Mongolian Studies in Europe 2. Proceedings of the Conference Held on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Mongolian Revolution for Independence, Budapest, 20 April, 2011 (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Mongol Conquest of the Eastern Magyars according to Written Sources (In Russian)
Golden Horde Legacy, Issue 4: The Collection of Articles Dedicated to the 700th Anniversary of the Birth of the Medieval Tatar Poet, Seif Sarai, 2021
Research objectives: An analysis of the main known synchronous written sources containing information about the Mongol conquest of the modern territory of Bashkortostan in the fall of 1236, aimed at finding out how these sources call the population of this region on the eve of the conquest and during its course, as well as immediately after submission to the Mongols. Research materials: Among the central sources used in this study, here, first of all, we should mention the “Laurentian Chronicle”, which testifies both to the Mongol invasion of the territory of the Volga Bulgaria in 1232 and its final conquest in the fall of 1236. In addition, the chronicle contains valuable information about the subordination of the Mordvins in the winter of 1239/40. In turn, Latin sources provide basic information for this study. In particular, the account of the first travel of friar Julian to the east, written by Riccardus in 1236 or early 1237, contains information about the eastern Magyars on the eve of the Mongol conquest. Julian’s letter of 1238, for its part, provides information about the course of the conquest, while a letter of the Hungarian king Bela IV addressed to the German king Conrad IV in July 1241, confirms Julian’s information. The “Hystoria Tartarorum” by Franciscan C. de Bridra makes it possible to clarify the details of the subjugation of the Mordvins in the winter of 1239/40 and refute the erroneous statement of John of Plano Carpini about the re-submission of the eastern Magyars. In turn, the “Ystoria mongalorum” by John of Plano Carpini conveys the name of the eastern Magyars, which circulated in the Mongol Empire along with their self-name. The “Itinerarium” by William of Rubruck was used here for the same purpose. Finally, a fragment from Rashid al-Din’s “Compendium of Chronicles” was compared with a fragment from Juvaini’s work in an effort to clarify what Rashid al-Din meant when describing the subordination of the “Bashghird”. Research novelty: The interpretation of written sources in recent publications of Bashkir colleagues has been criticized through a detailed analysis of the content of these sources. In addition, the author clarified the plausibility of John of Plano Carpini’s assertion regarding the re-submission of the eastern Magyars by comparing it with the corresponding passage in C. de Bridra’s “Hystoria Tartarorum”. Research results: The author of this article has checked all the passages contained in the sources and related to the 1236 conquest, expanded the search in an attempt to understand the context that was implied in these fragments, and discussed a number of other parallel sources in an effort to identify their mutual influence or even direct, albeit paraphrased, borrowings. The result of this analysis was an even more firm conviction of the author that none of the cited and parallel written sources mentions the Bashkirs in connection with the Mongol conquests during the Western campaign of Batu (1236–1242), as well as on the eve of it and after its completion
Early Hungarian Information about the Mongol Western Campaign (1235–1242) (in Russian)
The author of this article examines the gradual accumulation of information in the Hungarian kingdom about the Mongol Western campaign and the corresponding propagation of this information in Western Europe. The primary information about the beginning of the Mongol Western Cam-paign was brought to Europe by the Dominican friar Julian after his return from his travel to the Trans-Volga Magyars at the end of 1235. In particular, the report on the first Julian’s journey to the east contains interesting information about the appearance in the land of Magyars of representative of the Mongol power who informed the Magyars on the conclusion of general kuriltai of 1235, which made the decision to launch the Mongol campaign in the West. In turn, the letter of friar Julian written at the beginning of 1238 is replete with information about the Mongol tactical warfare, previous military campaigns of Genghis Khan and Jochi, and the first Mongol conquest in the early stages of the Western campaign of Batu. But the most important news brought by friar Julian in Hungary was an oral report of the Prince of Vladimir on the Mongol plans to attack the Hungarian kingdom confirming both by the contents of the Batu’s ultimatum and eschatological interpretations of future events. Obviously, the content of the Julian’s letter was soon known in Western Eu-rope. Also the Mongol rulers were quick to to inform Western rulers about their aggressive intentions. Concerns about the imminent invasion of the Mongols were reflected in the reports of several Western European chroniclers who, at the same time, clearly indicated that the Hungarian king Bela IV did not remain idle while waiting for an imminent Mongol invasion and attempted to organize resistance.
Oriental Studies//Oriental Studies, 2020
Аннотация. Введение. Дальневосточная республика, появившаяся в качестве «буферного» государства весной 1920 г., сыграла важную роль в транснациональной истории монгольского мира. Монгольские революционеры, осознавая потенциальные возможности большевистской власти и необходимость использования в своих целях российско-монгольского приграничья, решились на установление прямых контактов с региональными властями Дальневосточной республики и РСФСР. Целью исследования явилось изучение организационной роли Дальневосточной республики в качестве форпоста Монгольской революции 1921 г. Для ее решения были поставлены следующие задачи: изучение российско-монгольского революционного взаимодействия в 1918-1920 гг.; освещение деятельности уполномоченного Народного комиссариата иностранных дел РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека; рассмотрение маршрута и работы трех групп монгольских делегатов в пределах Дальневосточной республики и Советской России в 1920 г.; созыв первого съезда Монгольской народной партии в марте 1920 г. в г. Троицкосавске. Материалами исследования послужили архивные документы по истории российско-монгольского военного сотрудничества в первой половине XX в., работы отечественных и монгольских авторов по исследуемой проблематике. Результаты. Выяснено, что подготовительные мероприятия Монгольской революции 1921 г., включая основополагающие поездки и собрания монгольских революционеров во второй половине 1920-начале 1921 гг., проходили на территории буферного государства-Дальневосточной республики. Выводы: Руководство Дальневосточной республики во главе с Б. З. Шумяцким и уполномоченный Народного ко-Published in the Russian Federation Oriental Studies (Previous Name: Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences) Has been issued as a journal since 2008
Обсуждается история подписания в столице Монголии -Нийслэл-хурэ (Урге) Русско-Монгольского соглашения (или договора) 21 октября/3 ноября 1912 года. Это первое соглашение, подписанное Россией и Монголией после провозглашения ею независимости от империи Цин. Показано, что причиной провозглашения независимости Монголией в 1911 году были не попытки России превратить ее в свою колонию, а «новая политика» империи Цин, проводившаяся с целью китаизации вассальных и зависимых стран монголов, тибетцев и мусульман. По содержанию, способу выработки и заключения это был документ о создании независимого государства, каковым его и считали монголы, а также многие эксперты того времени и китайские власти. Русский и монгольский варианты имели терминологические различия, самым существенным из которых было признание автономии (в русском варианте) или независимости (в монгольском варианте) относительно Китая.
From «Revolution in Kolchakia» to the Mongolian Revolution, 1921
Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020, 2020
In the frame of transnational history the article examines the connection between the Russian revolution, 1917 with Civil war in Siberia and the Mongolian revolution, 1921. Along with it, the article reveals cooperation of Bolshevik party, Comintern and leaders of Buryat national movement with Mongolian leaders of national liberation movement for introduction of revolutionary ideas in Mongolia. The special attention is given to the ideologists and leaders of the Mongolian revolution, and Mongolian-Tibetan department in the section of Asian peoples.