Effects of Imidacloprid on Histology and mRNA Levels of HSP70 and CYP1A Gene to a Standard Non-targeted Test Animal, Cyprinus carpio (original) (raw)
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Toxicology reports, 2018
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid that is widely used for the protection of crops and carnivores from insects and parasites, respectively. It is well known that imidacloprid exposure has a harmful effect on several organisms. However, there is little information about imidacloprid toxicity in aquatic animals, particularly fish. Thus, in the current study, we assessed the histopathological changes; activation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and TNF-α; and expression levels of caspase 3, iNOS, CYP1A and MT1 genes in the common carp exposed to imidacloprid. For this purpose, fish were exposed to either a low dose (140 mg/L) or a high dose (280 mg/L) of imidacloprid for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. After IMI exposure, we detected hyperplasia of secondary lamellar cells and mucous cell hyperplasia in the gills, as well as hydropic degeneration in hepatocytes and necrosis in the liver. Moreover, 8-OHdG, iNOS and TNF-α activation was found particularly in the gills and liver but also moderately in the b...
Acute Toxicity of Imidacloprid on the Developmental Stages of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2019
The objective of the present study was to elucidate the toxic effects of imidacloprid on the embryonic and larval stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: Each of the 1000 fertilized eggs and larvae were exposed to six different concentrations (0, 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 μg/L) of imidacloprid in 30 plastic bowls. Each of the control and treatment was maintained in five replicates. Results: Results showed that hatching rate of fertilized eggs and number of dead embryos and larvae significantly decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentrations. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h LC 50 value of imidacloprid for common carp embryos were estimated to be 12,708.8, 611, and 274.9 μg/L, respectively and the 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC 50 of imidacloprid for common carp larvae were estimated to be 93719, 21691, 2352.7, and 1292.6 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, results showed several malformations of common carp embryos and larvae induced by the toxicity of imidacloprid when exposed to 300 and 1000 μg/L. Conclusion: The results suggest that the minimum concentration of 10 μg/L imidacloprid in the aquatic environment may have adverse effects on the embryonic and larval stages of common carp.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 2016
Liver is very sensitive to environmental contaminants such as pesticides, it being the first target of toxicity of a substance. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of the insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) on the liver of Oreochromis niloticus according concentrations used for growing sugarcane. A semi-quantitative analysis of histopathological alterations of IMI on liver was performed by light microscopy and cellular labeling of heat shock proteins (HSP70) by immunohistochemistry. The most common changes in liver at all concentrations of IMI were hydropic degeneration, pyknotic nuclei, and loss of cell limits. Steatosis and increased levels of HSP70 were detected in hepatocytes with the highest concentration of IMI. In conclusion, the tested concentrations of IMI induced histopathological changes in the liver of O. niloticus and active defence mechanisms to maintain the morphophysiological integrity of the liver. This insecticide has a toxicity potential...
2012
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP450 1A) induction is used widely as a biomarker when assessing exposure to contaminants in environmental systems including pesticides. The effect of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl on CYP450 1A induction was assessed both by measurements of the induction of the EROD activity and the CYP450 1A gene expression in hybrid catfish (Clarius gariepinus x Clarius macrocepharus). Fish were treated with several concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.43, 4.3 or 43 µM), or carbaryl (1.19, 11.9 or 119 µM) for 24 or 48 h. The livers were then assayed for changes. Chlorpyrifos and carbaryl at all concentrations slightly increased the levels of EROD activity after 24 and 48 h and increased gene expression of CYP450 1A mRNA in dose-dependently. Exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl at high concentrations resulted in significant elevation of CYP450 1A gene expression in comparison to control fish (P<0.05) at both time intervals. These results showed that the responses of CYP450 1A were more pronounced in gene expression analysis than in EROD assay. This suggests that the induction of CYP450 1A at the gene level was more sensitive than at the protein level. The induction of CYP450 1A following chlorpyrifos and carbaryl exposure indicates the possible use of CYP450 1A as a biomarker for detecting effects of these pesticides in hybrid catfish.
Chemosphere, 2017
The extensive use of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, causes undesirable toxicity in non-targeted organisms including fish in aquatic environments. We investigated neurotoxic responses by observing 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) activity, oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rainbow trout brain tissue after 21 days of imidacloprid exposure at levels of (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L). The obtained results indicated that 8-OHdG activity did not change in fish exposed to 5 mg/L of imidacloprid, but 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L of imidacloprid significantly increased 8-OHdG activity compared to the control (p < 0.05). An immunopositiv reaction to 8-OHdG was detected in brain tissues. The brain tissues indicated a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) compared to the control and there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05). High concentrations of imidacloprid caused a significant decrease in AChE enzyme activity (p < 0.05). These results suggested that imidacloprid can be neurotoxic to fish by promoting AChE inhibition, an increase in 8-OHdG activity and changes in oxidative stress parameters. Therefore, these data may reflect one of the molecular pathways that play a role in imidacloprid toxicity.
Ecological Indicators, 2018
Integrated Biomarkers Response (IBR) index have been developed as a practical and robust tool to assess the susceptibility to pollutants using multiple biomarker responses. Neonicotinoid insecticides are nowadays one of the most sold pesticides worldwide. Nevertheless, imidacloprid (IMI) sub-lethal effects such as oxidative stress (OS) on fishes are scarcely studied. Hence, the aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate exposure-and damage biomarkers related to OS in the freshwater fish Australoheros facetus exposed to IMI and (2) to apply the IBR index to achieve a comprehensive understanding of OS in the fish. The results of the present study showed that all the biomarkers presented different responses in the three monitored tissues: liver, brain and gills. Results for an initial battery of 19 biomarkers were obtained and for the IBR index only those with significant differences have been considered. The biomarkers that had the most important weight on the IBR index were SOD activity in brain and gills, H 2 O 2 concentration in liver, and carbonyl groups concentration in gills in fishes exposed to 100 and 1000 μg L −1 IMI. This index allowed affirming that a short term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of IMI (≥10 μg L −1) produces OS in A. facetus. However, a more deep understanding of some biomarkers response is necessary to improve the index and for finally apply it in field studies.
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid pesticide used worldwide to control insect pest in rural, urban and agricultural area, where it is contaminating the aquatic ecosystems as a pollutant. The present study was conducted to analyze the toxic effects of imidacloprid on viability, hatchability and survival of embryos and larvae of common carp, Cyprinus carpio under laboratory condition. Eggs of C. carpio were exposed to different sublethel concentrations of imidacloprid. The calculated 48 h LC50 was 78 ppm for the fertilized eggs of C. carpio. Four different sublethal concentration of imidacloprid were selected for experiment {10% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3) and 40% (T4) of LC50)} along with control. The results provide clear evidence that viability of embryos in eggs decreased from 92.33 percent (control) to 61.33 percent (T4). Thus, imidacloprid is a serious water pollutant that may have adverse effect on aquatic ecosystem including reproduction and development of fishes.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2016
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accumulation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos when the fish Jenynsia multidentata was exposed to these pesticides singly and in technical and commercial mixtures. Adult female fish were exposed over 96 h to 0.04 mg/L of cypermethrin; 0.4 mg/L of chlorpyrifos; 0.04 mg/L of cypermethrin þ 0.4 mg/L of chlorpyrifos in a technical mixture; and 0.04 mg/L of cypermethrin þ 0.4 mg/L of chlorpyrifos in a mixture of commercial products. Fish exposed to cypermethrin accumulated this compound only in muscle, probably because of the low biotransformation capacity of this organ and the induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) expression in the liver. The accumulation of chlorpyrifos occurred in fish exposed to the insecticide (intestine > liver > gills) even when these fish had higher gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) activity in gills and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the liver, compared with the control. Fish exposed to the technical mixture showed cypermethrin accumulation (liver > intestine > gills) with higher levels than those measured in fish after only cypermethrin exposure. Higher expression levels of CYP1A1 in the liver were also observed compared with the Control. Fish exposed to the commercial mixture accumulated both insecticides (cypermethrin: intestine > gills and chlorpyrifos: liver > intestine > gills > muscle). In the organs where accumulation occurred, biotransformation enzymes were inhibited. Consequently, the commercial formulation exposure provoked the highest accumulation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in J. multidentata, possibly associated with the biotransformation system inhibition.
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol(Suppl), November 2018, pp.2655-2660 , 2018
Abstracts: During the present research, C. idella and C. auratus fish were exposed to 2 ppm concentration of imidacloprid for 28 and 24 days, respectively, and the effect on biochemical and haematological parameters was investigated. During the study of biochemical parameters, there occurred significant increase (P<0.05) in the serum levels of ALT and creatinine of imidacloprid exposed groups of both species of fish. The level of serum albumin of imidacloprid exposed groups of both fish species was significantly lower as compared to control group (P<0.05). Serum globulin level in imidacloprid exposed group of C. idella was insignificantly lower as compared to control group, however the serum globulin level of C. auratus was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The level of total proteins in serum of imidacloprid exposed groups of both fish species was insignificantly lower as compared to control groups (P> 0.05). During the study of haematological parameters, TLC of C. idella was insignificantly (P>0.05) higher than control group but the TLC of C. auratus was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control. There was also observed increasing trend in the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes of imidacloprid exposed group of each fish species. The platelets count of imidacloprid exposed group of each fish species was significantly (P<0.05) lower than control group. The haemoglobin concentration of imidacloprid exposed group of C. idella was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). In case of C. auratus, the haemoglobin level of imidacloprid exposed group was insignificantly lower than control group (P>0.05). From the finding of the present research it was concluded that 28 days exposure of C. idella and 24 days exposure of C. auratus to 2 ppm concentration of imidacloprid does not cause mortality however the exposure causes alteration in the normal level of biochemical and haematological parameters.
Alterations of HSP70 gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) exposed to deltamethrin
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide and potential toxic pollutant to aquatic ecosystems, on the heat shock protein HSP70 gene expression in rainbow trout. Deltamethrin was applied at 0.3 and 0.6 μg/L for 28 days under laboratory conditions. After the experiment, HSP70 was amplified for 20-40 PCR cycles for the control and deltamethrin-treated fish groups. While the quantitative mRNA level was low in the 40 th PCR cycle in the control, it was higher in the fish exposed to deltamethrin. The differences between the treated groups and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.01), but the difference between the treatment groups was not. Deltamethrin'e maruz bırakılan gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) HSP70 gen ekspresyonu değişimleri Özet: Bu araştırmada; sucul ekosistemler için potansiyel toksik kirletici olan bir sentetik piretroit, deltamethrin'in gökkuşağı alabalığı HSP70 gen ekspresy...