Grape Polyphenols’ Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes (original) (raw)
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Cardioprotective actions of grape polyphenols
Nutrition Research, 2008
The aim of this review is to discuss the accumulating evidence that suggests that grape extracts and purified grape polyphenols possess a diverse array of biological actions and may be beneficial in the prevention of some inflammatory-mediated diseases including cardiovascular disease. The active components from grape extracts, which include the grape seed, grape skin, and grape juice, that have been identified thus far include polyphenols such as resveratrol, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. All possess potent antioxidant properties and have been shown to decrease low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol oxidation and platelet aggregation. These compounds also possess a range of additional cardioprotective and vasoprotective properties including antiatherosclerotic, antiarrhythmic, and vasorelaxation actions. Although not exclusive, antioxidant properties of grape polyphenols are likely to be central to their mechanism(s) of action, which also include cellular signaling mechanisms and interactions at the genomic level. This review discusses some of the evidence favoring the consumption of grape extracts rich in polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of grape and grape extracts and/or grape products such as red wine may be beneficial in preventing the development of chronic degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease
Polyphenols composition of wine and grape sub-products and potential effects on chronic diseases
Nutrition and Aging, 2014
Grape (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most cultivated fruit crops in the world, with an approximate annual production of ∼64 million metric tons in 2010 (OIV, 2011). Grapes composition in polyphenols and their extractability which is far from complete and typically reaching only 30-40% depend on grape varieties, vineyard location and the technological parameters during wine making process including destemming, crushing, maceration and pressing. Therefore, grape pomace potentially constitutes a very abundant and relatively inexpensive source of a wide range of polyphenols including monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols (proanthocyanidins) as well as anthocyanins (glucosides, acetylated glucosides and coumarylic glucosides). Moreover, it has been evaluated as a potential source of antioxidant polyphenols which could be used as nutraceuticals or food additives. Actually, phenolic compounds are known to have some health benefits such as a chemopreventive role toward cardiovascular, cancer, and degenerative diseases. In order to valorize wine by-products from Rhone Valley area, grape and pomace seeds and skins from red wine cultivars at maturity from the vintage 2009 and 2010 (Grenache, Syrah, Carignan, Mourvédre, Counoise and Alicante) have been characterised for their phenolic contents (total phenol contents, tannin and anthocyanin contents-total and individuals; quantification of monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins as well as some anthocyanins (glucosides, acetylated glucosides and coumarylic glucosides)). Ratio of initial phenolic compounds from grape to pomace was also estimated. The comparison of several wine industry by-products with their respective grapes provided evidence that grape seed and skin pomace extracts still contained appreciable amounts of flavanol-3-ols and anthocyanins even after the fermentation process. Quantitative and qualitative distribution of polyphenols in grape pomaces showed significant differences through varieties. Seed extracts from grapes and pomaces contain exceptionally high amounts of total polyphenols than skin's extracts. This study evidenced seeds from Grenache, Syrah and Alicante and skins from Syrah, Carignan and Alicante as the most interesting fractions to be valorized because of their richest contents in polyphenols compared to the other assessed fractions and varieties. This work further supports that grape pomaces obtained after vinification still retained a significant amount of polyphenols of which level depends largely on the vintage. The use of this by-product would constitute a promising natural source of available polyphenols which could be included in nutraceutical formulation. Activity effects of grape by-products on a chronic disease model with hypertension are given.
Polyphenols as potential therapeutical agents against cardiovascular diseases
Pharmacological reports : PR, 2005
Increasing evidence suggests that polyphenols from fruits, vegetables and beverages such as wine and tea may exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Indeed, research in the field of polyphenols points out their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, leading to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and platelet aggregation. These compounds are also able to modulate the generation of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelium and to interfere with the mechanisms leading to inflammation and endothelial apoptosis, contributing to the prevention of the endothelial dysfunction, known to play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews the potential targets of polyphenols involved in the complex pathophysiological events occurring in cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke.
Protective effects of red wine polyphenolic compounds on the cardiovascular system
Experimental and clinical cardiology, 2001
Phenolic phytochemicals are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. In terms of protective effects on organisms, the group of polyphenols is the most important. In various experiments, it has been shown that selected polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, confer protective effects on the cardiovascular system and have anti-cancer, antiviral and antiallergic properties. In coronary artery disease, the protective effects are due mainly to antithrombic, antioxidant, anti-ischemic and vasorelaxant properties of flavonoids. Flavonoids are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions, which appear to be responsible for the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. It has been hypothesized that the low incidence of coronary artery disease in the French population may be partially related to the pharmacological properties of polyphenolic compounds present in red wine. Many epidemiological studies have shown that regular flavonoid intake is assoc...
Effects of red wine polyphenolic compounds on the cardiovascular system
Bratislavské lekárske listy, 2002
Phenolic phytochemicals are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Regarding the protective effects on organisms, the polyphenol group is the most important. In different experiments, it has been shown that selected polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, possess protective effects on the cardiovascular system, as well as anticancer, antiviral and antiallergic properties. In coronary heart disease, the protective effects include mainly antithrombic, antioxidant, anti-ischaemic and vasorelaxant properties of flavonoids. It has been hypothesised that the phenomenon of a low incidence of coronary heart disease in French people may be partially related to the pharmacological properties of polyphenolic compounds included in red wine. Many epidemiological studies have shown that regular flavonoid intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. This review article discusses the chemical structure of polyphenols and their beneficial properties in the cardiovascular system. (Fig...
Annual Review of Nutrition, 2011
Obesity and metabolic disease-related health problems (e.g., type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) are the most prevalent nutrition-related issues in the United States. An emerging feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes is their linkage with chronic inflammation that begins in white adipose tissue and eventually becomes systemic. One potential strategy to reduce inflammation and insulin resistance is consumption of polyphenol-rich foods like grapes or their by-products, which have anti-inflammatory properties. Polyphenols commonly found in grape products have been reported to reduce inflammation by (a) acting as an antioxidant or increasing antioxidant gene or protein expression, (b) attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, (c) blocking proinflammatory cytokines or endotoxin-mediated kinases and transcription factors involved in metabolic disease, (d ) suppressing inflammatory-or inducing metabolic-gene expression via increasing histone deacetylase activity, or (e) activating transcription factors that antagonize chronic inflammation. Thus, polyphenol-rich grape products may reduce obesity-mediated chronic inflammation by multiple mechanisms, thereby preventing metabolic diseases. 155 Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2011.31:155-176. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Wake Forest University on 05/18/15. For personal use only.
Effects of grape antioxidant dietary fiber in cardiovascular disease risk factors
Nutrition, 2008
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of a grape product rich in dietary fiber and natural antioxidants on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Methods: A randomized, controlled parallel-group trial was carried out. Thirty-four non-smoking (21 normocholesterolemic and 13 hypercholesterolemic) adults were supplemented for 16 wk with 7.5 g/d of grape antioxidant dietary fiber, a natural product containing 5.25 g of dietary fiber and 1400 mg of polyphenols. Nine non-supplemented non-smokers were followed as a control group. Fasting blood samples, blood pressure, and anthropometric readings were obtained at baseline and at week 16. Subjects were allowed to consume their regular diet, which was monitored weekly. Results: Grape antioxidant dietary fiber (7.5 g/d) reduced significantly (P Ͻ 0.05) total cholesterol (9%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (9%), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (6% and 5% respectively). Greater reductions in total cholesterol (14.2%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11.6%, P Ͻ 0.05) were observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. No changes were observed in the control group. There was a reduction of 2.5 points in the Framingham Global Risk Score in the supplemented group. A significant reduction in triacylglycerol concentration took place in the supplemented hypercholesterolemic subjects (18.6%, P Ͻ 0.05). Conclusion: Grape antioxidant dietary fiber showed significant reducing effects in lipid profile and blood pressure. The effects appear to be higher than the ones caused by other dietary fibers, such as oat fiber or psyllium, probably due to the combined effect of dietary fiber and antioxidants.
Biomedicines
Grape pomace (GP) represents a very reliable source of polyphenols because it could be found globally as a remnant of the wine industry. During the winemaking process, two types of GP are generated: red GP and white GP, according to the produced wine, red or white. Grape pomace represents a viable source of polyphenols, mainly flavanols, procyanidins anthocyanins, and resveratrol which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Multiple differences were observed between red and white GP in terms of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although most studies are focused on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of red grape pomace, there are still many variables that need to be taken into consideration, as well as extensive study of the white GP. It was observed that in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the GP polyphenols have a direct antioxidant activity by acting as a free radical scavenger or donating a hydrogen a...
Beneficial effects of non-alcoholic grape-derived products on human health: A literature review
BIO Web of Conferences, 2015
Vine is widely cultivated due to the economic value of wine and other grape derivatives. The grape berry is characterized by the presence of a wide variety of flavonoids, which have been investigated for their health promoting properties. Several epidemiological studies have shown that a moderate consumption of wine is associated with a J-shaped effect on some risk factors for chronic diseases. On the other hand, the wine market has shown a decreasing trend due to the frequent abuse of alcoholic beverages also by young people, as denounced by WHO. Accordingly, the scientific research in the field of non-alcoholic grape products has been further stimulated. The aim of this paper was a preliminary collection of data on human studies supporting the beneficial properties of unfermented grape products. The most convincing positive effects, observed in humans, consisted in the reduction of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and oxidative stress. Other human trials have been published in the area of: immune system, diabetes, cognitive functions, oral health, and cancer. Generally speaking, the findings listed in this review support the use of non-alcoholic grape derivatives, as a source of beneficial compounds for the human diet, even though further studies are necessary.