, Salah Al-Din, Diyala and Al-Anbar) were investigated. Chemical analysis was achieved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique using five of different mobile phases including Toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid; Toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid; n-hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid; Petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: formic acid and n-hexane: ethyl acetate: formic acid. Functional groups of separated chemical compounds were detected by IR spectroscopy. Results revealed variations in color and texture of Iraqi propolis, while odor was ranged between midly aromatic to high aromatic resinous according to geographical origin. Chemical analysis showed availability of ten important bioactive compounds in Iraqi propolis: Flavanone, 3-Hydroxyflavone, Chrysin, Quercetin, Galangin, Apigenin, Kaempferol, O-coumaric acid, Caffeic acid and Ferulic acid.

Chemical compositions and characteristics of organic compounds in propolis from Yemen

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016

Propolis is a gummy material made by honeybees for protecting their hives from bacteria and fungi. The main objective of this study is to determine the chemical compositions and concentrations of organic compounds in the extractable organic matter (EOM) of propolis samples collected from four different regions in Yemen. The propolis samples were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the total extract yields ranged from 34% to 67% (mean = 55.5 ± 12.4%). The major compounds were triterpenoids (254 ± 188 mg g À1 , mainly a-, b-amyryl and dammaradienyl acetates), n-alkenes (145 ± 89 mg g À1 ), nalkanes (65 ± 29 mg g À1 ), n-alkanoic acids (40 ± 26 mg g À1 ), long chain wax esters (38 ± 25 mg g À1 ), nalkanols (8 ± 3 mg g À1 ) and methyl n-alkanoates (6 ± 4 mg g À1 ). The variation in the propolis chemical compositions is apparently related to the different plant sources. The compounds of these propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications.

Characteristics and chemical compositions of propolis from Ethiopia

SpringerPlus, 2014

Introduction: Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds; therefore, researchers are interested in studying its chemical constituents and biological properties. The main objective of this study is to determine the chemical compositions, characteristics and relative concentrations of organic compounds in the extractable organic matter of propolis samples collected from four different areas in Ethiopia.