"JEWISH MILITIA" AS THE THIRD SIDE BETWEEN UKRAINIAN AND POLISH ARMED FORCES DURING THE BATTLE FOR LEMBERG OF NOVEMBER 1-21, 1918 (original) (raw)
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YEVHEN KONOVALETS AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION (August – November 1920)
Problems of humanities. History
ЄВГЕН КОНОВАЛЕЦЬ І ПОЧАТКИ УВО (серпень-листопад 1920 р.) Анотація. У грудні 1919 р. військове формування Січових стрільців під командуванням Є. Коновальця завершило свою історію. Частина стрільців продовжила свою діяльність під час Першого зимового походу, частина приєдналася до УГА у Вінниці, а ті, хто залишився з Є. Коновальцем, були інтерновані до табору у Луцьку. Цей етап життя та діяльності Є. Коновальця тривав до березня 1920 р. Після цього виїхав до Відня із завданням організувати бригаду українських військових для армії УНР, яка була розміщена в таборі Німецького Яблонного (Чехословаччина). Складні політичні відносини між українськими політиками із західноукраїнських земель та Наддніпрянщини не дозволили очолити бригаду. У липні 1920 р., переїхавши жити до Праги, Є. Коновалець та офіцери січових стрільців вирішили підготуватися до створення нової військової організації. Однак не було розуміння, якою вона має бути і що робити в майбутньому в українському національно-визвольному русі. Водночас дистанціюючись від армії УНР, Є. Коновалець намагається зрозуміти воєнно-політичну ситуацію, що склалася. Мета дослідження. Уведення в історіографію нового фактичного матеріалу про діяльність Є. Коно
2020
In November 1918 East Galicia became a theatre of military operations, where the newly created states of Poland and ZUNR solved their own territorial claims, and right to exist. The vital need of both conflicting parties remained to take rapid steps in military construction. Mobilization of all state, economic and human potential made it possible to reach the set targets. The article analyzes plans, regulatory framework and results of the mobilizations to the ranks of the Polish Army. It traces the transition of the army from voluntary to officially planned and regular mobilizations, which began with the adoption of “Dekret Naczelnika Państwa” and “Tymczasowa Ustawa o Powszechnym Obowiązku Służby Wojskowej”. The data of the number of Polish units at different stages of the Polish-Ukrainian war has been established and supplemented; the social, ethnic and statistical origin of recruits has been traced. The criteria of mobilization, categories of those mobilized, principles of exemption from service or transfer to the military reserve were determined. Numerous problems which appeared in the army and opportunities for evasion have been identified. This had a negative impact on the morale of soldiers who were stealing, drinking or refusing to obey orders, and even not agreeing to take the military oath. The key aim of the article is to show that state and military leadership of Poland has managed to set up a high-level mobilization process, which was reflected in the constant growth of the army, major share of which is concentrated in Eastern Galicia. However, it covered only the male population of Polish origin. Other nationalities could join its ranks only if they followed the relevant procedures. Keywords: Polish Army, Polish-Ukrainian war, mobilization, volunteers, Eastern Galicia.
Папакін А. Г. Між Болградом і Сороками: польські військові формування в Бессарабії у листопаді 1917 – березні 1918 рр. // Русин, 2019
During the First World War, since 1914, as part of the Russian Army, Polish national units were created. After the February Revolution of 1917, the formation of the Polish Rifle Division of the Russian Army took place, and in the summer of 1917 the creation of the 1st Polish Corps began. At the same time, the entire Russian army was undergoing the process of creating the Unions of Military Poles, advocating the creation of a separate Polish army. After November 1917, the formation of Polish national troops in the Russian army intensified, and the 2nd and 3rd Polish Corps began to form. The article examines the circumstances of the creation of Polish military formations on the Romanian Front of the Russian Army, which took place during November 1917 – March 1918, and led to the formation of the 2nd Polish Corps. Based on archival documents, the article shows the process of ‘polonization’ of military troops of the Russian army, the formation of new Polish units and their joining in the 2nd Polish Corps, which took place in the territory of Bessarabia
The author of this article examines a number of military conflicts between the ulus of Jochi and both Hungary and Poland followed the first invasion of the Tatars in these lands in 1241. For the most part, the author’s analysis is based on information of synchronous Latin sources in comparison with information contained in Russian and Mamluk chronicles. In addition to the Hungarian, Polish, and German chronicles, the author resorts to the use of the contents of the papal letters to Eastern Europe, which provide both the most reliable information about military conflicts and information on the Papal Curia’s measures to improve the defense of eastern borders of the Latin world from the Tatar raids. The article examines the political events in chronological order, according to the reigns of the Jochid rulers. During the reign of Batu, Latin sources indicate extreme concern about the possible resumption of the western expansion of the Tatars in spite of the fact that, in reality, Tatar military activity on the eastern borders of Catholic Europe had an extremely minor character. On the contrary, during the reign of Berke, Tatars carried a very destructive raid on Lesser Poland. However, further Tatar expansion was interrupted by an unexpected collapse of the Mongol Empire. The subsequent reign of khan Mengu-Timur was distinguished with relative tension with the Catholic Europe, but the actual attack on Hungary and Poland took place only under the khans Tuda-Mengu and Tula-Buga. Later, under the khans Tokhta and Uzbek, the tension between the Golden Horde and Catholic Europe weakened considerably, which, in particular, allowed the beginning of the Hungarian territorial expansion into Moldova. However, the end of the reign of Uzbek Khan was characterized by a sharp deterioration of relations between the Golden Horde and Poland, which was associated with the beginning of the war of Galician succession. Analysis of the course of this war shows the apparent weakening of the influence of the Golden Horde in the former Galicia-Volyn principality, which contributed to the further expansion of Poland and Lithuania on the territory of modern Ukraine.
JULIA PAVLIV SITES OF MEMORY OF UKRAINIANS DEPORTED FROM POLAND IN 1944-1946 IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINE
In this general paper the process of creating sites of memory of the deported Ukrainian from Poland in 1944 1946 are analyzed, in particular special attention is given to such sites as monuments, temples, museums. It is shown that active symbolic marking of space during 2004 2007, and this process revived again in 2014 2016. The author suggested that attracting attention to settlers from Poland caused not only by difficult internal political situation in the country, but also by denotes to step-by-step incorporation their images of past to the collective memory general community. Conclusion are drawn that strategy of symbolic marking of space in this communities is similar, and as a rule based on create monuments, that have remind about the tragic events, and to be a place for realization commemoration rituals (laying flowers, public prayer). Key words: sites of memory, symbolic marking of space, deportations, Poland, Ukraine.
2022
The article deals with the consequences of the large-scale russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, for Polish-Ukrainian relations. The author claims that Poles understand very well what Ukrainians are fighting for because for them russia is an "archetypal enemy" that has encroached and encroaches on their independence and identity. Therefore, Poles perceive this russian-Ukrainian war as their own, so they help Ukrainians as much as they can: accept refugees, provide funds for the armament of Ukrainians, diplomatic and political support in all EU structures. In addition, Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine has once again shown that russia's neighbors, including Poland, cannot rest easy. russia's neighbors must unite in security alliances to repel the desire of aggressive russia to attack them. Keywords: Poland, Ukraine, Polish-Ukrainian relations, russia, archetypal enemy, large-scale russian invasion.
From the history of Western Ukraine
It is noted that at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the leading Polish circles of L’viv paid considerable attention to the formation and preservation of a high level of national consciousness and patriotism in Polish society. It is indicated that one of the tools for this was patriotic celebrations, among which the celebrations in honor of the January Uprising of 1863 occupied an important place. It is emphasized that the L’viv Polish community annually celebrated two dates related to this uprising: in August in honor of the members of the National Government executed by the Russian authorities, and in January, commemorating the day the uprising began. The January celebrations were of larger scale. They included memorial services, concert programs, and a patriotic gathering. It is noted that at first the organization of the celebrations was taken care of by Polish youth, and since 1898 by a specially created public committee. It was emphasized that public opinion very caref...
The author of this article examines a number of military conflicts between the ulus of Jochi and both Hungary and Poland followed the first invasion of the Tatars in these lands in 1241. For the most part, the author’s analysis is based on information of synchronous Latin sources in comparison with information contained in Russian and Mamluk chronicles. In addition to the Hungarian, Polish, and German chronicles, the author resorts to the use of the contents of the papal letters to Eastern Europe, which provide both the most reliable information about military conflicts and information on the Papal Curia’s measures to improve the defense of eastern borders of the Latin world from the Tatar raids. During the reign of Batu, Latin sources indicate extreme concern about the possible resumption of the western expansion of the Tatars in spite of the fact that, in reality, Tatar military activity on the eastern borders of Catholic Europe had an extremely minor character. On the contrary, during the reign of Berke, Tatars carried a very destructive raid on Lesser Poland. However, further Tatar expansion was interrupted by an unexpected collapse of the Mongol Empire. The subsequent reign of khan MenguTimur was distinguished with relative tension with the Catholic Europe. However, the actual attack on Hungary and Poland took place only under the khans Tuda-Mengu and TulaBuga. Later, under the khans Tokhta and Uzbek, the tension between the Golden Horde and Catholic Europe weakened considerably, which, in particular, allowed the beginning of the Hungarian territorial expansion into Moldova. However, the end of the reign of khan Uzbek was characterized by a sharp deterioration of relations between the Golden Horde and Poland, which was associated with the beginning of the war of Galician succession. Analysis of the course of this war shows the apparent weakening of the influence of the Golden Horde in the former Galicia-Volyn principality, which contributed to the further expansion of Poland and Lithuania on the territory of modern Ukraine.