Water Level Fluctuation as the Sum of Environmental and Anthropogenic Activities in Southeast, Punjab (India) (original) (raw)
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Assessment of Groundwater Level in Southwest Punjab, India
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Effect Of Rainfall On Groundwater Level Fluctuations In Chapai Nawabgonj District
The study was conducted in five Upazilas under Chapai Nawabgonj district from 2007 to 2011 to evaluate the effect of rainfall on groundwater level fluctuation. Rainfall and groundwater fluctuation data were collected from BMDA, Rajshahi and evapotranspiration data were collected from IWM, Dhaka. The data were analyzed to show the rainfall variations, runoff, infiltration and groundwater fluctuation levels in different years. The results illustrate that rain started usually in May and ended in September and little or no rainfall occurred during the rest of the year. The study results show that the maximum rainfall occurred throughout June -August and at the same time the estimated runoff and infiltration showed the maximum as expected. The maximum water table was found during July-September due to rainwater infiltration. The results also observe that the minimum water table was shown throughout March -May, during irrigation period of the area. This study illustrates that there were no significant change in rainfall and infiltration patterns during the study period, but the overall ground water table was declining day by day due to over withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation purpose.
A MODFLOW (Modular Groundwater Flow Model)–based mathematical groundwater flow model was developed for the part of Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojna (IGNP) Stage I area falling in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of Rajasthan, India. This region is facing severe problems of waterlogging and salinity. The developed groundwater model has been used to evaluate different strategies to arrest waterlogging and to predict future water table distribution in the study area. Four different water use management strategies have been considered, including one presently followed to compare output of the other three strategies being considered. Other strategies are as follows: strategy second, with groundwater development of 18% of canal water; third, with reducing water allowance in IGNP command from 0.36 litre/sec/ha. to 0.241 litre/sec/ha and construction of a proposed surface drain; and fourth, the same as the third but in addition to diverting Ghaggar flood waters, keeping 18 depressions dry and repairing the damaged lining of RD (reduced distance [1000']) 0-100 of Indira Gandhi Mukhya Nahar (IGMN) in order to reduce canal seepage. On the basis of these strategies, four scenarios were developed. The output in the three scenarios has been compared for the addition to the groundwater storage and area waterlogged after 12 years (2003–2015). This addition to groundwater storage in 12 years as per scenarios II, III and IV comes to 1079.41, 1403.97 and 605.68 MCM, respectively, as compared to scenario I, where the total addition comes to 1663.43 MCM. Waterlogged area in category 1 with water table up to 1 m below ground level (mbgl) as per scenarios I, II, III and IV comes to 19,289.5, 12,746.6, 14,433.8 and 4139.2 ha, respectively.
Groundwater level analyses of Punjab, India: A quantitative approach
Groundwater is considered to be the most vital for the livestock population. In Punjab, which is also the food basket of India, the groundwater level is declining at a rapid rate due to increase in the number of tube wells in the recent years and hence the groundwater abstraction has increased. In a recent study conducted for monitoring the groundwater level in Punjab, the water level data was monitored for the period 2006-2013 in Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar & Kapurthala districts of Bist-Doab; Faridkot, Firozepur, Ludhiana, Bhatinda & Patiala districts of Malwa region and Amritsar, Gurdaspur & Tarn Taran districts of Majha region of Punjab. The groundwater level data has shown that the maximum decline to the tune of 9.75 m was found in Patiala, followed by 8.57 m in Bhatinda and least decline of 3.13 m was found in Jalandhar during the period 2006-2013. The areas showing marked decline in water levels should practice artificial recharge. It is also essential to strengthen soil, water and groundwater institutions along with capacity building, training and education in specific areas like artificial recharge, groundwater modelling, watershed management, quality monitoring, and aquifer remediation on a continuous basis. Lastly, if immediate remedial measures are not taken to reverse the declining trend of water table, it would be difficult to sustain even the existing food grain production in the state, thereby, affecting the socio-economic condition of the farmers, specially the small and marginal farmers.
Groundwater fluctuation and trend in Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Water-table dynamics and trend in three Thanas of Rajshahi district.pdf
Groundwater is an essential input for increasing crop production as well as for the sustainable agricultural development in Bangladesh. Availability of groundwater for irrigation has contributed to manifold increase in crop productivity of Bangladesh, particularly in the northwest region. This study was conducted on three Upazilas of Rajshahi District: Tanore, Godagari and Charghat. This part of the country is notable for water scarcity and almost dependent on groundwater resources. This study presents the trend of groundwater-table (25 years data) using the MEKESENS trend model. It reveals that the depth to groundwater level of almost all the monitoring wells is declining slowly. The trend of groundwater level in most of monitoring wells of Godagari and Charghat upazilas indicates that the aquifer became fully recharged every year. The groundwater level of Tanore upazila shows decreasing trend, implying that the aquifer was continuously depleting. Forecasting of groundwater level shows that in many cases, severe depletion of groundwater level will occur by 2030 if the present trend of groundwater extraction continues. If the decline of the water-table is allowed to continue in the long run, the result could be a serious threat to the ecology and to the sustainability of food production. The main source of recharging groundwater aquifer in the study area is rainfall, which is also decreasing in the area. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken to sustain water resources and thereby agricultural production. Demand-side management of water and the development of alternative surface water sources may be a viable strategy for the area. Such strategy could be employed to reduce pressure on groundwater and thus maintain the sustainability of the resource.
J. of Agril. Engg., Inst. of Engrs, Bangladesh, 2019
Water is essential for economic, social, and environmental development. Global water resources are vulnerable due to increasing demand related to population growth, pollution potential, and climate change. Competition for water between different sectors is increasing. To meet the increasing demand, the use of groundwater is increasing worldwide. In this paper, groundwater level dynamics of Bogura District has been analyzed and the future scenario has been simulated using a computer software *MAKESENS".The study results indicate that in most of the wells, the water table (WT) depth and the rainfall intensity are declining slowly. It is also indicated that in some cases, the depth will approximately be doubled by the year 2060, if the present trend of declinations continues. For the sustainable use of the gtoundwater and to avoid possible irreversible environmental consequences, possible measures and policy implications are discussed. Crop diversification, shifting ofcrop sequence, conservation techniques, increasing irrigation efficiency, rainwater harvesting etc. can be adopted to avoid gtoundwater declirration and to promote the sustainable use ofthe groundwater resources.