Some Physiological Parameters and Enzymatic Activities Evolutions Reported to the Training Schedule Stage in Sport Horses (original) (raw)
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The fundamental aim of chronobiological analysis methods in the field of sport physiology in the horse is to establish the time interval in which the organism gives the best performance. Since it is well known that numerous physiological parameters (electrocardiographic, haemogasanalytic and haemodynamic) (RBC, Hb, PLT), circadian (RBC, PCV), ultradian (RBC, Hb). The results obtained, therefore, can suggest that physical exercise is an exogenous synchronizer which modulates the periodicity of the haematopoietic system and of the functions of the organs involved in athletic performance.
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Physiological Indicators in the Welfare Assessment of Riding Horses
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The welfare assessment of horses includes the evaluation of their ability to cope with the challenges of theirenvironment and of work given to them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the welfare of 12 clinically healthyhorses from a riding school, using physiological indicators. Double determinations were made (in winter and inspring of 2011) by a set of two tests each time, before and after physical effort. The clinical parameters (heart andrespiratory rate) were in the normal range at 20 minutes after effort, decreasing towards the resting values. Slightlyhigher values were recorded in the spring comparing with the winter, but the differences were not statisticallysignificant (P>0.05). Even if were in the normal range, the results of the haematology tests and the blood sugarvalues showed clearly the response of the horses’ organisms to exercise. The serum cortisol concentrations presentedan effort dependent elevation and higher values of the basic level were observed in the...
Defence Life Science Journal
Zanskar pony, a native horse breed of Ladakh mainly used for transportation in Trans-Himalayan region of India, is well adapted to high altitude hypobaric hypoxia environment. Due to extreme conditions of the Ladakh region, better endurance of these ponies under hypoxic and extreme cold conditions is of utmost concern for their recruitment in Indian Army. In the present study, 12 young trained Zanskar ponies were evaluated during endurance exercise at an altitude of 3292 meter above mean sea level. The animals were subjected to carriage transport with 65-70Kg load or riding on a track of 5-6 Km. Physiological parameters viz., pulse rate (PR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were recorded in Zanskar ponies during pre-exercise (T0), post- exercise (T1) and post recovery (T2, 2 hours post resting) stages. Results showed marked increase in PR, HR, RR and RT post exercise time points. The mean values of PR increased from 49.83±...
Evaluation of different physio-biochemicals indices of exercise performance in Zanskar ponies
Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2018
Zanskar pony is a native breed of high altitude region of Ladakh namely Zanskar valley and Nubra valley. These ponies are commonly used for load carrying by locals and defence personnel due to their adaptability in rugged terrain and rocky track. Therefore, high enduring ponies are in great demand for ride and load carrying at low maintenance cost. So far to the best of our knowledge no studies have made attempt to evaluate different physio-biochemical indices of exercise performance in Zanskar pony, so that selection of elite pony could be made based on these indices. Hence, present study was conducted to evaluate the physiological responses, biochemical, cytokines, hormones, and antioxidant related parameters to performance in Zanskar pony at two geographic areas namely Leh (3500 meter msl) and Nubra valley (3291 meter msl) with different altitude. For this study, total of 6 adult mares ponies were selected for sampling at Leh and 8 adult mare ponies were selected at Partapur. Ponies at different altitude did not exhibit significant difference in physiological responses, and biochemical, cytokines, hormones, and antioxidant related parameters, except aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Though the all the parameters were within the normal ranges towards higher side. These findings indicated that there was no effect of altitude within the entire home tracks of Zanskar pony namely Zanskar Valley and Nubra of Ladakh region. Hence, these parameters may be useful if evaluated during load carrying trials and associated with the performance.
An energetic basis of equine performance
Equine Veterinary Journal, 1983
SummaryAlthough different physiological and behavioural attributes are needed for various types of equine competition, successful racing depends primarily on the animal's metabolic ability to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy — the function of muscle. Components of these energetic processes include the rate, efficiency and interaction of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in muscle and the supply and utilisation of fuel. In anaerobic work like racing, fatigue processes may be largely regarded as a function of an intramuscular fuel (phosphogen) depletion, despite the fact that substrates are supplied via the circulation. Physical work capacity in the horse depends then mainly on the rate of aerobic metabolism and the capacity of the anaerobic processes to supply energy for continued muscle contraction. Underlying these processes are physiological limitations of the cardiovascular system and the ultrastructure and biochemistry of muscle. A model is proposed whereby prediction of equine performance is based entirely on parameters of energy metabolism.Although different physiological and behavioural attributes are needed for various types of equine competition, successful racing depends primarily on the animal's metabolic ability to convert chemical energy to mechanical energy — the function of muscle. Components of these energetic processes include the rate, efficiency and interaction of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in muscle and the supply and utilisation of fuel. In anaerobic work like racing, fatigue processes may be largely regarded as a function of an intramuscular fuel (phosphogen) depletion, despite the fact that substrates are supplied via the circulation. Physical work capacity in the horse depends then mainly on the rate of aerobic metabolism and the capacity of the anaerobic processes to supply energy for continued muscle contraction. Underlying these processes are physiological limitations of the cardiovascular system and the ultrastructure and biochemistry of muscle. A model is proposed whereby prediction of equine performance is based entirely on parameters of energy metabolism.RésuméDes aptitudes physiologiques et des qualités de comportement sont nécessaires pour satisfaire aux exigences variées de la compétition équine. Nonobstant ceci le succès en course dépend d'abord de l'aptitude métabolique de l'animal à convertir l'énergie chimique en énergie mécanique: c'est le rôle des muscles. Les facteurs de ces phénomènes énergétiques sont en particular la rapidité l'efficacité et les interactions des métabolismes aérobies et anaerobies dans le muscle; aussi l'alimentation et l'aptitude à utiliser les sources d'énergie. Dans une activité anaerobic telle que la cour se, les phénomènes de fatigue peuvent être considérés comme dépendant largement d'un appauvrissement des sources musculaires d'énergie (phosphogène); ceci en dépit des apports énergétiques du système circulatoire. L'aptitude du cheval au travail physique dépend donc beaucoup de la rapidité du métabolisme aérobic et de la capacité des phénomènes anaérobics à fournir l'énergie pour la contraction musculaire.Mais le muscle — dans sa structure profonde et dans sa biochimieet le système cardiovasculaire comportent des limites physiologiques. On propose un modèle pour lequel la prévision des performances est fondée sur des paramètres du métabolisme énergétique.Des aptitudes physiologiques et des qualités de comportement sont nécessaires pour satisfaire aux exigences variées de la compétition équine. Nonobstant ceci le succès en course dépend d'abord de l'aptitude métabolique de l'animal à convertir l'énergie chimique en énergie mécanique: c'est le rôle des muscles. Les facteurs de ces phénomènes énergétiques sont en particular la rapidité l'efficacité et les interactions des métabolismes aérobies et anaerobies dans le muscle; aussi l'alimentation et l'aptitude à utiliser les sources d'énergie. Dans une activité anaerobic telle que la cour se, les phénomènes de fatigue peuvent être considérés comme dépendant largement d'un appauvrissement des sources musculaires d'énergie (phosphogène); ceci en dépit des apports énergétiques du système circulatoire. L'aptitude du cheval au travail physique dépend donc beaucoup de la rapidité du métabolisme aérobic et de la capacité des phénomènes anaérobics à fournir l'énergie pour la contraction musculaire.Mais le muscle — dans sa structure profonde et dans sa biochimieet le système cardiovasculaire comportent des limites physiologiques. On propose un modèle pour lequel la prévision des performances est fondée sur des paramètres du métabolisme énergétique.ZusammenfassungObgleich verschiedene physiologische und verhaltensbestimmende Attribute für die verschiedenen Zweige des Pferdesports notwendig sind, kann man festhalten, dass Erfolge im Rennsport vor allem abhängen von der Fähigkeit des Tieres, chemische Energie in mechanische zu verwandeln: die Funktion der Muskulatur. Diese energetischen Vorgänge setzen sich zusammen aus der Geschwindigkeit, der Effizienz und der Interaktion aerober und anaerober Stoffwechselprozesse im Muskel und der Versorgung und Verbrennung von Brennstoff. Während einer anaeroben Arbeit (Rennen) können Ermüdungserscheinungen vor allem als Funktion einer intramuskulären Brennstoffunterversorgung (Phosphogen) angesehen werden, trotz des Umstandes, dass Substrate über die Zirkulation zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die physikalische Arbeitskapazität des Pferdes hängt vornehmlich ab von der Umsatzgeschwindigkeit des aeroben Metabolismus und von der Kapazität der anaeroben Prozesse, Energie für die kontinuierliche Muskelkontraktion zur Verfügung zu stellen. Physiologisch begrenzt werden diese Vorgänge durch das cardiovaskuläre System, die Ultrastrukturen und die Biochemie des Muskels. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das eine Leistungsvoraussage allein auf der Grundlage von Parametern des Energiestoffwechsels erlauben soll.Obgleich verschiedene physiologische und verhaltensbestimmende Attribute für die verschiedenen Zweige des Pferdesports notwendig sind, kann man festhalten, dass Erfolge im Rennsport vor allem abhängen von der Fähigkeit des Tieres, chemische Energie in mechanische zu verwandeln: die Funktion der Muskulatur. Diese energetischen Vorgänge setzen sich zusammen aus der Geschwindigkeit, der Effizienz und der Interaktion aerober und anaerober Stoffwechselprozesse im Muskel und der Versorgung und Verbrennung von Brennstoff. Während einer anaeroben Arbeit (Rennen) können Ermüdungserscheinungen vor allem als Funktion einer intramuskulären Brennstoffunterversorgung (Phosphogen) angesehen werden, trotz des Umstandes, dass Substrate über die Zirkulation zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die physikalische Arbeitskapazität des Pferdes hängt vornehmlich ab von der Umsatzgeschwindigkeit des aeroben Metabolismus und von der Kapazität der anaeroben Prozesse, Energie für die kontinuierliche Muskelkontraktion zur Verfügung zu stellen. Physiologisch begrenzt werden diese Vorgänge durch das cardiovaskuläre System, die Ultrastrukturen und die Biochemie des Muskels. Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das eine Leistungsvoraussage allein auf der Grundlage von Parametern des Energiestoffwechsels erlauben soll.
Tropical Agricultural Research, 2012
A series of experiments were conducted to determine the basic physiological parameters, their diurnal changes and response to exercise in exotic horses reared in Sri Lanka. Thirty two healthy horses (9 Thoroughbreds and 23 Selle Fransiasis) of the Sri Lanka Police Mounted Division at Colombo, Kandy and Nuwara Eliya were used for the study. Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR) and Rectal Temperature (RT) of individual horses at resting stage (T 0) at three locations were obtained at hourly intervals during 24-hour periods. Environmental Temperature (ET) and Relative Humidity (RH) were measured simultaneously. Individual RT, HR and RR were measured for 21 days, just after completing the following continuous exercise regime (T 1 to T 4) or traffic duty (T 5
Giuseppe Piccione, Vanessa Messina, Marilena Bazzano, Claudia Giannetto, Francesco Fazio , 2013
Considering that workload can also be expressed in terms of estimated net transport cost (COT), the metabolic energy needed to transport unit mass of animal unit distance, the aim of our study was to describe the heart rate (HR), COT, and the total metabolic power requirement per kilogram (P) during different exercises (aerobic, anaerobic, and aerobic eanaerobic exercises). On the basis of their attitude, 25 horses, divided into five equal groups, traveled a distance of 6,000 m, walking at 100 m/min in a horse walker (group A); performed 20-minute treadmill walk at 130 m/min, average speed up gradient of 5% (group B); performed a 700-m-long show jumping course with 13 fences (group C); traveled a distance of 2,100 m galloping at a speed of 700 m/min (group D); and traveled a distance of 2,000 m trotting at a speed of 660 m/min (group E). On each horse, HR was continuously recorded by means of an equine HR monitor. COT was calculated with the following formula: (HR 35) kg1 m1 103; P was calculated applying the formula: (HR 35) min1 kg1. COT and P values, estimated from the mean HR, measured continuously during each experimental condition showed no linear relationship with HR and speed. The use of combined weight of horse and tack (group C and D) and horse, tack, and sulky (group E) statistically changed the results of formula application. COT and P change in different exercises and provide additional information about performance in athletic horses.