Carbon nanotubes - redefining electronics (original) (raw)
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Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes have attracted the fancy of many scientists worldwide. The small dimensions, strength and the remarkable physical properties of these structures make them a very unique material with a whole range of promising applications. In this review we describe some of the important materials science applications of carbon nanotubes. Specifically we discuss the electronic and electrochemical applications of nanotubes, nanotubes as mechanical reinforcements in high performance composites, nanotube-based field emitters, and their use as nanoprobes in metrology and biological and chemical investigations, and as templates for the creation of other nanostructures. Electronic properties and device applications of nanotubes are treated elsewhere in the book. The challenges that ensue in realizing some of these applications are also discussed from the point of view of manufacturing, processing, and cost considerations.
Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications
The following resources related to this article are available online at Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.
Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications
2012
In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4241-90-8 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-981-4303-18-7 (eBook) Cover image courtesy: Chao Liu Printed in the USA
This is to certify that the seminar entitled "CARBON NANOTUBES" is a bonafide work carried out by AJITESH PRATAP SINGH (USN:1PI11ME020) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, during the year 2014-2015. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of one credit seminar course work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
Carbon Nanotubes using Nano Technology
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable or nanotech-nology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. Owing to the material's exceptional strength and stiffness, nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, [1] significantly larger than for any other material.
Different Technical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Research Letters, 2015
Carbon nanotubes have been of great interest because of their simplicity and ease of synthesis. The novel properties of nanostructured carbon nanotubes such as high surface area, good stiffness, and resilience have been explored in many engineering applications. Research on carbon nanotubes have shown the application in the field of energy storage, hydrogen storage, electrochemical supercapacitor, field-emitting devices, transistors, nanoprobes and sensors, composite material, templates, etc. For commercial applications, large quantities and high purity of carbon nanotubes are needed. Different types of carbon nanotubes can be synthesized in various ways. The most common techniques currently practiced are arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition and flame synthesis. The purification of CNTs is carried out using various techniques mainly oxidation, acid treatment, annealing, sonication, filtering chemical functionalization, etc. However, high-purity purification techniques still have to be developed. Real applications are still under development. This paper addresses the current research on the challenges that are associated with synthesis methods, purification methods, and dispersion and toxicity of CNTs within the scope of different engineering applications, energy, and environmental impact.
Carbon Nanotubes: Pros and Cons
Carbon nanotube or CNT is not a new term in the present scenario actually it is the allotrope of carbon sharing a cylindrical nanostructure. The length-to-diameter of nanotubes lies in between 132,000,000:1 and have very fascinating properties to be used in nanotechnology, optics, material science, electronics and other fields of science. Due to their extraordinary thermal conductivity, mechanical and electrical properties carbon nanotubes are used as additives for various structural materials for example, in baseball bats, car parts and golf clubs nanotubes form a very tiny fraction of the material. Nanotubes are members of fullerene family which also includes the buckyballs and the ends of these nanotubes may be capped with the hemisphere of buckyballs. Their name has been derived from their long, hollow structure with walls formed by one-atom thick sheets of carbon known as graphene. These sheets are then rolled at specific and dicrete angle and the combination of rolling angle and radius decides the properties of these nanotubes. Nanotubes are either single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) or multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). The particles of nanotubes are held together by van der Waals forces. Applied quantum chemistry specially the orbital hybridization best describes chemical bonding in them. Chemical bonds are chiefly composed of sp2 bonds similar to those occurring in graphite and are stronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamond and alkanes and so are responsible for great strength of these structures.
Recent Development and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
2020
In 1959, a physicist Richard Feynman visualized this theoretical capability in which one can manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a period of ten year Professor Norio Taniguchi discovered the term “Nanotechnology” with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope which helps to see each atoms. He stated that “nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing steps of the sorting out, combining, and distortion of materials by one atom or one molecule [1]. According to National Science Foundation, nanotechnology has competency to understand, utilize and control matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules [2]. Nanotechnology is the study to manage the matter on an atom and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1-100 nm and at least one dimension (1D). It also include re -construct or developing materials within that size. The material developed by this technology is lighter, powerful, faster, smaller and m...
CARBON NANOTUBES SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS
The extraordinary mechanical properties and unique electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have stimulated extensive research activities across the world since their discovery by Sumio Iijima of the NEC Corporation in the early 1990s. Although early research focused on growth and characterization, these interesting properties have led to an increase in the number of investigations focused on application development in the past 5 years. The breadth of applications for carbon nanotubes is indeed wide ranging: nanoelectronics, quantum wire interconnects, field emission devices, composites, chemical sensors, biosensors, detectors, etc. There are no CNT-based products currently on the market with mass market appeal, but some are in the making. In one sense, that is not surprising because time-to-market from discovery typically takes a decade or so. Given that typical time scale, most current endeavors are not even halfway down that path. The community is beginning to move beyond the wonderful properties that interested them in CNTs and are beginning to tackle real issues associated with converting a material into a device, a device into a system, and so on. At this point in the development phase of CNT-based applications, this book attempts to capture a snap shot of where we are now and what the future holds. Chapter 1 describes the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes — though well known and described in previous textbooks — both as an introduction and for the sake of completeness in a book like this one. In understanding the properties, the modeling efforts have been trailblazing and have uncovered many interesting properties, which were later verified by hard characterization experiments. For this reason, modeling and simulation are introduced early in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is devoted to the two early techniques that produced single-walled nanotubes, namely, arc synthesis and laser ablation. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and related techniques (Chapter 4) emerged later as a viable alternative for patterned growth, though CVD was widely used in early fiber development efforts in the 1970s and 1980s. These chapters on growth are followed by a chapter devoted to a variety of imaging techniques and characterization (Chapter 5). Important techniques such as Raman spectroscopy are covered in this chapter. The focus on applications starts with the use of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in scanning probe microscopy in Chapter 6. In addition to imaging metallic, semiconducting, dielectric, and biological surfaces, these probes also find applications in semiconductor metrology such as profilometry and scanning probe lithography. Chapter 7 summarizes efforts to date on making CNT-based diodes and transistors and attempts to explain the behavior of these devices based on well-known semiconductor device physics theories explained in undergraduate and graduate textbooks. It is commonly forecast that silicon CMOS device scaling based on Moore’s law may very well end in 10 or 15 years. The industry has been solving the technical problems in CMOS scaling impressively even as we embark on molecular electronics, as has been the case with the semiconductor industry in the past 3 decades. Therefore, for those pursuing alternatives such as CNT electronics and molecular electronics, the silicon electronics is a moving target and the message is clear: replacing silicon-conducting channel simply with a CNT-conducting channel in a CMOS may not be of much value — alternative architectures;different state variable (such as spin)-based systems; and coupling functions such as computing, memory, and sensing are what can set the challengers apart from the incumbent. Unfortunately, at the writing of this book, there is very little effort in any of these directions, and it is hoped that such alternatives emerge, succeed, and flourish. Field emission by carbon nanotubes is very attractive for applications such as flat panel displays, x-ray tubes, etc. The potential for commercial markets in television and computer monitors, cell phones, and other such displays is so enormous that this application has attracted not only much academic research but also substantial industrial investment. Chapter 8 discusses principles of field emission, processes to fabricate the emitters, and applications. One application in particular, making an x-ray tube, is covered in great detail from principles and fabrication to testing and characterization. With every atom residing on the surface in a single-walled carbon nanotube, a very small change in the ambient conditions can change the properties (for example, conductivity) of the nanotube. This change can be exploited in developing chemical sensors. The nanotubes are amenable to functionalization by attaching chemical groups, DNA, or proteins either on the end or sidewall. This also allows developing novel sensors using nanotubes. Chapter 9 discusses principles and development of chemical and physical sensors. Likewise, Chapter 10 describes biosensor development. The mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of carbon nanotubes have resulted in numerous studies on conducting polymer films, composites, and other structural applications. Chapter 11 captures these developments. Finally, all other applications that elude the above prime categories are summarized in Chapter 12. This is an edited volume, and various authors who practice the craft of carbon nanotubes day to day have contributed to this volume. I have made an effort to make this edited volume into a cohesive text. I hope that the readers — students and other researchers getting into this field, industry, and even the established experts — find this a valuable addition to the literature in carbon nanotubes. I would like to thank Nora Konopka of the CRC Press for her support throughout this work. Finally, this book would not have been possible without the help and skills of my assistant Amara de Keczer. I would like to thank her also for the cover design of the book.
A Special Issue on Carbon Nanotubes
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2010
In the CNT Basement Strengthen the Foundation Before Erecting the Sky-Tower "CNT is 100 times stronger than stainless steel but six times lighter..." "CNT is as hard as diamond and its thermal capacity is twice that of pure diamond..." "CNT's current-carrying capacity is 1000 times higher than that of copper..." "CNT is thermally stable up to 4000 K..." "CNT can be metallic or semiconducting, depending on their diameter and atomic arrangement...