Tissue-specific bioconcentration and biotransformation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in a native fish (Jenynsia multidentata) exposed to these insecticides singly and in mixtures (original) (raw)
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Pesticides are being widely employed in the modern agriculture, though in different quantities, across the globe. Although it is useful for crops yield enhancement, however, there are the serious environment, health and safety related concerns for aquatic and terrestrial living biomes that include humans, animals, and plants. Various in practice and emerging pesticides adversely affect the survival, development and biological systems stability. Several research efforts have been made to highlight the bio-safety and toxicological features of toxicants through risk assessment studies using different animal models, e.g., different fish species. Among several pesticides, cypermethrin is extensively used in agriculture and households, and the reported concentrations of this pesticide in different water bodies including rivers and streams, soil and even in rainwater are threatening. Consequently, cypermethrin is considered for risk assessment studies to know about its deep and different l...
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Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Cypermethrin is a highly active type II pyrethroid that is widely used to control harmful insects. The present study was conducted to investigate the possible effects of the sublethal concentration of cypermethrin (0.05 mL/L) on the biometric, hematological, and biochemical parameters of Van fish (Alburnus tarichi Guldenstadt 1814) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Behavioral and physiological changes were observed in the fish treated with cypermethrin. Hematological parameters revealed a significant decrease in the erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) values (p .05). Serum enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) activities and serum cortisol level were significantly increased (p .05). The results showed that changes in the biometric, biochemical, and hematological values of the Van fish exposed to cypermethrin can be used as biomarkers for monitoring toxicity.
An attempt has been made to assess the acute toxic effect of Cypermethrin (25%EC) on LDH, GDH and AChE in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent of 96h LC50 value) of cypermethrin for three different exposure periods, 5, 10 and 15 days. Activity levels of LDH, GDH were found to increase in all the tissues of the fish. Maximum percentage of elevation in LDH activity was (74.29%) in liver and minimum elevation was (19.74%) in kidney at 15 days and 15% 96h LC50. Initial increase was decreased in all the tissues studied at 20% 96h LC50 at all the exposure periods. Maximum percentage of elevation in GDH activity was (23.95%) in liver and minimum elevation was (19.04%) in kidney 15 days and 15% 96h LC50. Increase was decreased in all the tissues studied at 20% 96h LC50 at all the exposure periods. Activity levels of AChE were found to decrease in all the tissues. Maximum percentage of decrement in AChE activity was (25.55%) in brain and minimum was (23.94%) in kidney at the longest exposure period and highest sublethal concentration. Dose and exposure period dependant alterations were observed which were statistically significant.
International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2015
An attempt has been made to assess the acute toxic effect of Cypermethrin (25%EC) on LDH, GDH and AChE in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent of 96h LC50 value) of cypermethrin for three different exposure periods, 5, 10 and 15 days. Activity levels of LDH, GDH were found to increase in all the tissues of the fish. Maximum percentage of elevation in LDH activity was (74.29%) in liver and minimum elevation was (19.74%) in kidney at 15 days and 15% 96h LC50. Initial increase was decreased in all the tissues studied at 20% 96h LC50 at all the exposure periods. Maximum percentage of elevation in GDH activity was (23.95%) in liver and minimum elevation was (19.04%) in kidney 15 days and 15% 96h LC50. Increase was decreased in all the tissues studied at 20% 96h LC50 at all the exposure periods. Activity levels of AChE were found to decrease in all the tissues. Maximum percentage of decrement in AChE activity was...
HAEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CYPRINUS CARPIO AS BIOMARKERS OF CYPERMETHRIN TOXICITY
Possible effects of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide Cypermethrin (25%EC) were observed in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) Juveniles of test fish were exposed for lethal (96 h LC50 i.e. 3.31µg/l) and sublethal (1/10th of 96h LC50 i.e. 0.331µg/l for 5, 10 and 15 days) concentrations of cypermethrin to study the hematological parameters: red blood cell (RBC) count; white blood cell (RBC) count; hemoglobin (Hb); packed cell volume (PCV); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). RBC count, Hb content and PCV showed decrement at both lethal and sublethal concentrations. WBC count and MCHC exhibited increasing trend at sublethal and decreasing trend at lethal concentration. Elevated values of MCV were recorded at both lethal and sublethal concentrations where as MCH exhibited an increasing trend in all exposure periods of lethal and sublethal concentrations. The hematological alterations led to the conclusion that the cypermethrin has toxic effects on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio, and that its presence in an aquatic ecosystem may jeopardize the health of status of the ecosystem and biota therein.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2005
The sublethal eVect of a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on total protein, amino acids, ammonia, glycogen, and enzymes like aminotransaminases (AIAT, AAT), glutamate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylases (a and ab) was studied in physiological important tissues viz; liver and gill tissues of freshwater teleost air breathing Wsh, Clarias batrachus. The study was conducted during exposure of 1/3 (33%) of LC 50 concentration and followed by cessation of exposure. Thirty-six Wsh were exposed to 0.07 mg/L cypermethrin for 10 days. After 10 days, 18 Wsh were released to freshwater and kept in the same for 10 days (recovery group). Thirty-six Wsh were kept in freshwater as control batch. Protein content in liver tissues decreased at the end of 1st and 5th day followed by slight increase at the end of 10th day. Gill tissue showed statistical signiWcant decrease (P < 0.001) in protein content during exposure period of 10 days. Recovery in protein content was observed to a large extent in both the tissues. Total free amino acids were increased in liver and gill tissues throughout the treatment period, recovery response was seen after cessation of exposure. Ammonia level was decrease in both the tissues throughout the exposure period except in liver tissue at the end of 1st day of exposure. Recovery response was exhibited by both the tissues. A decreased in glycogen content of liver tissue was observed during exposure period, gill tissue also showed decrease in glycogen at the end of 1st and 5th day followed by increase at the end of 10th day of exposure period. When the Wsh were transferred to freshwater, recovery in glycogen content was noted. The activity level of alanine, aspartate aminotransaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and phosphorylases (a, ab) was increased in both the tissues, followed by recovery response after released of Wsh into freshwater. The present study showed that cypermethrin caused alterations in certain biochemical mechanisms of C. batrachus. This Wsh indicated recovery response when transferred to cypermethrin free water.