A Review of the Emulsification Method for Alternative Fuels Used in Diesel Engines (original) (raw)
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The scope of this paper is to analyze the possibility and feasibility of the use of, the emulsification method applied to waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates as diesel engine fuels, compared with other commonly used methods. These waste products are obtained from the food industry, food industry and service sector from the frying process, mainly. However, they are a little bit applied as feedstocks to produce biofuels and constitute a potential source of environmental contamination. From the review of the state of arts, significant decreases in exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides, cylinder pressure as well as increases of the ignition delay, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, particulate matters to emulsified waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates compared with diesel fuel are reported. In some experiments the emulsified waste cooking oils achieved better performance than neat fatty acid distillates, neat waste cooking oils and their derivatives methyl esters.
Emulsifaction of waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates as diesel engine fuel
2015
The scope of this paper is to analyze the possibilities and feasibilities, as well as the main experimental results reported about the emulsification method applied to waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates as diesel engine fuels, compared with other commonly used methods. These waste products are obtained in the refining oil industry, food industry and service sector from the frying process, mainly. However, they are a little used as feedstocks to produce biofuels and constitute a potential source of contamination. From the review of the state of arts, significant decreases in exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides, cylinder pressure, as well as increases of the ignition delay, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, particulate matters to emulsified waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates compared with diesel fuel are reported. In some experiments the emulsified waste cooking oils achieved better performance than neat fatty acid dis...
Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine
Combustion Engines
Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative. In this research wor...
Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2003
Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis is very viscous, highly acidic and does not ignite easily as it contains a substantial amount of structural water. To circumvent these problems pyrolytic bio-oil was emulsified in No. 2 diesel fuel. In the current investigation, very heavy fractions of bio-oil were removed from bio-oil by centrifugation prior to emulsification. Emulsions so produced can be very stable depending on processing conditions. A series of emulsification runs was carried out to determine the relationship between process conditions, emulsion stability and processing costs. Of five process variables examined (temperature, residence time, bio-oil concentration, surfactant concentration and power input per unit volume) only the last three had significant effects on emulsion stability. The tests showed there were optimal operating conditions that produced stable emulsions. The formation of stable emulsions required surfactant concentration ranging from 0.8 to of total, depending on bio-oil concentration and power input. The costs of producing stable emulsions using Hypermers (commercial surfactants) were unacceptably high, ranging from for 10% emulsion to for 30% emulsion. However, when the cost of a newly developed proprietary CANMET surfactant was assumed, they could be reduced to for 10% emulsion, for 20% emulsions and for 30% emulsions, respectively.Fuel properties such as heating values, cetane number, viscosity and corrosivity were characterized. The heating value of centrifuged bio-oil was about one third of that of No. 2 diesel, reducing the heating values of emulsions accordingly. A cetane number of pyrolytic bio-oil was 5.6. Emulsion viscosities, particularly in the 10–20% bio-oil concentration range, are substantially lower than the viscosity of bio-oil itself, making these products very easy to handle. The viscosity of emulsion fuels was best described by Einstein's equation for dilute solid dispersions. The corrosivity of emulsion fuels defined by the weight loss of steel is about half of the bio-oil alone.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018
In this study, an experimental investigation of engine performance and emissions is performed on a DI diesel engine using stabilized emulsified fuels, blends of biodiesel, diethyl ether, water and diesel. And the study is concluded by determining the optimal fuel fractions with respect to engine performance and emissions. Experiments are done gradually to obtain the optimum values for each fuel, biodiesel, diethyl ether and emulsified fuel, in blend fuel. As a result of experimental studies the optimal blend fuel fractions, with respect to engine performance, for biodiesel utilization, for diethyl ether utilization and for emulsified fuel utilization are found to be B20, DEE5 and E10, respectively. In other words, the optimum emulsified fuel is formed as a blend of 20% biodiesel, 5% DEE, 10% tap water, 2% surfactant and 63% pure diesel, by mass. Considering the results obtained, performance and emissions are presented for the optimum emulsified fuel utilization and also with comparison to the standard engine data. Reminding the results of experiments are conducted at the maximum torque condition, in conclusion a small reduction in engine torque and power, and a 5.7% reduction in SFC, and improvements up to 19% in brake efficiency, and a 12.5% reduction in NO emission, and a 29% reduction in smoke emission, and remarkable reductions in CO and increases in HC emissions are observed.
A Review on Performance and Emission Analysis of Emulsified Diesel
2015
Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and particulate matter have long been regarded as one of the major air pollution source and have been a source of serious public concern for a long time. There has been numerous research in the field of reduction of these pollutants since diesel engines came to major use. An alternative fuel for CI engines that can be used with the existing engine setup with no additional engine retrofitting or modifications is emulsified Diesel i.e. Water-in-diesel emulsion. It has benefits of simultaneous reduction of emissions and performance improvement. This review paper addresses the performance and emission of emulsion, and effect of water content on the combustion and emissions of Emulsified Diesel fuel. Thus Emulsified diesel can be recommended for use in place of conventional diesel.
Performance and Emissions of Emulsified Biodiesel Operated Diesel Engine
2014
Experiments were conducted to determine the required hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) for carrying out emulsification of biodiesel blend JB10 emulsified with water by 10% and 15% volume basis. The performance and emissions of a 10.3 kW, single cylinder, 4-stroke, water cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine were studied at different engine loadings when operated with emulsified biodiesel fuel and compared with those when operated with diesel (HSD) and biodiesel blend (JB10). The results showed that JB10 and its emulsified fuel exhibited similar combustion stages as that of HSD and no undesirable combustion features such as unacceptable high rate of rise of cylinder gas pressure were observed. Ignition delay was longer with increasing percentage of water in the emulsified fuel at higher engine loads. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with increase in proportion of water in the emulsified fuel for all engine loadings. Emulsified fuel with 15% water had same BSFC as that of HSD and JB10 for all engine loadings. However, BTE of emulsified fuel decreased by 7-8% as compared to HSD and JB10. Reduction (30-50%) in emissions of CO, CO 2 and NO x was observed for emulsified fuel as compared to JB10 and HSD. Hence, emulsified biodiesel JB10 with water can be recommended for long run use in diesel engine in place of biodiesel alone for lesser environmental pollution.
Investigation of Engine Performance using Emulsified Diesel fuel
This investigation was carried out to find the replacement of diesel fuel for achieving the better performance with reduction of emissions from exhaust. The main task of research was to mix water with diesel and make stable emulsion fuel using various types of surfactants for achieving the good performance of engine as well as reduce the exhaust emissions from it. ED5(93% Diesel, 5% Water, 1% Span 20, and 1% Tween 80) and ED10 (88% Diesel, 10% water, 1% Span 20, and 1% Tween 80) were made. These two fuels were stable in nature. So these both fuels were used as fuel in engine and results were obtained. The performance characteristics of pure diesel is compared with ED5 and ED10 by taking different parameters such as brake power (BP), specific fuel consumption (S.F.C.), and thermal efficiency.
2018
An experimental investigation on a light-duty diesel enginewas conducted to determine the effect of emulsified biodiesel’s performance and emissions. Biodiesel was produced on site by a transesterification process from canola oil, emulsified with 5vol% and 10vol%of water. In order to prepare the emulsified fuel, two different types of emulsifiers, Sorbian Monooleate (Span 80) and Polyoxymethylene Sorbian Monooleate (Tween 80), were used. The engine was operated at three different speeds 1000, 2100 and 3000 rpm and at each speed, three loads were applied: low (≈20%), medium (≈50%) andhigh(˃80%).Properties such as density, viscosity and calorific value of emulsified fuel were measured. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brakespecific energy consumption(BSEC) were tested as the performance parameters. Regulated emissions carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke were measured. Performance and emissions of emulsified biodiesel were compared to that of pe...
BIODIESEL BIO-OIL EMULSIONS AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINE
Carbon
Biofuels obtained from renewable resources, such as agriculture residues, woody biomass, sugars crops, and vegetable oils, are attracted because of their effect on the atmosphere is more carbon-neutral and they are less toxic in the environment. Alcohols, biodiesel, biogas are the most common biofuels used today. Bio-oil is a fuel derived from pyrolysis of biomass source. Recently biofuels and their emulsions are listed as promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. This article reports an experimental study on the use of biodiesel and bio-oil emulsions as fuels in a compression ignition(CI) engine. Emulsions were prepared by using two different types of surfactants. Comparison on engine performance and emission between the emulsified fuels, diesel and Jatropha methyl ester (JME) are discussed in this paper. The experimental results indicate that the biodiesel bio-oil emulsions enhance the combustion efficiency with improved engine performance and lower tailpipe emissions as compared to neat fuels.