1.5 Generation Internal Migration in the U.S.: Dispersion from States of Immigration? (original) (raw)

Dispersion from States of Immigration?

2006

The issue of immigrant spatial concentration and dispersion through migration features in several interrelated debates. Spatial assimilation theory links immigrant relocation away from residential enclaves to socioeconomic gains. Although framed at an intra-urban scale, we suggest that similar assimilation logics infuse thinking on immigrant settlement and mobility at other scales. Additionally, immigrant clustering links to anxieties about the threats posed by non-European origin newcomers. Research on immigrant settlement geography and spatial mobility has so far been restricted to the first generation. This paper investigates the migration behavior of the growing population of adult children of immigrants, specifically the 1.5 generation, seeking to answer the question of whether they will remain in the states in which their parent’s generation settled or move on. It also assesses whether the out-migration response of the 1.5 generation in states of immigrant concentration is sim...

Ethnic Spatial Dispersion and Immigrant Identity

2014

Ethnic groups tend to agglomerate and assemble, mostly in urban areas. While ethnic clustering is critically debated in societies and the consequences for economic outcomes are under debate in research, the process is not yet well understood. A separate literature has also examined the cultural and ethnic identity of immigrants and how these affect their economic performance and societal integration. However, an unexplored channel connects ethnic clustering with ethnic identity formation. Therefore this paper examines the role of ethnic geographic clustering in the sociocultural integration of immigrants. It employs survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, combined with disaggregated information at a low geographical level from the unexploited German full census of 1970 and 1987. We employ the exogenous placement of immigrants during their recruitment in the 1960s and 1970s and find that local co-ethnic concentration affects immigrants' cultural integration. Residential ethnic clustering strengthens immigrants' retention of an affiliation with their respective country of origin and weakens identification with the host society. The effects are nonlinear and only become significant at relatively high levels of co-ethnic concentration for the minority identity and at very low levels of local concentration for the majority identity. Our findings are robust to the use of an instrumental variable approach.

Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles

American Sociological Review, 2002

The major post-1965 immigrant groups have established distinctive settlement areas in many American cities and suburbs. This study examines the residential patterns of several of the largest groups in New York and Los Angeles. It addresses three kinds of questions: To what degree do they settle together with other members of the same group? What are their ethnic neighborhoods like? And what are the distinguishing characteristics of those group members who live in neighborhoods of ethnic concentration compared to those who reside outside these areas? The results show that the model of immigrant enclaves, where initial settlement areas

NEW IMMIGRANT GEOGRAPHIES OF UNITED STATES METROPOLITAN AREAS*

Geographical Review, 2010

lmmigration and urbanization in the United States have always been deeply intertwined. It is impossible to understand the evolution of American cities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries without reference to immigration, which fundamentally shaped the economic, social, political, and spatial structure of metropolitan regions. At the same time, the nature of these cities and their surrounding areas had a deep impact on the experiences of immigrants. These experiences, in turn, influenced subsequent waves of immigrants and injected further dynamism into the cities. The links between immigration and urbanization not only are empirical but also speak to how we fundamentally understand these processes.

The Changing Neighborhood Contexts of the Immigrant Metropolis

Social Forces, 2000

To understand theimpacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics ofa neighborhood, itsaverage household income andthemajority group's percentage among itsresidents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such asrace/ethnicity and household composition, form thevector of independent variables. Models are estimated separately for major racial/ethnic populationswhites, blacks, Asians, and Latinosin five different metropolitan regions of immigrant concentration -Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco. In thecross section, thefindings largely uphold thewell-known model of spatial assimilation, in that socioeconomic status, assimilation level, and suburban residence are all strongly linked toresidence in neighborhoods displaying greater affluence andwithagreater number of non-Hispanic whites. when theresults are considered longitudinally, by comparing them with previously estimated models for 1980, the consistency with spatial-assimilation theory is no longer so striking. The impact of immigration isevident in thechanging racial/ethnic composition of theneighborhoods ofallgroups, but especially for those where Asians andLatinos reside.

Disentangling the Residential Clustering of New Immigrant Groups in Suburbia

2007

This paper explores an emerging,common,phenomenon,of new immigrant,groups,clustering in suburban,areas. We argue that the households of new immigrant groups are concerned with neighborhood safety. They are attracted to suburban neighborhoods which generally have lower crime rates. Since suburban neighborhoods,have become,more heterogeneous, households of new immigrant groups can look for safer neighborhoods in the suburbs without necessarily paying a higher housing

Where We Live Now: Immigration and Race in the United States

of the contributors. The authors and contributors do wish to see voluntary carbon markets succeed, but they are very frank about this position. Bayon et al's book is an excellent resource for scholars seeking to do research on voluntary carbon markets. While not profoundly scholarly, the book is very readable and includes a wealth of general information that will be useful to professional and academic readers alike. For understanding the broad terrain of voluntary carbon markets, and as a practical resource guide, this is assuredly one of the best books currently available. While students may glean some useful theoretical information from this book in a classroom context, it is recommended for readers specifically interested in voluntary carbon markets. This book would be a good companion text for an undergraduate course on residential segregation, immigrant adaptation, or urban studies more generally. John Iceland probes the enduring question of residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, and examines whether (and to what extent) contemporary immigration is shaping patterns of racial and ethnic integration. The author presents evidence that boundaries between some racial and ethnic groups are " blurring, " at least in part because of immigration, particularly between Whites and Blacks. Still, he is cautiously optimistic that residential segregation for ethnic groups is declining and that immigrants are integrating into U.S. neighborhoods. He warns that, even if it is improving , immigrant spatial assimilation in urban neighborhoods is not a given—especially for low-skilled Mexican immigrants. John Iceland quickly brings readers up to speed on technical details and the academic debate surrounding immigrant integration. He presents a concise history of racial segregation in the U.S. and leaves many of the technical details of segregation analysis in the Appendix for more advanced readers. He also lays out three principal theoretical frameworks for understanding the processes of immigrant adaptation, and revisits them throughout his empirical analysis to check their validity. After introducing the goals and structure of the book in the opening chapter, Iceland shifts in Chapter Two to an historical overview of immigrant settlement patterns and theories of immigrant spatial incorporation. He presents three dominant theories and highlights the spatial dimension of each: spatial assimilation, ethnic disadvantage, and segmented assimilation. He provides a balanced view of each theory, and attends to how they have developed in response to shifting perceptions of pluralism and patterns of racial exclusion in the U.S. He offers each theory as a possible theoretical lens for understanding residential settlement patterns today, and clarifies that all three are empirically and conceptually contested in his data analysis.

Exploring Recent Trends in Immigrant Suburbanization

Central cities historically have been viewed as "ports of entry" welcoming new immigrants to the United States. Beginning in the 1970s, new immigrants began to settle in areas outside traditional ports of entry as economic opportunities moved to the suburbs and new suburban immigrant enclaves emerged. By the end of the 20th century, foreign-born suburbanites outnumbered foreign-born central city residents. This article relies on microdata from the U.S. Current Population Survey to identify the determinants of suburban location choice among foreign-born U.S. residents. The analysis includes a variety of controls for household-level socioeconomic characteristics, metropolitan area characteristics, and country of origin. Graphs displaying trends in suburbanization and location choice among U.S. immigrants, along with logit regression models of suburban destination, suggest that recent waves of foreign-born immigrants choose residential locations in conformance with spatial as...

Do Enclaves Matter in Immigrant Adjustment? Discussion Paper

2002

This paper examines the determinants and consequences of immigrant/linguistic concentrations (enclaves), discussing reasons for the formation of those concentrations. It develops hypotheses regarding "ethnic goods" (market and non-market goods and services consumed by members of an immigrant/ethnic group that are not consumed by others), the effect of concentrations on immigrants' language skills, and the effect on immigrant earnings of destination language skills and linguistic concentration. These hypotheses are tested using the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Microdata Sample data on adult male immigrants from non-English speaking countries. Results indicate that linguistic concentrations reduce immigrants' English language skills. Immigrants' annual earnings increase with proficiency in the destination language and with skill level (schooling, experience, and duration in the United States) and number of weeks worked. Annual earnings are higher among married men, men living in urban areas outside the south, men who are citizens, and men who are not black. Overall, the results suggest that enclaves impact immigrant adjustment. (Contains 17 references.) (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Neighborhood Immigration and Native Out-Migration

American Sociological Review, 2011

This study combines data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with data from four censuses to examine the effects of foreign-born populations in the immediate and surrounding neighborhoods of residence on native-born black and white householders’ residential mobility decisions. We find that the likelihood of out-mobility for native householders is significantly and positively associated with the relative size of, and increases in, the immigrant population in a neighborhood. Consistent with theoretical arguments related to the distance dependence of mobility, large concentrations of immigrants in surrounding areas reduce native out-mobility, presumably by reducing the attractiveness of the most likely mobility destinations. A sizable share of local immigration effects can be explained by the mobility-related characteristics of native-born individuals living in immigrant-populated areas, but the racial composition of a neighborhood (for native whites) and local housing-market condi...