Metabolic Fate Is Defined by Amino Acid Nature in Gilthead Seabream Fed Different Diet Formulations (original) (raw)
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Amino Acid Metabolism in Gilthead Seabream Is Affected by the Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios
Aquaculture Nutrition
The dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E) has proven to influence protein utilization and/or growth in several fish species. This study intended to unravel the bioavailability and metabolic fate of lysine and methionine in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed plant diets with different P/E ratios. Seabream juveniles were fed two isonitrogenous diets (45% crude protein) differing in crude lipids (20 and 14%): LowP/E ( P / E ratio = 20.0 mg protein k J − 1 ) and HighP/E ( P / E ratio = 21.4 mg protein k J − 1 ). After three weeks, fish ( 11.6 ± 4.3 g ) were tube-fed the respective diet labelled with 14C-protein (L-amino acid mixture), 14C-lysine, or 14C-methionine. Protein, lysine, and methionine utilization were determined based on the proportion of 14C-amino acid evacuated, retained in the free or protein-bound fraction of liver and muscle, or catabolized. This study revealed that a decrease in P/E ratio resulted in lower amino acid evacuation (p <0.0...
Effects of protein-, peptide- and free amino acid-based diets in fish nutrition
Aquaculture Research, 2010
In the present review, we summarize data related to the utilization of purified diets formulated with the purpose of determining the amino acid requirements in fish independent of the ontogenetic stage and the morphological characteristics of the digestive tract. Expanding present knowledge on the formulation of protein, free amino acid (FAA) and synthetic dipeptide-based diets can provide possible insights that might lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of amino acid utilization in the growth of fish. Differences exist in the utilization of protein, dipeptides or free amino acids for growth between stomach-possessing and stomachless fish with respect to their response to manipulating the proportion of protein and dipeptides in the formulas. Free amino acid-based diets are uniformly inferior. The effects of diet manipulation on indispensable FAA concentrations in the body (muscle) are not simply the result of deamination or the protein synthesis/degradation ratio. The hydroxyproline/proline ratio was confirmed to be of value in quantifying muscle collagen degradation/synthesis and can perhaps be used to quantify the amino acid requirement necessary to maximize the utilization (deposition) of dietary amino acids. In summary, indispensable amino acid requirements for maximum growth in fish can be addressed using diets formulated from protein/peptide/FAA sources.
Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Marine Fish Species
2017
Intensive aquaculture of marine fish species has highly expanded during the last decades and has potential for further increase. An increased and consistent supply of high quality aquafeed will be required to sustain this production and to guaranty the production of protein of high biological value for humans. Protein is the most abundant and expensive dietary nutrient in aquafeeds and fish meal is still the major dietary protein source in marine aquafeeds. Given the zootechnical, environmental and economical importance of a well-balanced diet, fine-tuning of dietary protein and amino acid composition to closely meet fish requirements are therefore of utmost importance. This is of particular importance when it is considered the dietary replacement of fish meal by more sustainable and renewable protein sources, such as plant feedstuffs, which have amino acids unbalances, antinutritional factors, lower protein content and digestibility, and devoid or containing very low concentrations of some particular micronutrients, as taurine. Concomitantly, in fish the utilization of amino acids for energy purpose is considered high, and so optimization of amino acids/protein accretion has great importance and practical implications. Besides the nutritional proprieties of amino acids, emerging evidence shows that some of them have functional properties, regulating key metabolic pathways crucial to maintenance, growth, and immune responses, being of strong interest in fish production. The importance of gaining further knowledge regarding amino acid requirements, metabolism and utilization as functional ingredients in aquaculture fish species will be stressed.
Aquaculture, 2007
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the dietary essential amino acid (EAA) pattern on growth performance, feed utilization and nitrogen metabolism of European sea bass. A diet containing only intact protein (fish meal and wheat meal) was used as a control (diet C). Three semi-purified diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (8% DM) and isolipidic (15% DM) and to contain crystalline-AAs replacing approximately 60% of fish meal protein-bound nitrogen of the control diet. The AA pattern of these diets was adjusted to resemble the overall AA pattern of the fish meal protein (diet FM); the overall AA pattern of the whole-body protein of sea bass (diet WBC) or to meet the ideal protein AA pattern estimated for sea bass (diet REQ). Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile sea bass (7.3 g) in triplicate for 42 days.
Aquaculture Research, 2001
The efficacy of either crystalline (C-) amino acids (AAs) or casein as sources of protein-bound (P-) AAs for AA enrichment of either high- (540 g kg−1, dry matter) or low- (390 g kg−1, dry matter) protein diets was examined in two 6-week experiments with barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch). The AA profile of a lysine (Lys) deficient gluten-rich basal diet was enriched incrementally in five steps either by using a mixture of C-AAs (predominantly Lys) at the expense of starch or by serial substitution of the gluten with casein (a rich source of Lys). These substitutions had a minimal effect on the protein and energy composition of the diet but enriched the Lys content (and that of other critically low essential AA) of the basal diet from 18 to 31 g kg−1 in Experiment 1, and from 12 to 18 g kg−1 in Experiment 2. A high fish meal control diet was included in both experiments. In each experiment, 12 diets were compared using 48 tanks of fish held in a freshwater recirculation system maintained at 28°C and with a 12:12 h light-dark photoperiod and fed once daily to satiety.Fish growth rate and feed conversion ratio improved quadratically with AA enrichment; the response was most marked for the low-protein diets. Efficacy of AA enrichment was dose dependent. At low dietary supplementation rates (<3.3 g Lys kg−1 for the high-protein diets and up to 6 g Lys kg−1 for the low-protein diets), C-AAs were utilized as effectively as P-AAs. No further enhancement of fish productivity was induced by higher rates of C-AA supplementation with the high-protein diets.
The optimum dietary essential amino acid profile for gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) juveniles
Aquaculture, 2009
A study was undertaken to establish the optimum dietary essential amino acid (EAA) profile for gilthead seabream juveniles based on the amino acid (AA) deletion method. For that purpose 11 diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (6.72% N) and isolipidic (18%). In the control diet half of the nitrogen was provided by protein bound-AAs (fish meal) and the other half by a mixture of crystalline L-AAs. The overall AA profile of this diet was made similar to that of fish meal protein. Ten other diets were formulated identical to the control except for the deletion of 45% of a single EAA in each diet and by adjusting the nitrogen level with a non-essential AA mixture.Each diet was assigned to four groups of 22 fish (initial body weight of 4.6 g) and the trial lasted 43 days at a water temperature of 25 °C. Fish were fed by hand, twice daily, using a pair-feeding scheme. At the end of the trial the relationship between nitrogen gain and AA intake of the test and control diets was determined. Based on these data, and assuming that nitrogen retention responds linearly to dietary EAA content when a given AA is limiting, the quantity of each EAA that can be removed from the control diet without affecting nitrogen retention was computed and the ideal dietary EAA profile for gilthead seabream juveniles was estimated. Expressed relative to lysine (= 100) A/E ratios were estimated to be: arginine, 108.3; threonine, 58.1; histidine, 36.8; isoleucine, 49.7; leucine, 92.7; methionine, 50.8; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 112.3; valine, 62.6; and tryptophan, 14.6. This EAA profile correlates tightly to the whole-body EAA composition of gilthead seabream (R2 = 0.99; p > 0.001).
2009
A study was undertaken to establish the optimum dietary essential amino acid (EAA) profile for gilthead seabream juveniles based on the amino acid (AA) deletion method. For that purpose 11 diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (6.72% N) and isolipidic (18%). In the control diet half of the nitrogen was provided by protein bound-AAs (fish meal) and the other half by a mixture of crystalline L-AAs. The overall AA profile of this diet was made similar to that of fish meal protein. Ten other diets were formulated identical to the control except for the deletion of 45% of a single EAA in each diet and by adjusting the nitrogen level with a non-essential AA mixture. Each diet was assigned to four groups of 22 fish (initial body weight of 4.6 g) and the trial lasted 43 days at a water temperature of 25°C. Fish were fed by hand, twice daily, using a pair-feeding scheme. At the end of the trial the relationship between nitrogen gain and AA intake of the test and control diets was determined. Based on these data, and assuming that nitrogen retention responds linearly to dietary EAA content when a given AA is limiting, the quantity of each EAA that can be removed from the control diet without affecting nitrogen retention was computed and the ideal dietary EAA profile for gilthead seabream juveniles was estimated. Expressed relative to lysine (= 100) A/E ratios were estimated to be: arginine, 108.3; threonine, 58.1; histidine, 36.8; isoleucine, 49.7; leucine, 92.7; methionine, 50.8; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 112.3; valine, 62.6; and tryptophan, 14.6. This EAA profile correlates tightly to the whole-body EAA composition of gilthead seabream (R 2 = 0.99; p N 0.001).
Post-Prandial Amino Acid Changes in Gilthead Sea Bream
Animals, 2021
Following a meal, a series of physiological changes occurs in fish as they digest, absorb and assimilate ingested nutrients. This study aims to assess post-prandial free amino acid (FAA) activity in gilthead sea bream consuming a partial marine protein (fishmeal) replacement. Sea bream were fed diets where 16 and 27% of the fishmeal protein was replaced by plant protein. The essential amino acid (EAA) composition of the white muscle, liver and gut of sea bream was strongly correlated with the EAA composition of the 16% protein replacement diet compared to the 27% protein replacement diet. The mean FAA concentration in the white muscle and liver changed at 4 to 8 h after a meal and was not different to pre-feeding (0 h) and at 24 h after feeding. It was confirmed in this study that 16% replacement of marine protein with plant protein meets the amino acid needs of sea bream. Overall, the present study contributes towards understanding post-prandial amino acid profiles during uptake, t...
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2010
We have shown previously that diets in which the nitrogen portion is based on synthetic dipeptides (PP) resulted in weight gain by rainbow trout alevins when free amino acid (FAA) based diets did not. However, the protein-based diet used as a control in the previous study resulted in a significantly better performance of fish than peptide- or FAA based diet fed fish. Therefore, the objectives of our study were (i) to test how stomachless fish respond to peptide-based diets, (ii) to evaluate PP and protein-PP mixture diets and (iii) to examine if post-prandial response to FAA concentrations in the fish body can be used as an indicator of the availability of dietary amino acid sources. The first experiment was conducted with a 4-day old Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae and included groups fed a casein–gelatin (CG) based diet, a commercial diet and live Artemia nauplii. In the second experiment, fish fed live Artemia for 3 weeks (69 ± 12 mg) were placed in glass aquaria in triplicate per dietary treatment. Four diets provided equivalent amounts of nitrogen in the form of a CG, a PP, a 50% PP and 50% CG (PP50) mix and as FAA. Fish were fed at 1 and 3 h intervals, and the survival and growth were monitored during the second and third weeks of experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Following the completion of feeding, juvenile carp were sampled prior to feeding and 3 h after a meal. Whole body FAA analyses were carried out. We observed marginal suitability of the CG diet for larval Koi carp, as earlier indicated in common carp. Juvenile Koi carp fed the CG diet achieved 236 ± 19 mg, whereas PP50, PP and FAA diet fed fish grew to 140 ± 37, 70 ± 8 and 73 ± 5 mg respectively. Free amino acids in the fish body, and in particular indispensable amino acids (IDAA), were excellent indicators of dietary availability. The present experiment shows that a dietary 1:1 ratio of protein to synthetic PPs results in better growth, survival and whole body IDAA concentrations in relation to FAA- and PP-based diets confirming earlier reports on the use of synthetic PP-based diets, although this diet does not match the performance of complete protein, CG-based diet.