Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine (original) (raw)
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Biomass & Bioenergy, 2003
The current method of utilising biomass derived fast liquid (bio-crude oil or bio-oil) in a diesel engine requires three fuels and a complex start-up and shut down procedure. For more rapid and successful commercialisation of this renewable liquid fuel, a more convenient and cheaper method of utilisation is needed that provides a single fuel that is stable and readily ignites in a compression engine. This paper describes the production of emulsions from biomass fast pyrolysis liquid and diesel fuel for utilisation in diesel engines. The objective is to allow unmodiÿed diesel engines to run on fast pyrolysis liquid derived from biomass without the cost and complexity of a dual fuel system. The immediate application is in stationary engines for power generation, but there are longer term opportunities for use as a transport fuel. This paper describes the production of the emulsions that have been tested in di erent diesel engines (tests in engines is reported in a separate paper). ?
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2003
The current method of utilising biomass derived fast liquid (bio-crude oil or bio-oil) in a diesel engine requires three fuels and a complex start-up and shut down procedure. For more rapid and successful commercialisation of this renewable liquid fuel, a more convenient and cheaper method of utilisation is needed that provides a single fuel that is stable and readily ignites in a compression engine. This paper describes the production of emulsions from biomass fast pyrolysis liquid and diesel fuel for utilisation in diesel engines. The objective is to allow unmodiÿed diesel engines to run on fast pyrolysis liquid derived from biomass without the cost and complexity of a dual fuel system. The immediate application is in stationary engines for power generation, but there are longer term opportunities for use as a transport fuel. This paper describes the production of the emulsions that have been tested in di erent diesel engines (tests in engines is reported in a separate paper). ?
Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2003
Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis is very viscous, highly acidic and does not ignite easily as it contains a substantial amount of structural water. To circumvent these problems pyrolytic bio-oil was emulsified in No. 2 diesel fuel. In the current investigation, very heavy fractions of bio-oil were removed from bio-oil by centrifugation prior to emulsification. Emulsions so produced can be very stable depending on processing conditions. A series of emulsification runs was carried out to determine the relationship between process conditions, emulsion stability and processing costs. Of five process variables examined (temperature, residence time, bio-oil concentration, surfactant concentration and power input per unit volume) only the last three had significant effects on emulsion stability. The tests showed there were optimal operating conditions that produced stable emulsions. The formation of stable emulsions required surfactant concentration ranging from 0.8 to of total, depending on bio-oil concentration and power input. The costs of producing stable emulsions using Hypermers (commercial surfactants) were unacceptably high, ranging from for 10% emulsion to for 30% emulsion. However, when the cost of a newly developed proprietary CANMET surfactant was assumed, they could be reduced to for 10% emulsion, for 20% emulsions and for 30% emulsions, respectively.Fuel properties such as heating values, cetane number, viscosity and corrosivity were characterized. The heating value of centrifuged bio-oil was about one third of that of No. 2 diesel, reducing the heating values of emulsions accordingly. A cetane number of pyrolytic bio-oil was 5.6. Emulsion viscosities, particularly in the 10–20% bio-oil concentration range, are substantially lower than the viscosity of bio-oil itself, making these products very easy to handle. The viscosity of emulsion fuels was best described by Einstein's equation for dilute solid dispersions. The corrosivity of emulsion fuels defined by the weight loss of steel is about half of the bio-oil alone.
Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operated with wood pyrolysis oil
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2014
The vast storage of biomass available worldwide has the potential to displace the significant amounts of fuel that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher-value products. Wood pyrolysis oil has been regarded as an alternative fuel to petroleum fuels for use in diesel engines. However, the use of wood pyrolysis oil in diesel engines requires modifications to those engines owing to the low energy density, the high water content, the high acidity and the high viscosity of wood pyrolysis oil. The easiest ways to adopt wood pyrolysis in a diesel engine without engine modifications are blending or emulsification of the wood pyrolysis oil with diesel or biodiesel. Wood pyrolysis oil is immiscible with diesel and biodiesel; hence appropriate surfactants or co-solvents are needed for emulsification or blending. In this study, a diesel engine operated with diesel, biodiesel, wood pyrolysis o...
Breakdown of Water-in-Oil Emulsion on Pyrolysis Bio-Oil
Indonesia Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry
The pyrolysis bio-oil which has been studied by many researchers has typically contained a high amount of water, around 20-30%. In this research, the effective bio-oil purification using chemical demulsification method has been studied to reduce the amount of water by breaking down the water-in-oil emulsion on pyrolysis bio-oil. A various dosage of chemical demulsifier (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm) has been added into the pyrolysis bio-oil and the water separation over time also been observed. The temperature of bio-oil (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 C) was also studied as a factor that could have a significant effect on the demulsification process of pyrolysis bio-oil. After the injection of 250 ppm of demulsifier at 30 C, the water separation reached a maximum of 72% in 60 minutes and could reduce the water content from 25% to 8.5%. At the temperature of 60 o C and 250 ppm of demulsifier, the water separation reached a maximum of 96% in 35 minutes, and successfully reduced the water content from 25% to 1.3%. Finally, it has been concluded that this bio-crude purification using chemical demulsification method could be applied to effectively reduce the amount of water from pyrolysis bio-oil product.
Using Bio-oil Produced by Biomass Pyrolysis as Diesel Fuel
Energy & Fuels, 2013
This study evaluated the effect of biomass (soybean oil, eucalyptus sawdust, and coffee grounds) pyrolysis oil on the formulation of diesel fuels. The parameters analyzed were ignition delay time, emission of particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons, and specific fuel consumption. The fraction of pyrolysis oil used as fuel was obtained by vacuum distillation at 80− 240°C. The use of this fraction resulted in a decrease in the ignition delay time in the combustion process, with the resulting increase in the cetane number due to the presence of phenolic groups in the pyrolysis oil, which modify the formation mechanism of peroxyl radicals by altering the temperature of the flame front. Additionally, particulate matter emissions are reduced significantly by up to 30% when compared with the base fuel. This is probably due to the high solubility of water in pyrolysis oil, which leads to the formation of an azeotropic mixture that lowers the boiling point and contributes to vaporize the fuel inside the combustion chamber, reducing the formation of particulate matter. These results indicate the promising potential of this fraction for use in the formulation of diesel fuel, decreasing ignition delay and increasing the cetane number, as well as significantly reducing particulate matter emissions. The main difficulty in using this fraction of pyrolysis oil is its chemical stability, since it has a strong tendency to form oligomers.
A Review of the Emulsification Method for Alternative Fuels Used in Diesel Engines
Energies
Diesel engines are one of the most popular reciprocating engines on the market today owing to their great thermal efficiency and dependability in energy conversion. Growing concerns about the depletion of fossil resources, fluctuating prices in the market, and environmental issues have prompted the search for renewable fuels with higher efficiencies compared with conventional fuels. Fuel derived from vegetable oils and animal fats has comparable characteristics to diesel fuel, but is renewable, despite being manufactured from various feedstocks. Nevertheless, the direct use of these fuels is strictly prohibited because it will result in many issues in the engine, affecting engine performance and durability, as well as emissions. To make biofuels as efficient as fossil fuels, it is essential to alter their characteristics. The use of emulsification techniques to obtain emulsified biofuels is one of the many ways to modify the fuel characteristics. Emulsification techniques allow for ...
BIODIESEL BIO-OIL EMULSIONS AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINE
Carbon
Biofuels obtained from renewable resources, such as agriculture residues, woody biomass, sugars crops, and vegetable oils, are attracted because of their effect on the atmosphere is more carbon-neutral and they are less toxic in the environment. Alcohols, biodiesel, biogas are the most common biofuels used today. Bio-oil is a fuel derived from pyrolysis of biomass source. Recently biofuels and their emulsions are listed as promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. This article reports an experimental study on the use of biodiesel and bio-oil emulsions as fuels in a compression ignition(CI) engine. Emulsions were prepared by using two different types of surfactants. Comparison on engine performance and emission between the emulsified fuels, diesel and Jatropha methyl ester (JME) are discussed in this paper. The experimental results indicate that the biodiesel bio-oil emulsions enhance the combustion efficiency with improved engine performance and lower tailpipe emissions as compared to neat fuels.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015
Plastic waste is an ideal source of energy due to its high heating value and abundance. It can be converted into oil through the pyrolysis process and utilised in internal combustion engines to produce power and heat. In the present work, plastic pyrolysis oil is manufactured via a fast pyrolysis process using a feedstock consisting of different types of plastic. The oil was analysed and it was found that its properties are similar to diesel fuel. The plastic pyrolysis oil was tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel from 0% to 100% at different engine loads from 25% to 100%. The engine combustion characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions were analysed and compared with diesel fuel operation. The results showed that the engine is able to run on plastic pyrolysis oil at high loads presenting similar performance to diesel while at lower loads the longer ignition delay period causes stability issues. The brake thermal efficiency for plastic pyrolysis oil at full load was slightly lower than diesel, but NO X emissions were considerably higher. The results suggested that the plastic pyrolysis oil is a promising alternative fuel for certain engine application at certain operation conditions.