Which Is More Toxic? Evaluation of the Short-Term Toxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin on Selected Biomarkers in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus 1758) (original) (raw)
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Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2019
The present study was designed to study the effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the physiology of the economically important fish species common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1785) by applying a biomarker approach. This pesticide is considered as a priority substance in surface waters according to Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The fish were treated with decreasing concentrations of CPF for 72 hours (acute exposure) and the histological structure of gills and respiration rate were examined. In sum, we found pronounced alterations in the gill structure and changes in the respiration rate index, regardless of the applied pesticide concentrations which indicates its negative effects on non-target aquatic species such as common carp. The results from such studies could be incorporated in the legislation to prevent water contamination in areas with intensive agricultural practices by applying biomarkers, and an update could also be initiated on the maximum permissible concentrations of CPF in surface waters.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2021
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important aquaculture species. However, their production and health is sometimes threatened by pesticides. In common carp, extensive studies have been done for exposures of single pesticides, but effects of mixtures such as those of the commonly 2 used chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, are still unknown for this species. In the first phase of this work, an acute lethal exposure experiment was conducted to estimate 24 h to 96 h lethal concentrations (LC 10-90) of chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and their mixture. Compared to dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos was found to be highly toxic to the tested species. Joint toxicity assessment of these pesticides in binary mixtures was dominated by synergism. In the second experimental phase, common carp were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (LD-10% and HD-50% 96 h-LC 50) of individual pesticides and their mixture. General fish behaviours, buccal movements and feeding attempts by fish were recorded after 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h whereas aerobic metabolism of fish was recorded for 0-24 h, 24-48 h 48-72 h and 72-96 h of exposure. All pesticide treatments elevated buccal movements and oxygen uptake in a dose dependent manner. Feeding depression was also observed by pesticide exposure. The augmented deleterious effect of these pesticides in a mixture suggests that joint toxicity assessment is critical to develop more realistic water quality standards and monitoring guidelines.
GIS Business, 2019
Pollution is now a day has become a threat to living beings. Pollutants in the form of pesticide inhabit a variety of environments which affect the normal vital activities of organisms living. They reach the aquatic environment as a washout from agriculture fields as well as from industrial areas. Pesticide contamination in water may accumulate in the bodies of animals and affect the vital organs which alter the usual activities. Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethrum insecticide used in agriculture to control pest in crops such as lettuce and cotton and household pest such as cockroach. To understand the toxic effect of pesticides, it creates a need for histopathological observation of tissues. Present work was carried to evaluate the toxic effect of cypermethrin (25% EC) in liver and gills of tilapia (O.mossambicus). The fish experimented to different sublethal concentration of 1/10th,1/20th and 1/30th level of LC50 (4.5 mg/l) value of cypermethrin for 30 days. Gill exhibited epith...
Water, 2020
The excessive use of pesticides at different stages of crop production can pose a great danger to the aquatic environment, and particularly to fish. The purpose of the present work was to assess the negative effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the liver histological architecture and the activities of marker enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758), by applying a multi-biomarker technique. The tested insecticide is categorized as a priority pollutant in surface waters in terms of Directive 2013/39/EU. The carps were exposed to different and environmentally relevant CPF concentrations for 72 h (a short-term acute experiment). The results showed that the tested insecticide alters the liver histological structure, causing degenerative lesions, such as granular and vacuolar degeneration; necrobiotic alterations and necrosis, as well as changes in the circulatory system. In addition, CPF induces changes in the enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminot...
HAEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CYPRINUS CARPIO AS BIOMARKERS OF CYPERMETHRIN TOXICITY
Possible effects of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide Cypermethrin (25%EC) were observed in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) Juveniles of test fish were exposed for lethal (96 h LC50 i.e. 3.31µg/l) and sublethal (1/10th of 96h LC50 i.e. 0.331µg/l for 5, 10 and 15 days) concentrations of cypermethrin to study the hematological parameters: red blood cell (RBC) count; white blood cell (RBC) count; hemoglobin (Hb); packed cell volume (PCV); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). RBC count, Hb content and PCV showed decrement at both lethal and sublethal concentrations. WBC count and MCHC exhibited increasing trend at sublethal and decreasing trend at lethal concentration. Elevated values of MCV were recorded at both lethal and sublethal concentrations where as MCH exhibited an increasing trend in all exposure periods of lethal and sublethal concentrations. The hematological alterations led to the conclusion that the cypermethrin has toxic effects on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio, and that its presence in an aquatic ecosystem may jeopardize the health of status of the ecosystem and biota therein.
International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2014
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, is widely used to control pests in agriculture farms and orchards of fruit trees. In this study, the fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos which were determined based on numerical value of 96 h LC 50 . Blood was sampled after 10, 20 and 30 days and biochemical parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinsetrase (AChE) activities were measured. Behavioral changes in the fish were also recorded during the experiment. Unbalanced swimming, swimming in the surface water and hyperglycemia, increased blood triglyceride, and increased levels of AST, LDH and CK activities as well as decreased levels of AChE activity were important changes that were observed in the specimens exposed to chlorpyrifos during ex...
Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos
… Science and Health, …, 2012
Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, intoxicated with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (O,O,-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) pesticide (1 and 100 μg/L) for a period of 14 days were analyzed under light microscope. Gill exhibited hyperplasia and hypertrophy of gill epithelium, blood congestion, dilation of marginal channel, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, lamellar disorganization, lamellar aneurysm, rupture of the lamellar epithelium, rupture of pillar cells and necrosis. Alterations in hepatocytes were more pronounced, including nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, cellular atrophy, irregular contour of cells and nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration, cellular rupture, pyknotic nucleus, necrosis and melanomacrophages aggregations. Histopathological lesions in kidney were cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, narrowing of tubular lumen, cytoplasmic vacuolation, hyaline dr...
A B S T R A C T The use of commercial pesticides combinations increases the risk of intoxication in non-target aquatic organisms. Here, we investigate the potential of a commercial pesticide formulation containing (CYP) plus chlorpyrifos (CPF) to induce oxidative damage on two fish species (common carp and zebrafish). Carp and zebrafish were exposed for 96 h under laboratory conditions. Fish were divided in three different groups: CTL, 0.3 μg L −1 or 0.6 μg L −1 of CYP and 0.5 or 1 μg L −1 of CPF in commercial formulation. Both carp and zebrafish showed an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to control group. Other oxidative parameters responded differently to exposure in carp and zebrafish. There were an increase in ascorbic acid (ASA) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in treated groups of carps. In the other hand, zebrafish showed significant decrease in ASA and increase in CAT activity and NPSH levels. Overall, we demonstrate noxious effects on redox parameters in two fish experimental models and different effects were observe in each fish species exposed to commercial pesticide formulation. This difference responses observed can be related with specific mechanisms of detoxification and antioxidant defense system of each species.
Biomarkers of Chlorfos toxicity in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
This investigation was designed to evaluate the toxicity effect of Chlorfos on Gills, and liver of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) as histological biomarkers through acute and chronic exposure with different concentrations(0.05ppm, 0.1 ppm, 0.25 ppm ), the results showed remarkable effect of chlorfos toxicity as compared to the control group , the histological markers of gills are partial lamellar deformation, abnormal lamellae, marginal dilation, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, and marked gill deformation especially at chronic exposure while liver appeared with multiple markers such as marked focal infiltration of lymphocytes, hepatocytes degeneration, increased sinusoids, and marked degeneration with necrosis and more pronounced after chronic exposure for different concentrations of chlorfos, and none of these morphological changes were found in Control fish.
Abstract: Histopathological changes due to various pesticides have been extensively studied in different fish species. Histopathological studies have already been tested and proposed as efficient and sensitive tools for the monitoring of fish health and environmental pollution in natural water bodies. Organs like gill, liver, intestine and kidney are the best suited organs for histopathological observations. The toxic potential of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid was reviewed with emphasis on histopathological effects in various fish species. Data provided in this review could be useful in environmental management of pesticide pollution.