Assessment of the Physical and Bacteriological Quality of Water in the Halabja-Sulaimani-Kurdistan Region of Iraq (original) (raw)
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Assessment of the Chemical Quality of Water in the Halabja-Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
A study of water pollution was conducted at Halabja-Sulaimani. Water samples were collected from five different locations in a radial manner around and within Halabja town. Water sources included artesian wells, drilled wells and Kahreezes. Before the chlorination and disinfection process, water samples were collected and then chemical and bacteriological analyses were conducted. The field works commenced according to a regular schedule twice per month, starting in June and ending in November 2007. The chemical evaluation of the well waters in the present study based on standards given for drinking water by the World Health Organization guidelines, can be assessed as good-quality; ranging from moderately hard to hard. Saturated by oxygen and healthy with regard to biological oxygen demand. The maximum and minimum of reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite and chloride were 0.05-4.29 mg at P-PO4 l-1, 0.83-8.40 N-NO3 l-1 and 1.42-25.16 mgl-1, respectively. All water samples during the investigation period revealed pollution by nickel, lead, molybedinum and chromium. In all investigated sites, cations were dominated by calcium followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium in order of decreasing concentrations.
Assessment of the quality of drinking water of Halabja City- Iraqi Kurdistan
The quality of drinking water is a crucial factor for human health. The objective of this study was to assess the physico chemical and biological characteristics of the various sources of drinking water in the city of Halabja, Iraqi Kurdistan. Forty water samples were collected and analyzed for physic-chemical and biological characteristics. The study included 27 samples from municipality wells and 13 samples from household tap water. Analysis was done for physico-chemical parameters including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl) , Alkality M, Alkality P, Aluminum (Al) , Copper (Cu) , Calcium (Ca) , Boron (B) and MPN .The results were compared with the standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). All the physico –chemical parameters were found to be within allowable limits. It can, therefore, be concluded that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for drinking and other household purposes. But From the pH values it is clear that the ground water of the study area is alkaline in nature and the total hardness varies between 203-323 mg/l which indicate that water in the deep aquifer is hard hence suggested to Halabjah water director to soften the tube well water before consumption. There were no statistically significant differences between water samples from wells and households in terms of these parameters. Although the drinking water of the area is considered safe. Nevertheless biological surveillance is need especially in hot weather.
Mağallaẗ Tikrīt li-l-ʻulūm al-ṣirfaẗ, 2022
This study was conducted on water samples from 4 wells in the Balad district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq, to assess the water quality. Four wells were studied for the period from the month of November 2019 to February 2020, the chemical and physical analyzes were carried out in the Environmental Laboratory of the College of Science, Tikrit University. Electrical conductivity values rates ranged between (590-3492)µs/cm.pH values rates ranged (7.02-7.85). The sulfate values ranged between (49.672-796.279) mg/L. Dissolved solids of well water were (753-3614) mg/L. Total alkalinity values were low during study period, as recorded (84.5-174.25) mg/L. The chloride ions values rates ranged between (52.5-241.25) mg/L. Reason of groundwater very hardness due to geological factors of study area ,Which was mostly the result of ion bicarbonates , ranging values of total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness between (795-1905) mg / L, (610-1025) mg / L, (135-1010) mg/L respectively. As for heavy metals, the study recorded values for lead whose rates ranged between (0.355-0.509) mg/L, while zinc recorded values ranging between (0.033-3.841) mg/L, The results of the study showed that the physicochemical parameters of well water were not conformity with the Iraqi and international specifications for drinking water, except for well 2. The research aims to assess the water quality of some groundwater wells and indicate its suitability for irrigation and drinking in the light of international and Iraqi standards.
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Good drinking water quality is essential for the well being of all population. The object of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water in the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan. A total of 2342 water samples from various sources providing water to the city collected during 2014 were analyzed for physiochemical and biological parameters using standard methods. Fifty percent of the samples were from, Dukan project after treatment, 26% from Dukan project before treatment, 8% from Sarchinar, 6% from city storage tanks and networks and 10% were brought by citizens from various sources.The total hardness of the city water at source after treatment was 186.3 (95% CI 179.6, 192.8), TDS was 150.6 (95% CI 149.5, 151.7), and PH was 7.74(95% CI 7.36, 8.12). The total hardness, TDS, turbidity and Calcium were considerably higher in Sarchinar than Dukan (231 vs. 161, 242 vs. 147, 2.7 vs. 1.8 and 72.9 vs. 44.5 mg/l respectively), while Sodium and Potassium were higher in Dukan than Sarchinar (3.4 vs. 1.4 and 1.4 vs. 0.08 mg/l respectively). Samples from the two supply lines from filtrated Dukan water project were compared in relation to physic-chemical characteristics and there were no significant differences in any of the parameters except PH, TDS and turbidity which were different. TDS of Dukan 1 project was slightly higher than Dukan 2 (148.9 vs. 145.9 respectively). Similarly turbidity of Dukan 1 was twice that of Dukan 2 (2.4 vs. 1.2). Overall, the parameter values were within standard ranges except Cl1- which was 19.8 (Iraqi standard 10 ppm) and dissolved oxygen which was 9 ppm (Iraqi standard 7-8 ppm). Microbiological results showed that 973 of the samples (91%) had an MPN of zero, 61 (5.7%) had an MPN of 2.2 and 35 (3.3%) had a higher MPN. The mean chlorination level for all samples was 1.12 (SD 0.44) .We can conclude that both Sarchinar and Dukan waters are acceptable for drinking purposes according to the parameters evaluated. We recommend to include monitoring heavy metals like Hg, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Ag in the future; to consolidate the existing reporting system and to included samples from household tap water for analysis.
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In this work, a set of physical, chemical and biological parameters were analysed for Khirisan river from the period extending from December 2017up to November 2018. The samples were selected from three different sites, agricultural, commercial and residential area to assess the water quality of the river for drinking and irrigation purposes. The study showed that a number of diversity factors were recognized which have a direct effect on the quality of Khirisan river. This includes the catchment feeding area of the river, untreated domestic sewage from the restaurants, cafeterias and government buildings which are adjacent to the river. Water quality of Khirisan river, according to the Iraqi and international standards, satisfies the limits of the rules of the drinking purposes for all studied parameters except the values of calcium ions and total hardness value for some rainy months as well as to organic load. The mean values of BOD5 and COD for the three sites were 7.7 and 36 mg/...
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The results of climatic data that obtained from Tuz Khurmatu meteorological station show actual evidence in the climatic changes, which are indicated by remarkable decreases in the means of annual rainfall, relative humidity percentages and with increases of the means of annual minimum and maximum temperatures. The unconfined aquifer of Adaim river basin is recharged mainly from rain water. Since this source is scarce, the aquifer gains its water slowly in a rate less than the rate of losing by both evaporation and abstraction wells. The water Quality Index (WQI) has been used to assess suitability of groundwater quality for human drinking purpose in Tuz Khurmatu area. Groundwater samples were collected in September (2010) and March (2011) from twenty wells and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics such as pH, total dissolved solids, Electrical Conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. Each parameter was compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by Iraqi drinking water standards. The results showed that WQI values for the groundwater of the study area ranged from 27.25 to 139.81. Based on the WQI classification majority of the samples are falling under excellent to good water category and suitable for drinking water purpose.
EVALUATING THE WATER QUALITY OF SOME WELLS IN AL-RIFAI CITY
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Due to the scarcity of water resources at the present time in Thi-Qar governorate, many people and farmers resort to using groundwater and well water for all purposes to meet their daily water needs. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality of well water and determine its suitability for different uses. Therefore, the researchers in this study dealt with evaluating some physical and chemical properties of the water of some wells located in Al-Rifai city in Thi-Qar governorate / southern
Hydrochemical properties of ground water of Rahaliya-Ekhedhur region, west Razzaza lake, iraq
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Rahaliya-Ekhedur region is located to the west of Razzaza Lake (M.IRAQ). It is within the Salman-Rutba tectonic zones characterized by the existence of Abu Jir and Imam Ahmad bin Hashim Fault Systems. The major geological formations in the studied area consists of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits described from the oldest to the youngest as : Dammam, Euphrates, Nfayil and Injana, formations, and the slope of beds is less than one degree in the direction of east and northeast towards Al-Razzaza lake. To evaluate the hydrochemical properties and the quality groundwater samples were collected from 16 wells at different depths 80-120 m, during April and October 2013. These samples have been chemically analyzed and the results indicated that the ground water is of mixed origin, very hard (TH ranging from 227.5 to 1032.8 ppm), having high pH values, while the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranging from 1700 to 2750 mg/l so that the water is of brackish type. On the basis of the major cation and anion concentration the groundwater during April 2013 was of mixed Mg and Na-SO4 group having two families which are Na2SO4 family with Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+-SO42->Cl->HCO3-and MgSO4 water family with Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+-SO42->Cl->HCO3-. While, the groundwater during October 2013 is of two groups (Na-SO4) having two families which are (Na2SO4) family with Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+-SO42->Cl->HCO3-and (MgSO4) water family with Mg2+> Ca2+>Na+-SO42->Cl->HCO3-. The second group was Na-Cl with Na+> Mg2+>Ca2+-Cl->SO42-> HCO3-and Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+-Cl->SO42-> HCO3-. Therefore, the ground water in the region is not good for drinking due to high salinity and it is of Doubtful to unsuitable-Unsuitable for irrigation but it can be used to irrigate sensitive crops in areas.