Pyrolysis of mixtures of palm shell and polystyrene: An optional method to produce a high-grade of pyrolysis oil (original) (raw)
Related papers
2015
Biomass is a renewable resource that can potentially be used to produce biofuels via the pyrolysis process. Oil palm solid wastes are a rich biomass resource in Malaysia, and it is therefore very important that they be utilized for more beneficial purposes, particularly in the context of the development of biofuels. In this study, the oil palm solid wastes from the plantation and mill activities were characterized and then pyrolyzed to produce oil and byproducts (char and gas). The effects of lignocellulosic as well as the contents from the proximate and ultimate analyses in producing the oil and byproducts during the pyrolysis process were studied. The palm shell was then selected as a model of lignocellulosic biomass for further use as feedstock in the co-pyrolysis process. In co-pyrolysis, there have been several investigations performed such as the study of synergistic effects of the use of palm shell with plastic and palm shell with scrap tyre, the optimization study on the co-...
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011
Agriculture residues such as palm shell are one of the biomass categories that can be utilized for conversion to bio-oil by using pyrolysis process. Palm shells were pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 C with N 2 as carrier gas at flow rate 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 L/min. The objective of the present work is to determine the effects of temperature, flow rate of N 2 , particle size and reaction time on the optimization of production of renewable bio-oil from palm shell. According to this study the maximum yield of bio-oil (47.3 wt%) can be obtained, working at the medium level for the operation temperature (500 C) and 2 L/min of N 2 flow rate at 60 min reaction time. Temperature is the most important factor, having a significant positive effect on yield product of bio-oil. The oil was characterized by Fourier Transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCeMS) techniques.
Evaluation of Oil Palm Biomass Potential for Bio-oil Production via Pyrolysis Processes
2020
The yield and quality of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis processes depends on many factors, including pyrolysis types, reactor types, operating conditions and biomass property. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the potential of oil palm biomass, including oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm decanter (DC) and oil palm root (OPR) for producing bio-oil via pyrolysis processes. The potential of oil palm biomass was considered in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value, equivalent heating value, Thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and lignocellulose content. The results showed that the moisture content of fried samples was in the range of 7.5-10.7% (w.b), which was relatively low and appropriate for pyrolysis. The volatile content of OPT and OPF was higher than 72% (wt.). The carbon, oxygen and hydrogen content of oil palm samples were in the range of 41.5-45.6, 30.7-40.2 and 5.7-5.9% (wt.), respectively. The higher heating value (H...
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
In this study, an empirical model for the pyrolysis of major oil palm wastes (OPW) such as palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and oil palm frond (OPF), and their blends is developed. Moreover, the techno-economic feasibility of the wastes is investigated to determine the type of waste that would be suitable for the commercialization of different types of products. According to the model results, the bio-oil dominates the pyrolysis process’ product output, accounting for 59.21, 50.51, 56.60, and 55.65% of PKS, EFB, OPF, and their blend, respectively. Whereas biochar yield is 23.21, 23.1, 22.95, and 23.08%, gas yield is 17.57, 26.38, 20.44, and 21.27%. The findings demonstrate that the feedstocks under consideration are mostly suitable for producing bio-oil. According to the economic analysis, PKS-based pyrolysis has the highest capital expenses (CAPEX), while EFB-based pyrolysis has the lowest CAPEX of all tested feedstocks. Furthermore, PKS has the highest operating...
BIO-CHAR AND BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AND POLYETHYLENE
International Journal of Conservation Science, 2023
In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 o C and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 o C at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.
Bio-oil from Oil Palm Shell Pyrolysis as Renewable Energy: A Review
Chemica : Jurnal Teknik Kimia (e-journal), 2022
Oil palm shell (OPS) is biomass with high carbon and hydrogen content, so it has the potential to produce renewable energy through the thermochemical method. Pyrolysis is a relatively inexpensive thermochemical method that continuously converts biomass into valuable gas, bio-oil, and char products. Bio-oil is used directly to fuel boilers and furnaces or to produce fuel oil. This article reviews the pyrolysis process of biomass from oil palm shells, discussing the operating parameters that influence the pyrolysis process and the method of upgrading bio-oil. This review shows a relationship between biomass composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and bio-oil yield. The water content in the raw material needs to be controlled at around 10%. The optimum particle size is closely related to the biomass's natural structure and reactor type. The higher the ash and fixed carbon content, the lower the bio-oil yield. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis is between 450-550 ºC. A high heating rate will increase the decomposition of biomass into bio-oil. Particle size and reactor type strongly influence feed rate, residence time, and reaction time. A fluidized bed reactor gives the highest bio-oil yield. Using plastic in co-pyrolysis and catalyst increases the heating value and decreases the oxygenated content. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license.
International Journal of Technology
This study aimed to produce and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil as a source of bioenergy that is made by mixing palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste. The slow co-pyrolysis method was employed, and HDPE waste and EFB were fed into the pyrolysis reactor at HDPE amounts of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight. The pyrolysis oil product was obtained by co-firing EFB with HDPE using the slow co-pyrolysis method in a fixed bed reactor at 500C with a flow rate of 750 mL/min and a heating rate of 5C/min. The chemical compositions of pyrolysis oil were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectroscopy. A pyrolysis oil produced by HDPE 100 wt.% was dominated by the chemical compounds of phenols, aromatics, aliphatic, and acids, while for EFB 100 wt.% was dominated with aldehydes, acids, phenols, furan and aliphatic. The addition of HDPE reduced the amount of pyrolysis oil yield, increased the pH, reduced the viscosity, and reduced the oxygen content of the pyrolysis oil. These results proved that the HDPE affected the decrease in pyrolysis oil and the increase in gas production from co-firing HDPE and EFB using the slow co-pyrolysis method.
Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering
Biomass-based energy from agricultural wastes is a promising alternative energy source since its abundant supply and renewable. Biomass is converted into gas and liquid fuel through biochemical or thermochemical treatments. In this work, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice husk are pyrolyzed to produce gas and liquid fuel. The reactor temperature and feed mass are varied to obtain the best operating condition in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor. The experimental results showed that the best operating temperature in pyrolysis process to produce bio-oils from OPEFB and rice husk was at 500 °C with 4.3 % (w/w) and 2.6 % (w/w) of bio-oil yields, respectively. The pyrolysis product distribution and their chemical composition are strongly affected by operating condition and the types of biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the primary pyrolysis products components consist of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones and aldehydes. ...
Pyrolytic oil from fluidised bed pyrolysis of oil palm shell and its characterisation
Biomass in the form of oil palm shell was pyrolysed in an externally heated 4 cm diameter\ 29 cm high~uidised bed pyrolysis reactor with nitrogen as the~uidising gas and silica sand as the bed material[ The pyrolysis oil was collected in a series of condenser and ice!cooled collectors[ The char was collected separately while the gases were~ared[ The e}ects of process conditions\ like~uidised bed reactor temperature\ feed size and~uidisation gas~ow rate on the product yields were studied[ The product yields were found to be signi_cantly in~uenced by the process conditions[ The composition of oil was determined at~uidised bed temperature of 499>C at which the liquid product yield was maximum[ The oil was analysed by Fourier Transform infra!red "FTIR# spectroscopy and gas chromatography:mass spectrometry "GC:MS# techniques[ In addition\ the physical properties of the oil were determined[ The results showed that the oil was highly oxygenated containing a high fraction of phenol!based compounds[ Detailed analysis of the oil showed that there was no concentration of biologically active polycyclic aromatic species in the oil[ A brief preliminary economic analysis is presented at the end of the paper "see Appendix#[ Þ 0888
Temperature Effect on the Characterization of Pyrolysis Products from Oil Palm Fronds
The oil palm fronds (OPF) have the great potential in satisfying the energy demand due to its abundant availability. Due to limited usage and commercialization, lack of research work attempted on the OPF as compared with other oil palm wastes. Thermal conversion process, pyrolysis was performed on the OPF in the range between of 300-500 O C for two hours at a constant heating rate of 10 O C/min. The setup of fixed bed reactor and liquid collecting system was build up to collect and determine the yield of bio-char, pyrolysis oil and gases. The maximum yield of OPF bio-char was obtained at 300 O C with 50.95 wt% meanwhile, pyrolysis oil yield was observed to be initially increased until the maximum yield was reached at 400 O C with 47.41 wt%, and then decreased with the increment of temperature from 400-500 O C. The bio-char obtained from this work consisted of high amount of HHV within the range of 18.80 to 19.40 MJ/kg, but contained high ash content with the maximum around 4.52 mf wt% after pyrolyzed at 500 O C. Pyrolysis oils were found to be more acidic, higher ash content and decrement of HHV as temperature increased; furthermore, they were separated into two phases, tarry and an aqueous fraction.