Joint toxicity assessment reveals synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2014
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, is widely used to control pests in agriculture farms and orchards of fruit trees. In this study, the fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos which were determined based on numerical value of 96 h LC 50 . Blood was sampled after 10, 20 and 30 days and biochemical parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinsetrase (AChE) activities were measured. Behavioral changes in the fish were also recorded during the experiment. Unbalanced swimming, swimming in the surface water and hyperglycemia, increased blood triglyceride, and increased levels of AST, LDH and CK activities as well as decreased levels of AChE activity were important changes that were observed in the specimens exposed to chlorpyrifos during ex...
Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2019
The present study was designed to study the effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the physiology of the economically important fish species common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1785) by applying a biomarker approach. This pesticide is considered as a priority substance in surface waters according to Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The fish were treated with decreasing concentrations of CPF for 72 hours (acute exposure) and the histological structure of gills and respiration rate were examined. In sum, we found pronounced alterations in the gill structure and changes in the respiration rate index, regardless of the applied pesticide concentrations which indicates its negative effects on non-target aquatic species such as common carp. The results from such studies could be incorporated in the legislation to prevent water contamination in areas with intensive agricultural practices by applying biomarkers, and an update could also be initiated on the maximum permissible concentrations of CPF in surface waters.
2021
Toxicity imposed by organophosphate pesticides to the freshwater cultivable fish species mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) was assessed under laboratory conditions. Healthy juveniles were exposed to chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and their equitoxic mixture in geometric series. Median lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos were found to be 0.906 (0.689–1.179), 0.527 (0.433–0.633), 0.435 (0.366–0.517) and 0.380 (0.319–0.450) mg/L and dichlorvos were found to be 38.432 (33.625–47.866), 22.477 (19.047–26.646), 12.442 (9.619–14.196) and 11.367 (9.496–13.536) mg/L after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h of exposure respectively. Surprisingly, the joint toxicity of these organophosphates in the binary mixture was less than additive during most of the exposure periods. Behavioral changes exhibited by pesticide exposed fish were elevated opercular beatings, loss of equilibrium, loss of schooling behavior, aggregating at corners of the test chamber, slight color changes, surplus mucus secretion, and sudden and r...
Toxicity and effects of chlorpyrifos in a non-target organism (Fish) – A review
Agro chemicals are essentially meant for protecting agriculture crops against harmful insects and pests. They provide vital inputs required to augment food production and save crops from attack by a variety of pests in a safe and selective way. However, their chemical structure, improper preparation, application and storage may pose a serious threat to the environment. Aquatic ecosystems are the ultimate recipients of varying concentrations of different pesticide residues because of leaching, agricultural runoff, atmospheric transport, spray drift and improper disposal. When any pollutant is added to an aquatic ecosystem, it enters the tissues of various aquatic flora and fauna including fish leading to several biochemical and physiological alterations which may be adaptive or may lead to toxicity. Since major portion of the world´s nutritional requirement is being supplied from fishery resources, it is therefore, important to secure the health of fishes. In this paper, we have reviewed the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus compound and the second largest selling insecticide in India. Considering its acute toxicity and detrimental effects such as behavioural, morphological and other impairments in fish, it is therefore poses a serious threat to aquatic organisms as well as to the health of human beings. This review provides a base line data for further studies on the effect of various toxic chemicals aiming at determination, interpretation and delineation mechanisms of their pollutant action, possible ways to mitigate adverse effects and future environmental management programmes.
Effects of Chlorpyrifos an Organophosphate Pesticide in Fish
Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment. Though they have contributed considerably to human welfare, their adverse effects on non-target organisms are quite significant. Aquatic ecosystems that run through agricultural or industrial areas have high probability of being contaminated by runoff and ground water leaching by a variety of toxic pesticides which pose a potential direct threat to freshwater organisms, particularly to sensitive animals, such as fish. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and is highly toxic to freshwater fish. Fish have an important role in the food chain; therefore, investigation of the effects of toxic pesticides such as chlorpyrifos on fish has a diagnostic significance in evaluation of negative effects of pesticides to human health. Keeping in view of the above facts, in this review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the adverse impact of chlorpyrifos on the fish.
Organophosphorus pesticides are the most widely and commonly used insecticides worldwide. Toxicity and impact of Dichlorvos, an organophosphate pesticide polluting aquatic ecosystems as a potential toxicant was reviewed. This article summarized the LC 50 values of dichlorvos to various fish species and significant findings pertaining to its lethal and sublethal toxic effects in various aspects of ecotoxicological perturbations in fish which can be viewed as biomarkers of pesticide toxicity. These biomarkers reported due to toxic effect of the dichlorvos can be used to monitor pollution risk assessment in aquatic ecosystems.
Toxics, 2021
The general aim of this study was to investigate the negative short-term effects of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP), based on the EU legislation (MAC-EQS) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) under laboratory conditions and to compare their toxicity. The fish were exposed to the pesticides for 96 h and then different histological and biochemical biomarkers were investigated in the gills and liver, and bioaccumulation analyses were conducted. The chemical studies showed increased pesticide concentrations in the gills as the first site for pollutants compared to the liver at the 96th hour. In addition, the histological analyses showed severe alterations in the gills and liver after exposure to both tested pesticides. In the gills, we found mainly intense proliferative and, to a lesser extent, degenerative changes and alterations in the circulatory system, such as necrosis and vasodilation. In the liver, regressive and progressive lesion...