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Receiver Design for Pulse Position Modulation Technique in Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication

Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) is one of the most prominent approaches to interconnect the nanomachines which can do some simple communication functions. In this paper, Pulse Position Modulation is studied. We proposed two techniques in order to design the receiver for this modulation. These detection methods called ML and MAX detector. The performances of the proposed detection algorithms are discussed in the different ISI values. It is seen that two detection methods can achieve the same performance in bit error probability for some practical cases. While the MAX detector is simpler than ML detector.

On Receiver Design for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2014

Diffusion-based communication refers to the transfer of information using molecules as message carriers whose propagation is governed by the laws of molecular diffusion. It has been identified that diffusion-based communication is one of the most promising solutions for end-to-end communication between nanoscale devices. In this paper, the design of a diffusion-based communication system considering stochastic signaling, arbitrary orders of channel memory, and noisy reception is proposed. The diffusion in the cases of one, two, and three dimensions are all considered. Three signal processing techniques for the molecular concentration with low computational complexity are proposed. For the detector design, both a low-complexity one-shot optimal detector for mutual information maximization and a near Maximum Likelihood (ML) sequence detector are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first that gives an analytical treatment of the signal processing, estimation, and detection problems for diffusion-based communication in the presence of ISI and reception noise. Numerical results indicate that the proposed signal processing technique followed by the one-shot detector achieves near-optimal throughput without the need of a priori information in both short-range and long-range diffusion-based communication scenarios, which suggests an ML sequence detector is not necessary. Furthermore, the proposed receiver design guarantees diffusion-based communication to operate without failure even in the case of infinite channel memory. A channel capacity of 1 bit per channel utilization can be ultimately achieved by extending the duration of the signaling interval.

Effect of ISI Mitigation on Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion

Proceedings of ACM The First Annual International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication - NANOCOM' 14, 2007

Communication via diffusion (CvD) is an effective and energy efficient method for transmitting information in nanonetworks. In this work, we focus on a diffusion-based communication system where the reception process is an absorption via receptors. Whenever a molecule hits to the receiver it is removed from the environment. This kind of reception process is called first passage process and it is more complicated compared to diffusion process only. In 3-D environments, obtaining analytical solution for hitting time distribution for realistic cases is complicated, hence we develop an end-to-end simulator for he diffusion-based communication system that sends consecutive symbols.

Index Modulation for Molecular Communication via Diffusion Systems

IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2019

Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a molecular communication method that utilizes the free diffusion of carrier molecules to transfer information at the nano-scale. Due to the random propagation of carrier molecules, inter-symbol interference (ISI) is a major issue in an MCvD system. Alongside ISI, inter-link interference (ILI) is also an issue that increases the total interference for MCvD-based multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO) approaches. Inspired by the antenna index modulation (IM) concept in traditional communication systems, this paper introduces novel IM-based transmission schemes for MCvD systems. In the paper, molecular space shift keying (MSSK) is proposed as a novel modulation for molecular MIMO systems, and it is found that this method combats ISI and ILI considerably better than existing MIMO approaches. For nanomachines that have access to two different molecules, the direct extension of MSSK, quadrature molecular space shift keying (QMSSK) is also proposed. QMSSK is found to combat ISI considerably well whilst not performing well against ILI-caused errors. In order to combat ILI more effectively, another dualmolecule-based novel modulation scheme called the molecular spatial modulation (MSM) is proposed. Combined with the Gray mapping imposed on the antenna indices, MSM is observed to yield reliable error rates for molecular MIMO systems.

MAP detector performance analysis in diffusion-based relaying molecular communications

Nano Communication Networks, 2019

Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) is a promising paradigm which enables nano-machines to communicate with each other. However, the reliability of existing communication systems degrades rapidly as the distance between the transmitters and the receivers grows. To solve this issue, relaying schemes must be implemented in practice. In this paper, we study two relaying schemes: In the first case, the relay node decodes the incoming signal symbol and forwards it to the receiver using a different types of molecules. Then, the receiver detects the information bits by only considering the molecules from the relay node. In the second case, the receiver considers both types of molecules sent from the transmitter and the relay node. Closed-form expression for the end-to-end bit error probability of the these two schemes are derived. Also, we obtain optimal relay location for both schemes. Moreover, we study the optimal threshold, concentration, baud-rate and timing offset to mitigate the overall Inter-Symbol Interference(ISI) and obtain maximum throughput in the relay network.

A Survey on Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion

IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials

This survey paper focuses on modulation aspects of molecular communication, an emerging field focused on building biologically-inspired systems that embed data within chemical signals. The primary challenges in designing these systems are how to encode and modulate information onto chemical signals, and how to design a receiver that can detect and decode the information from the corrupted chemical signal observed at the destination. In this paper, we focus on modulation design for molecular communication via diffusion systems. In these systems, chemical signals are transported using diffusion, possibly assisted by flow, from the transmitter to the receiver. This tutorial presents recent advancements in modulation and demodulation schemes for molecular communication via diffusion. We compare five different modulation types: concentration-based, type-based, timing-based, spatial, and higher-order modulation techniques. The end-to-end system designs for each modulation scheme are presented. In addition, the key metrics used in the literature to evaluate the performance of these techniques are also presented. Finally, we provide a numerical bit error rate comparison of prominent modulation techniques using analytical models. We close the tutorial with a discussion of key open issues and future research directions for design of molecular communication via diffusion systems.

Receivers for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication: Exploiting Memory and Sampling Rate

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2014

In this paper, a diffusion-based molecular communication channel between two nano-machines is considered. The effect of the amount of memory on performance is characterized, and a simple memory-limited decoder is proposed and its performance is shown to be close to that of the best possible imaginable decoder (without any restrictions on the computational complexity or its functional form), using Genie-aided upper bounds. This effect is specialized for the case of Molecular Concentration Shift Keying; it is shown that a four-bits memory achieves nearly the same performance as infinite memory. Then a general class of threshold decoders is considered and shown not to be optimal for a Poisson channel with memory, unless SNR is higher than a value specified in the paper. Another contribution is to show that receiver sampling at a rate higher than the transmission rate, i.e., a multi-read system, can significantly improve the performance. The associated decision rule for this system is shown to be a weighted sum of the samples during each symbol interval. The performance of the system is analyzed using the saddle point approximation. The best performance gains are achieved for an oversampling factor of three.

Modulation Techniques for Communication via Diffusion in Nanonetworks

2011

Communication via diffusion of molecules is an effective method for transporting information in nanonetworks. In this paper, novel modulation techniques called Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) and Molecule Shift Keying (MoSK) are proposed for coding and decoding information of the so-called messenger molecule concentration waves in nanonetworks. The first technique, CSK, modulates the information via the variation in the concentration of the messenger molecules whereas MoSK utilizes different types of messenger molecules to represent the information. Using simulation, the performance of these modulation techniques is evaluated in terms of susceptibility to noise and transmission power requirements. The new techniques achieve high channel capacity values, in particular, the MoSK technique exhibits more robustness against noise and requires less power.

On the Detection of Binary Concentration-Encoded Unicast Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks

2011

Molecular communication is a new communication technique where transmitter and receiver communicate by transmitting molecules and correspondingly modulating their specific characteristics. Molecular communication is being considered as a new physical layer (PHY) option for a vast number of communicating nanomachines that form "nanonetworks." Thus it has become a promising option for a large number of new applications, offering several benefits over conventional electromagnetic communications based on radio waves or optics at nanoscale dimension. Concentration-encoding is a simple and good technique to encode information with molecules. Incorrect detection of concentration-encoded signals makes molecular communication a real challenge. This paper has addressed sampling-based and energybased detection approaches in detail for binary concentration-encoded molecular communication signals based on diffusion in fluidic media.

Simulation Study of Messenger Molecule Displacement in Communication via Diffusion

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2017

Molecular Communication via diffusion (MCvD) is a new communication paradigm that uses molecules as the information carrier between the nano-machines. The end to end MolecUlar CommunicatIoN (MUCIN) simulator tool is used to explore the characteristics of the MCvD channel. This simulator considered Binary Concentration Shift Keying (BCSK) technique for modulating binary information symbols, support 1-dimensional environment, and send symbols consecutively. The main issues of MCvD system are the Inter-Symbol Interference that arises when the molecules belonging to the previous symbol come into the current symbol. Conventional MCvD system exhibits a long tail of received molecular histogram, results in higher ISI. In this paper, the displacement of a messenger molecule is increased to reduce the amount of stray molecules in the MCvD channel. The proposed technique shows the first hitting time distribution to determine the highest reception of the information carrying molecules by the receiver. We also evaluate the performance of proposed scheme for different values of step length in terms of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), symbol detection and communication delay. Our results indicate that introducing proposed technique significantly improves the performance of MCvD system.